Historical Research Methods Research Articles

Strategi Keluarga Burhanudin Mohamad Diah Dalam Memperkuat Solidaritas Keluarga Di Negara Sosialis, 1959-1962

This article discusses the strategy of Burhanuddin Mohamad Diah's family as an ambassador's family in strengthening family solidarity when assigned to two socialist countries, namely Czechoslovakia and Hungary from 1959 to 1962. This article analyzes why family solidarity became so important for their lives in diplomatic posts, the channels and media used to strengthen this solidarity, and the role of women in it. This article was carried out using historical research methods which utilize various primary sources, ranging from ego documents, contemporary publications, oral history, to a number of official archives. This article reveals that family solidarity at diplomatic posts was part of the comfort conditions for the B. M. Diah family. This is due to two factors, namely historical factors and family psychological factors. To build and strengthen family solidarity, the B. M. Diah’s family used a number of channels, spaces, and media, including the family's domestic space, arts, sports, and tourism. This article also reveals that the presence of family solidarity issues has encouraged the emergence of women's agency and activism in the B. M. Diah family. To be precise, B. M. Diah’s wife, Herawati Diah, was present as a driving force, leader, and decision maker in the family in order to strengthen their internal solidarity.

Uprisings in Kazakhstan Against the Tsarist Government in 1916 and Soviet Policy in 1921-1922. Similarities and Differences (Based on the Materials of Akmola and Atbasar Districts)

Relevance. The study of Kazakhstan's national liberation movements in the early XX century, particularly the uprisings against tsarist rule in 1916 and Soviet rule in 1921-1922, is highly relevant for understanding the country's path to independence. Purpose. The research aimed to examine the causes, conditions, and driving forces behind these uprisings in the Akmola and Atbasar districts, as well as identify similarities and differences between them. Methodology. Materials from the archives of the Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Regional Museum of the Akmola Region, the Regional Museum of the Kostanay Region, the museums of the cities of Astana, Zhezkazgan, Kyzylorda, Arkalyk were used, including information that was used for the first time during the writing of the article. The historical-systemic, historical-comparative, chronological and observational methods were used; as well as historical, historical-social, and other research methods. Results. The study found that both uprisings were driven by oppressive policies, excessive taxation, and land seizures by the ruling powers. Local leaders emerged to organize resistance in both cases. The 1916 uprising was sparked by forced conscription, while the 1921-22 uprising responded to Soviet food requisition policies. Both were violently suppressed by authorities. Conclusions. The researchers conclude that these uprisings were important links in Kazakhstan's centuries-long struggle for independence. They argue for a reassessment of these events and their leaders in Kazakhstan's national history. Keywords: Kazakhstan history; Soviet Government; Tsarism; USSR

Tadābīr al-dawlah al-‘Uthmānīyah li ḥalli al-qaḍāyā al-mu’aqqadah li ḥujjāj al-Jāwī 1849–1916: Dirāsat fī ḍaw’i wathā’iq al-Arshīf al-Uthmānī

This article examines the challenges faced by hajj pilgrims from the Malay world and the efforts of the Ottoman Empire to accommodate them amidst the intervention of Dutch and British colonial powers in the 19th century. Utilizing documents sourced from the Ottoman Archives of the Presidency of the Republic of Turkey in Istanbul from 1849 to 1916 CE and employing historical research methods, this study delves into the economic dimensions of the Hajj during the late colonial period in Indonesia and the declining years of the Ottoman Empire. The article reveals the socio-economic difficulties experienced by Muslims from the Malay world in performing the Hajj due to exploitation by colonial powers and local government elites in the Hijaz region at that time. Although the documents indicate efforts by the Ottoman government to ensure the comfort of the pilgrims and prevent abuse of authority by local and colonial governments, it did not fully resolve the chaos in the Hajj implementation system at that time. These situations caused by Ottoman limitations in the global political arena and inflamed by their involvement in World War I.

Ethnography as Heuristic Experience, Historical Research, and Multiple Method

The Essay is the Bulletin’s peer-review forum for scholarly journal articles. In this issue we are pleased to share Mehmet Orhan’s discussion of ethnography and its intersection with methods in historiography, phenomenology, and narratology. In this essay, Orhan provides a useful primer to ethnographic fieldwork and how it can be used in the academic study of religion. His research features Muslim communities as data for this kind of analysis but, as you will read, illustrates possibilities for study in other data domains.

