Historical Research Methods Research Articles

Reflection of sacred symbols in folklore and dance culture of Chechens

The article is devoted to the study of sacred symbols represented in the petroglyphs of Chechnya and widely used in the material culture of the local population of the ancient and late medieval era: in the decoration of metal products, the ornament of carpets and ceramics. The author believes that sacred symbolism is reflected in spiritual culture. The circle, the cross, the spiral and other sacred symbols have been embodied in a variety of forms in oral folk art, dance culture, ritual traditions, the Nart epic, thereby defining the stylistic features of the culture of the North Caucasus. Sacred meanings are imprinted not only in the images of dancing anthropomorphic figures on the walls of residential and combat towers, but also the pattern of their movements and gestures repeats the outlines of ancient symbols, thereby testifying to the ritual nature of the origin of folk dance and many genres of oral folk art. The methodological basis of the research is a set of general historical, ethnographic and archaeological research methods, the use of which is determined by the nature of the material being studied. Thus, the internal space and structure of the phenomena of spiritual culture correspond to the forms of the main sacred symbols that existed in the culture of the peoples of the region in ancient times, thereby creating a special style of North Caucasian culture, which is characterized by inner sacredness. The reflection of mythological plots and symbols in petroglyphs and bronze plastics of the Koban culture of late Bronze and early iron testifies to the deep antiquity of folk dance and many genres of oral folk art of the population of the North Caucasus and speaks about the close intertwining of the phenomena of material and spiritual culture in that period, about the sacredness of being in its representations. Ritualism penetrates into all spheres of life (labor, funeral rite, wedding ceremony), protecting the ancient man from all bad things.

Representation of freedom in the chivalric biographies “Bruce” by John Barbour and “The Book of Good Jean” by Guillaume de Saint-André

The medieval communities of Western Europe, due to the unique historical and cultural development of each of them, had different ideas about what the concept of “freedom” includes. The article compares two chivalric biographies “Bruce” by John Barbour and “The Book of Good Jean” by Guillaume de Saint-André, the authors of which paid special attention to this phenomenon. Literary monuments were composed in the form of chanson de geste in the last third of the 14th century. Although the sources of the article were written in different European regions (Scotland and Brittany), the circumstances of the poetic works creation are very similar: both works were composed by the authors at a time when the inhabitants of the two countries suffered from attempts by other states to influence their domestic politics. To study how the Scots and Bretons understood the concept of "freedom", standard methods of historical research were used (historical-genetic and historical-comparative methods). It is concluded that the ideas about freedom in the two poems concern the worldview not only of a certain class or religious group, but demonstrate the peculiarities of self-identification of the Scots and Bretons as a whole. To emphasize the need to fight the enemy, both John Barbour and Guillaume de Saint-André describe in detail the oppression from "strangers" experienced by absolutely everyone living in their countries. The influence of Christian and ancient traditions on the compilers of gesture texts is examined in detail, and the influence of the law of each individual region is traced. It is noted that the compilers of the works, telling about the desire of each community to defend the independence of their native place, turn to popular stories in the late Middle Ages about the Maccabean War (166-142 BC) from the Old Testament.

Sejarah Islamisasi dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kebudayaan Masyarakat Jambi

The Islamization process that occurred in Jambi coincided with the growth and development of the Islamic kingdom of Jambi around the 15th century AD. This article explains the history of Islamization which has had an influence on the culture of the Jambi people to this day. The method used in this research is a historical research method which is divided into four parts, namely Heuristics, Source Criticism, Interpretation and Historiography. The entry of Islam into the Jambi community was brought by adherents of the Islamic faith who came from Arab ethnicity, through trade that passed through waterways by sailing along the Batanghari river. The Islamization process in Jambi has had a big influence on the cultural development of the local community. The influence of Islamization on culture in Jambi can be seen from religious ceremonies commemorating Islamic holidays, marriage practices, art, social systems and architectural styles.

Recontextualizing Modernity: A Case Study of The Kaum Adat in Padangpanjang Through the Boedi-Tjaniago (1920s)

This study examines the representation of progressive and modern ideas in Minangkabau during the early 1900s through an analysis of Boedi Tjaniago newspaper. The historical research method was employed, utilizing heuristic, criticism, interpretation, and historiography stages, with the primary data source being the Boedi Tjaniago newspaper from the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia. The research findings indicate that Boedi Tjaniago served as a platform for the dissemination of modern ideas, including the modernization of education, gender equality, economic progress, Islamic modernization, and nationalism. Boedi Tjaniago was a significant media outlet that not only spread the message of progress but also contributed to building the identity and unity of the Minangkabau people.
 Keywords: Boedi Tjaniago, modernization, Minangkabau, education, gender equality, economic progress, Islamic modernization, nationalism.

Mencengkeram Indonesia: Pengaruh Amerika Serikat Terhadap Kebijakan IMF Masa Krisis Ekonomi 1997-1998

Indonesia has a rich and intricate history, with one notable period being the 1997-1998 economic crisis. Originating from Thailand, the economic crisis spread to neighboring countries, including Indonesia. Despite seeking assistance from the IMF to mitigate the crisis, Indonesia struggled to revive its economy. This article seeks to address the role of the United States in IMF policies during the 1997-1998 economic crisis in Indonesia. This research tackles the following key questions: (1) What were the socio-economic and political conditions of Indonesia during the 1997-1998 crisis? (2) How did the United States respond to Indonesia's conditions during the crisis? (3) What influence did the United States wield over IMF policies in dealing with Indonesia's economic crisis in 1997-1998? This study employs historical research methods, including topic selection, heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The findings reveal several significant points. Firstly, the depreciation of the rupiah against the dollar led to price hikes in basic commodities, widespread layoffs, and social unrest, ultimately resulting in Soeharto's resignation as president on May 21, 1998. Secondly, the United States responded to Indonesia's economic and political conditions due to perceived deviations from democratic principles, human rights violations, and its interest in safeguarding American investment projects in Indonesia. Thirdly, the United States pressured Indonesia to accept IMF conditions and abstain from implementing the CBS system. Soeharto's resignation as president was also influenced by the United States, leveraging human rights issues and the promotion of democratic values.

Perburuan Harimau di Bali pada Awal Abad XX Berdasarkan Sumber-Sumber Kolonial

Before falling into the hands of the Dutch colonial government in the early 20th century, Bali was quite a foreign and restricted territory for Europeans. This condition slowly changed when the colonial government conquered the local Balinese kingdoms. Tigers' existence in Bali was later known through the records created by Europeans who studied nature and the local community there. This study aims to show the link between the conquest of Bali by the colonial government and the extinction of the Bali tiger. Through historical research methods to examine the literature sources used, this study shows that the expansion of colonial government influence in Bali also played a role in the process of extinction of the Bali tiger. The growth of private plantations in areas home to tigers further increases the potential for conflict between tigers and humans. Similar to Javan and Sumatran tigers, Bali tigers are also often hunted because they disturb and threaten plantation activities, as well as because they are a prey object for sport-hunting enthusiasts. Extinction is inevitable as a consequence of continuous hunting activities for this species.

The Smoke of The Incense and The Roar of The Lion: Confucianism Under The Colonial Political System in Indonesia

<p>This article aims to provide a brief overview regarding the existence of Confucianism as a religion in the Dutch East Indies and its relationship with the colonial ruling regime during the last four decades of Dutch rule. With the overview, it is hoped that the type of colonial policy that was made towards the Chinese ethnic belief could be understood, whether in social or political aspects and also its relevance to world developments that took place at the time. To realise this goal, the method used in this paper is the historical research method which consists of four stages: data search (heuristic), source criticism, interpretation, and reconstruction as a form of final academic presentation. With this method, it is hoped that a short paper can be presented that is arranged in a reconstructive manner and is able to provide answers to research problems. As a final conclusion, this paper reveals that in principle, colonial political interests cannot be separated from the existence of religion in her colony, including Confucianism. Especially the international aspect that began to colour the existence of this religion in the Dutch East Indies colony became the main motivation for the colonial government to determine their policies. In this case, the dualistic nature of Dutch colonial policy can be recognised.</p>

Pemikiran Mangunegara VII (1916-1944) dan Relevansi Terhadap Pembelajaran Sejarah Lokal