Understanding Breast Cancer Images in Art History as a Form of Health Communication

Can art and visual images meant for public consumption (museums, galleries, social media platforms) serve as a critical form of health communication for breast cancer patients? For their clinicians? For the population at large? Art history research methods are applied to a range of breast cancer images in western art in order to understand what the images communicate to us about patient experience, agency, and inequity in health care at the time of their construction. The following is a selective look at western art as it reflects and informs our understanding of breast cancer over time.

Население Каргопольского уезда в начале XVIII в. (по переписной книге города Каргополя и уезда 1712–1713 гг.)

Introduction. The article examines the population of the Kargopolsky Uyezd (the Onega River basin) at the beginning of the 18th century (numbers, social structure, population migrations, and marital relations). Methods and materials. Methods of historical research are used: analysis, synthesis. The source base consisted of census books. Analysis. At the beginning of the 18th century, the population of 25 volosts and the Oshevenskaya settlement of the Kargopolsky Uyezd consisted of 95% of tax-paying peasants and only 5% of other categories of the population (the clergy of a parish, beggars, sharecroppers, batches, farmsteaders, and Cossacks). A large number of monasteries (11 monasteries and pustyns) and the presence of a city with a townsman population – owners of land plots in the county – led to the formation of large and medium-sized landowners represented by individual monasteries and townspeople. In turn, this created a need for labor. As a result, the author came to the conclusion that the existing structure of land ownership was the reason for the activity of migration processes. There are a significant number of newcomers in the monastery and township courtyards; these were mainly immigrants from the Olonetsky Uyezd. Marriage ties were between representatives of neighboring volosts, often within the same volost and village.

On the issue of the methodology of the study of petroglyphs of medieval architectural structures of the North Caucasus

The article is devoted to the problems of the methodology of the study of petroglyphs of architectural structures of the North Caucasus. The author considers methodological approaches to the interpretation of their semantics, taking into account the dual nature of petroglyphs of architectural structures, which, on the one hand, are a special cultural phenomenon with their pictorial traditions and a set of symbols, and, on the other, genetically go back to rock art, respectively, possessing the properties of rock paintings. The author believes that, interpreting the semantics of petroglyphs and their compositions, it is very important to take into account the historical context in which they were created and consider their significance in line with religious traditions relevant to the population of that era. According to the author, epic formulas or ideograms that originate in rock art play a special role in deciphering the meaning of petroglyphs of architectural structures, and in petroglyphs of architectural structures they acquire a specific character due to a narrow set of sacred symbols. The methodological basis of the research is a set of general historical, ethnographic and archaeological research methods, the use of which is determined by the nature of the material being studied. The author believes that, despite the difficulties of interpreting petroglyphs of architectural structures associated with the reconstruction of religious and mythological representations of the ancient population, it is a certain set of sacred symbols and their compositions, as well as epic formulas, that are the key to their deciphering. Petroglyphs of architectural structures have their origin in ancient rock art, which makes it possible to use in their research, including methodological techniques for studying rock paintings, the historiography of which has almost 150 years and a huge number of scientific monographs and articles. At the same time, the petroglyphs of medieval buildings in the North Caucasus possessed expressive self-sufficiency, which allowed the peoples of the region to use it to fix their religious, mythological and social traditions for transmission to the next generations.

Analysis of handwritten heritage in the personal collection of theologian Momaqan Aliyev

AbstractThere are historical precedents of episodes of misunderstanding and confrontation between Kazakhs and Russians. The communist ideology prevailing in the USSR proclaimed the gradual extinction of religious cults, which resulted in problems in relations between confessional institutions and the state apparatus. To build a new paradigm of coexistence of two nations, it makes sense, firstly, to draw up a brief description of the state policy of the USSR regarding the Muslim religion, as an important part of the Kazakh culture. Secondly, to examine the manuscript heritage of the Kazakh historian and theologian Momaqan Aliyev (1897‐1969), who was the iconic person for his period. The methodological basis of the study has become standard methods of historical research, in particular descriptive‐narrative, historical‐genetic, source studies methods and a systemic approach. The information provided in the study will be useful for researchers in the field of ethnography, local history, sources of religious studies.