Mangkunegara VII had a modernist thought which was then realized by collaborating culture from the eastern region with culture from the western region, which would later become a form of new cultural transformation. The author uses historical research methods which include four things namely heuristics, criticism or verification, interpretation, and historiography. This research produces several findings, including Mangkunegara VII's role in the development of Javanese culture in 1916-1944, the revival of Mangkunegara VII's Javanese culture, the function of Javanese cultural revivalism discourse, and the relevance of Mangkunegara VII's thoughts as local history material. Mangkunegara VII's personal experience while studying at the Faculty of Literature and Philosophy Rijks Universiteit, Leiden greatly influenced his role in developing Javanese culture from 1916 to 1944. The experience opened Mangkunegara VII's horizons to the outside world and made him realize the gap in quality of life between home and the Netherlands. With his modern lifestyle and open-mindedness, Mangkunegara VII led several modern developments in Javanese culture.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS THE MARRIAGE OF MARY TUDOR AND PHILIP OF HABSBURG IN ENGLISH AND EUROPEAN SOCIETIES

A comprehensive study of the rulers matrimonial policy in the early Modern period is one of the most relevant and important areas in historical science. Some questions related to clarifying the significance and influence of the marriage between Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg on the foreign and domestic policy of England are still debatable. The purpose of the study is to clarify the importance of a dynastic marriage as an integral part to the political system of the leading countries of medieval Europe, to study the prerequisites, causes and consequences of the marriage between Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg. Materials and methods. The article is based on the study of written sources of the era under study and modern scientific literature. The work uses both general scientific and particular methods of historical research: the method of analysis, ideographic and synchronization method. Study results. The article focuses on considering the attitude to the marriage between Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg, the future king of Spain (1556–1598). The emphasis is placed on the conditions of marriage, the content of the prenuptial agreement, which caused unrest in the English society. Conclusions. The marriage of Mary Tudor and Philip of Habsburg was traditionally negatively assessed by historians. It was believed that it was the reason for deterioration of relations with France, tougher domestic religious policy. This union caused discontent among both Catholics and Protestants. However, there are positive aspects: the marriage of Queen Mary with Philip was successful for England, since an alliance with the strongest and the richest country in Europe at that time was the only way out for England, which was in a difficult economic situation, and the war with France allowed to distract attention from religious disagreements in the country.

ASSESSMENT OF V.D. DIMITRIEV’S ACTIVITY AND SCIENTIFIC HERITAGE IN MODERN HISTORICAL SCIENCE

The article analyzes the publications of the famous historian V.D. Dimitriev (1924–2013), the main directions of his research, as well as publications about his activities and scientific works. In 2024 the scientific community celebrated the 100th anniversary of his birth, so it is necessary to show some results of studying the activities and scientific heritage of this outstanding personality. The purpose of the article is to review and classify the entire range of publications about V.D. Dimitriev and to analyze some historiographical works on the historian’s scientific works. Materials and methods. When writing the article, the principles of historicism, objectivity and consistency, methods of historical research were used, i.e. historical-comparative, historical-typological, problem-chronological methods, as well as the ones of historiographical analysis. Study results. The largest number of publications about V.D. Dimitriev are biographical articles, mostly anniversary ones. Only some of them contain a historiographical assessment of his scientific heritage (the works of Y.P. Smirnov, I.Ya. Froyanov and others). Three collections were published for the anniversary of the scientist, which give a more detailed description of his works on ethnogenesis of the Chuvash people, the history of Chuvash towns, the history of feudalism in Chuvashia, V.D. Dimitriev’s research of Chuvash historical legends, biographical sketches of representatives of the Chuvash people, the scientist’s research methodology, etc. The scientist’s research was evaluated by leading experts on the problems studied by Vasily Dimitrievich: A.G. Ivanov, G.N. Aiplatov, A. Kappeler, A.I. Nogmanov, G.N. Plechov, E.K. Mineeva, Yu.V. Gusarov, V.P. Ivanov, Yu.P. Smirnov, A.A. Chibis, and others. Dimitriev’s research on the history of Chuvashia during the feudal era and the study of Chuvash historical traditions received the greatest number of responses in the scientific world. Conclusions. Despite a significant number of publications about V.D. Dimitriev, they are unsystematic in nature, that is why there is an urgent need to create a holistic monographic study on the activities and scientific heritage of the scientist. It is necessary to introduce the materials contained in the archive of V.D. Dimitriev into scientific circulation. It is advisable to post small-circulate.

Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov and the Russian National Research School of Agrochemistry

The paper emphasizes the pivotal role played by Academician Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov in the history of domestic agriculture development. His name is indelibly associated with the introduction of the agriculture chemicalization concept in 1924. Being a follower of such scientists as J.B. Boussingault, D.I. Mendeleev, and K.A. Timiryazev, Dmitry Nikolaevich Pryanishnikov not only proposed the chemicalization principle but also formed a comprehensive research program for its implementation. Moreover, he created necessary educational conditions for specialists and courageously defended his doctrine against the criticism of his opponents in the 1930-1950s. (Research purpose) The paper aims to analyze the scientific heritage and biography of Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov in the context of the domestic agriculture chemicalization. (Materials and methods) The analysis relies on scrutinizing scientific monographs, legal documents, and other publications utilizing biographical, chronological, genetic and typological methods of historical and scientific research. ( ) The findings show that Pryanishnikov’s significance in the history of science stems from both his personal research achievements and his foundational role in establishing the domestic tradition of agrochemistry. This influence was evident in his organizational and pedagogical performance. The study identifies two distinct generations of direct students and followers of this eminent agricultural chemist. (Conclusions) Academician D.N. Pryanishnikov elevated agrochemistry in our country to a systematic discipline, rightfully earning recognition as the founder of the national scientific school. Contemporary researchers, who maintain academic and ideological continuity with him, persist in advancing scientific efforts to support the chemicalization of agriculture. In doing so, they make significant contributions to the nation’s food security and enhance fundamental knowledge about living organisms.

A Content Analysis of Doctoral Research in String Education, 1992–2022

Kantorski examined string education doctoral research between 1935 and 1992 and highlighted potential future areas of research. In this content analysis, I examined dissertations in string education between 1992 and 2022 to determine current trends of doctoral research. I reviewed 393 string education dissertations and coded each to determine the methodology, the content categories, the participants, and the specific instrument(s) the researchers examined. Results indicate that doctoral string education research increased between 1992 and 2022. Historical ( n = 190, 24.55%) and descriptive ( n = 171, 22.09%) research methods were used most frequently. Among the seven main content categories, dissertation authors most frequently examined instructional materials ( n = 170, 21.96%) and historical and biographical topics ( n = 133, 17.18%). The teacher ( n = 66, 8.53%) and the style and genre ( n = 49, 6.33%) categories were least frequently studied. I found that DMA candidates examined instructional materials (16.02%) most frequently while PhD candidates examined students (8.53%) most frequently thus highlighting the differing priorities of performers and educators. Implications and future research directions are discussed.

On Some Aspects of the Activity of the Ussr State Arbitration in 1946–1953

For the Soviet Union, which won the Great Patriotic War and made a decisive contribution to the victory of the Allies in World War II, the post-war period was marked by the urgent need for a forced recovery of the economy suffering seriously as a result of significant human losses, the destruction of industrial enterprises, disruption in logistics links, the interruption of trade relations between various subjects of socialist economy. The State Arbitration of the USSR as a body with judicial and administrative functions became one of the state mechanisms to carry out the restoration process in the post-war Soviet economy. In this historical period the resolution of disputes between economic entities, as well as control over the execution of decisions on these disputes pursued the goal to ensure the smooth functioning and interaction of Soviet enterprises and institutions. Through the use of narrative, historical-comparative, chronological and statistical methods of historical research the article, based on a wide range of historical literature and archival sources introduced into scientific circulation for the first time, reveals an attempt to analyze the activities of the USSR State Arbitration in the period from 1946 to 1953, since during this period the activities of the body were directly related to restoration of the post-war Soviet economy. In order to identify the main activities of the USSR State Arbitration in the post-war period related to the restoration of the post-war Soviet economy, the paper pays great attention to the statistical data contained in archival sources. Noting the role of the USSR State Arbitration in the system of state authorities, with the activities aimed at the accelerated resolution of the economic tasks set, the article also reveals the work made to improve the State Arbitration’s own effectiveness. The article describes the historical situation in which State Arbitration had to function and develop after the Great Patriotic War.