The relevance of studyng the history of Ukraine in institutions of higher education in today's conditions

The purpose of the study is to substantiate the need for a thorough study of the discipline “History of Ukraine” in Ukrainian universities as a guarantee of strengthening the sense of national dignity and national identity of the Ukrainian people in the conditions of the Ukrainian-Russian war among student youth. The methodological basis of the research is the principle of historicism and scientific objectivism. During the research, universal methods of scientific knowledge (analysis, synthesis, inductive, deductive), as well as special methods of historical research (retrospective, chronological, historical-comparative) were used. Scientific novely. An analysis of the policy of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine aimed at introducing European norms and standards into the national educational sphere was carried out. It is noted that the way to optimize educational programs by reducing the study of socio-humanitarian disciplines does not take into account the national specificity of Ukraine and does not correspond to the current stage of the existence of Ukrainian statehood. It is proved that the study of national history in institutions of higher education should be carried out at a deep theoretical level against the background of the pan-European historical process and be provided with appropriate educational and methodological literature. Conclusions. It is emphasized that in the conditions of a full-scale war unleashed by Russia against Ukraine, deep knowledge of the historical path of our people, the origins of its identity is the basis for the education of patriotism, the formation of a sense of national dignity. The chronological principle of history teaching, characteristic of the school course, does not give an opportunity to see the historical path of our people in perspective, against the background of pan-European processes, to understand the naturalness and inevitability of Ukraine’s European choice. At the current stage of our country’s existence, the return of the discipline “History of Ukraine” to the system of higher education as a mandatory component of educational programs of all specialties is an important task. The teaching of national history in institutions of higher education should be carried out in the context of the pan-European historical process, which requires providing an updated course with appropriate educational and methodological literature.

«Πόλις», «civitas» та «res publica»? Problem of interpretation the nature of the Ancient Roman state in scientific works

«Πόλις», «civitas» та «res publica»? Problem of interpretation the nature of the Ancient Roman state in scientific works

Analysis of Cornell Cooperative Extension under the Background of Big Data

In the era of knowledge economy, higher education has become the support and engine of socio-economic development, and the importance and urgency of its social service function have become more prominent. The content and form of services urgently need to be updated and innovated. Analyzing the history and current development status of typical university social services undoubtedly has important exemplary value. As one of the earliest universities born in the United States to serve society, Cornell University has a deeply rooted concept of social service, a complete social service system, and a unique social service promotion system. The development of information technology and big data has greatly improved the social service field of the university. In order to have a deeper understanding of the development track and operation logic of Cornell University's social service extension system, this paper adopts the method of literature research, historical research and case study to trace the source of Cornell University's social service concept and explore Cornell University's social service extension model -- agricultural extension project with advantages of traditional "land-grant college". Learn about natural resources, environment and sustainable energy development projects that keep pace with The Times, as well as youth development and family upbringing services for family education. This article believes that the social services provided by Cornell University under the social service promotion system have a strong academic and professional nature, and the direction, content, and social needs of serving society are highly matched and coupled, which helps the university form a complete social service system. Its mature social service promotion system and successful experience in social services have important implications for the construction and improvement of university social service functions.

25년간의 조기 영어교육 관점 변화

Objectives This study analyzed the changes and direction of early childhood English education (ECEE) according to changes in English education policy by analyzing newspaper articles from the conservative newspaper Chosun Ilbo and the progressive newspaper Hankyoreh from the introduction of English curriculum in 1997 to 2022.
 Methods For this purpose, the study utilized historical research methods based on historical data. By searching for the term ‘early childhood English education,’ 285 articles from Chosun Ilbo and 205 articles from Hankyoreh were collected. These were then classified using Bӧhm's (2004) three-step coding method: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding.
 Results The findings reveal a direct impact of changes in English education policies on ECEE. The periods of Noh Moo-hyun and Lee Myung-bak’s governments saw the highest number of newspaper articles on ECEE in both Chosun Ilbo and Hankyoreh, indicating active discussions on the subject. Despite political transitions, this era witnessed the expansion of English education, introducing diverse methods and media for ECEE. However, the English education normalization policies implemented by Park Geun-hye and Moon Jae-in’s administrations proved ineffective due to the prohibition of after-school English classes for kindergartens, daycare centers, and first and second-grade elementary students. This highlights the influence of government policies on the ECEE landscape.
 Conclusions Chosun Ilbo and Hankyoreh exhibited contrasting viewpoints on ECEE, with the conservative Chosun Ilbo and progressive Hankyoreh presenting divergent perspectives. These distinct viewpoints offer valuable insights for future research in the field.