TUAN GURU HAJI MUHAMMAD NAJMUDDIN MAKMUN: KONTRIBUSI DAN PEMIKIRANNYA DALAM PENDIDIKAN DI LOMBOK TENGAH 1943-1970 M

Just like in Java there is Kiai, in Sunda there is ajengan, in Sumatra there is buya, in Aceh there is teungku, in Madura there is bindara, and in the Nusa Tenggara region there is Tuan Guru Besar, abbreviated as TGB. He has contributions and thoughts in the educational aspect to guide the elderly and children. This article aims to find out the contributions and thoughts of TGH Muhammad Najmuddin Makmun. This research uses historical research methods which have four stages, namely, heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. In this research, the results can be obtained that, TGH Muhammad Najmuddin Makmun was a scholar who was born in 1920 M and had studied in Mecca for several years with teachers there. In terms of his leadership, he is wise, charismatic, simple and does not differentiate between the social strata of society and the students he teaches, prioritizing equality. TGH Muhammad Najmuddin Makmun educational thought is to improve and increase the existence of Islamic teachings, by referring to the teachings of monotheism education so that it can be used as a process of formation or guidance based on the Islamic religion, so that students are able to carry out their humanitarian duties as well as possible and adhere firmly to strong faith and intentions. In his contribution, he put it into educating the community, both children and the elderly. Through thoriqot establishments to educate the elderly, as well as Islamic boarding schools to educate children.

Perjalanan Haji Abad XIX dalam Menumbuhkan Kesadaran Nasionalisme dan Relevansinya dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah di Sekolah

Perjalanan Haji Abad XIX dalam Menumbuhkan Kesadaran Nasionalisme dan Relevansinya dalam Pembelajaran Sejarah di Sekolah

PERAN KYAI AGENG MOHAMMAD MESIR DALAM PENYEBARAN ISLAM DI DESA PODOREJO KECAMATAN SUMBERGEMPOL KABUPATEN TULUNGAGUNG 1790-1818 M

This research discusses the role of Egyptian Kyai Ageng Mohammad in the spread of Islam in Ngadirogo Hamlet, Podorejo Village, Sumbergempol District, Tulungagung Regency, 1790-1818. Kyai Ageng Mohammad Egypt is a cleric who spread Islamic teachings and values ​​in Ngadirogo who previously embraced Hindu-Buddhist religion so he was able to convert the majority of Ngadirogo people to Islam. The aim of this research is to explain the biography and contribution of Kyai Ageng Mohammad Egypt in spreading Islam in Ngadirogo. The research method used is a historical research method with four stages, namely heuristics, verification, interpretation and historiography by utilizing oral data sources through interviews and library sources. The results of this research are that Kyai Ageng Mohammad Egypt contributed to spreading Islam in Ngadirogo by teaching the basics of Islam about monotheism and the pillars of Islam and establishing a mosque as a center for preaching. The preaching carried out by Kyai Ageng Mohammad Egypt spread beyond Ngadirogo, thereby creating a spiritual connection. with a student, namely Regent Raden Tumenggung Partowijoyo, who later influenced the change in the status of the Ngrowo Duchy to Tulungagung Regency.

The history of anti-Castro terrorist organizations and their ties to the U.S. government

The article is devoted to the history of terrorist organizations that arose as a response to the Cuban Revolution of 1959, the rise to power of Fidel Castro and the policies of his government over the following decades. An important role in the creation, financing and support of these organizations was played by people directly or indirectly connected with the American special services and the political leadership of the United States. The activities of Cuban counter-revolutionary terrorists have led to tragic consequences, including the deaths of innocent people, not only Cubans, but also representatives of other Latin American countries. The use of terrorist methods for political purposes is an extremely urgent problem in the 21st century, and therefore an appeal to the history of this phenomenon is objectively necessary to effectively combat this evil. The history of terrorist activity by opponents of the Castro regime is of interest both to historians and political scientists, whose interests include the study of the Caribbean region, the history of foreign policy and the activities of US intelligence agencies, and to specialists in international relations in general. The methodology of the research is based on the principles of historicism, scientific objectivity and consistency. This allows us to consider the problem under study as an integrated system, where the facts are analyzed in their entirety and interrelationships. General scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, descriptive) and general historical (historical-comparative, historical-systemic) research methods are necessary for conducting research. The present study has a scientific novelty, since it is based on sources not previously used in the Russian scientific literature. A significant part of the corpus of sources used by the author of the article are classified CIA documents until recently. To a certain extent, working with such arrays of information is not only a historical, but also a political science study that allows us to better understand the realities of modern geopolitics. As for the conclusions of this study, they may be summarised respectively: 1) the United States, at least in the recent past, was a direct sponsor of international terrorism; 2) the activities of anti-Castro terrorist groups in the 20th century still hinder the process of restoring diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba; 3) a violent change of power in the state inevitably generates a cycle of violence that evades the risk of interference in the internal affairs of the country from the outside.

Research on the innovative path of precise communication of Chinese Martial Arts under the background of the "One Belt and One Road"

Research on the innovative path of precise communication of Chinese Martial Arts under the background of the "One Belt and One Road"

Ideological literary policy of Stalin and Khrushchev

The subject of this study is the changes in ideological literary policy by I.V. Stalin to N.S. Khrushchev. The article examines the features of Stalin’s literary ideological policy (concept of socialist realism). This concept, developed in the light of the ideological and political guidelines of the Stalinist leadership and supervision, writers, poets, and critics lost their creative freedom. This was the reason for the formation of the theory of conflict-free behavior in the literature. The author notes that by the early 1950s a new path opened for creating examples of literary creativity, since the new political leader rethought the concept of socialist realism and eliminated Stalin’s cult of personality. When studying problems related to the analysis of the ideology and political orientations of outstanding statesmen of the USSR, comparative historical and typological research methods were used in the work. To formulate the conclusions of the study, the author used methods such as comparative and descriptive. As a result of the research, the evolution in the ideological and political views of the state leadership on the course of the literary process in the country was revealed, it was concluded that the period of Khrushchev’s reign can rightfully be called the time of the onset of the cultural “thaw” in the details of the writers, poets, and critics. However, factors that seem obvious at first glance, introducing a certain degree of freedom into the creative process, are still accompanied by the inevitable tightening of policies and political supervision over the content of literary works. The author concluded that the cultural “thaw” that clearly emerged in the country during the reign of Khrushchev turned out to be an incomplete reform, since the content of creativity was still supposed to revolve around the ideas and orientations of the party’s activities.

The role of the armed forces in the April 2002 coup attempt in Venezuela

The article deals with the problem of the influence of representatives of the National Armed Forces of Venezuela on the course and results of the coup in April 2002. The relevance of the topic is determined by the fact that the failed coup became a key point in the first stage of the government of Hugo Chavez and largely determined the president's policy towards further establishing personal control over all institutions of power, as well as definitively outlined the harsh anti-American vector of the Bolivarian policy. The emphasis on the actions of military officials in the coup makes it possible to determine their real significant role in the April events. In this regard, attention is paid to the influence of the institution of the army in general and individual officers in particular on political processes in Venezuela. The methodological basis in the article is provided by general scientific (descriptive, analysis and synthesis), as well as historical (chronological) and political science (institutional) research methods. In Russian historiography, the episode with the coup, as a rule, was considered within the framework of global studies on H. Chavez and Chavismo in general. Therefore, within the framework of the work, more emphasis is placed on foreign historiography. These facts determine the novelty of the work, which consists both in attracting previously unused materials to the study, and in specifying the topic of the coup and the role of the Venezuelan Armed Forces in it. Based on the analyzed data, the conclusions of the work indicate that the actual intervention of senior officers in the political crisis in the country initially brought the presidency to the putschists, and then deprived them of almost seized power, ensuring the return of Hugo Chavez to the Miroflores Palace. In addition, independence in the actions of the military is emphasized in the conditions of chaos and a vacuum of power that came on April 11, 2002. In this regard, it is also indicated that specifically the senior officers acted spontaneously and were not actively involved in the real-life conspiratorial circles that were preparing a coup d'etat. Therefore, when the military most important for the coup saw that the measures taken by the putschists did not meet their vision, they deprived the right of their support and did not actually oppose the fact that another group of military officers returned the legitimately elected president to office.