The project of state transforma- tions by M.M. Speransky

The relevance of the research lies in the analysis of the transformation project of one of the outstanding reformers of the days of Alexander I, whose ideas were not duly appreciated, but could prevent serious upheavals in Russia during subsequent reigns. The problem is that changes proposed by Speransky’s would have laid the foundation for a deep reform of the country, however, not all projects were destined to be realized. The purpose of the research is to consider the transformation projects of Speransky M.M. and to analyze the degree of their implementation. The article used the retrospective and historical-genetic methods of historical research. The first allowed us to immerse ourselves in the events of the past, the second allowed us to analyze the degree of implementation of projects. The result of the research: many of Mikhail Mikhailovich’s proposals would subsequently be considered by the descendants of the winner of Napoleon Bonaparte, but then the Russian emperor considered the projects premature. Only the reform of religious educational institutions was one of the few that was implemented almost completely. The conclusion: Speransky’s proposals in the field of religious education were implemented more than all others examined in the research; among state reforms, only the State Council arose; as for tax reforms, only certain partial proposals of the reformer were implemented.

EVOLUTION OF CONCESSION OPERATIONS

In todayʼs dynamic world, it is important to understand the roots and evolution of key econo­mic and legal mechanisms. The article is devoted to a detailed analysis and description of conces­sion operations during various historical stages: from ancient times, the Middle Ages, stages of development in the 19th and 20th centuries, ana­ly­sis of its modern trends in the 21st century. The relevance of the research lies in the in-depth disclosure of the mechanisms underlying conces­sion operations and their impact on the econo­mic, social and cultural development of the society. Studying the history of concessions will help specialists and researchers to better assess current trends and predict future developments in this field. The aim of the article is to characterize the key evolutionary stages of con­cession operations in order to understand their essence and critical features, based on the hypothesis that they have transformed from simple agreements to complex multi-stakeholder contracts for various public services and goods. The research metho­dology is based on an integ­rated approach, which includes historical, com­pa­rative and analytical research methods. As a result, the research is provided a holistic view of the evolution of con­cession arrangements, their significance and role in the formation of econo­mic relations at various stages of historical development.

Analysis of China's Real Estate Market Volatility and Financial Stability

Fluctuations in China's real estate market profoundly affect the economy, the financial system and social stability. Effective policy regulation, including the adjustment of monetary policy and the control of speculative behavior, is essential to mitigate market volatility and reduce financial risks. This paper uses the historical data analysis method and literature research method to conduct research and analysis based on the study of the meaning of financial stability. Firstly, it divides the historical fluctuation of China's real estate market into four stages and explores the characteristics and causes of real estate price changes in each stage. Thus, the historical fluctuation pattern of China's real estate market and the mechanism by which real estate market fluctuations affect financial stability are derived. The mechanism by which real estate affects financial stability through the personal wealth channel, the balance sheet channel, and the liquidity channel is explored. The findings of this paper can provide a basis for government decision-making and guide real estate practitioners and investors to grasp market fluctuations and avoid potential risks.

Signs of colour symbolism in traditional Altaian culture

The study of the symbolism of traditional culture categories, including the symbolism of colour in folklore studies and toponymic names becomes very relevant due to the revival of many aspects of spiritual culture. Nowadays the symbolism of colour becomes important in the life of a modern person. It accumulates deep meanings. The extent of research done on the topic: In the Altaian folkloristics colour epithets were studied in detail in the research of M. A. Demchinova, V. P. Oinoshev, S. P. Tyukhteneva and others. Up to the present time colour symbolism in the traditional culture of the Altaian people has not been the object of special research. The aim of the study is to highlight some aspects of colour symbolism in folklore art and toponymy of the Altai Mountains. Theoretical comprehension of colour symbolism as a special category in Altaian folklore studies is based on the functional method and has been applied in the researches by S.S. Surazakov, S.P. Tyukhteneva and M.A. Demchinova. The genre symbolism of Altaian folklore seemed to be considered in those researches. The present study includes the usage of a complex of comparative and historical research methods. Being a characteristic and actively used component for a number of ethnonyms, toponyms, hydronyms and to designate religious names colour has a great semantic load in the traditions of Altaians. For example, many Altaian clans (seoki) are divided into smaller units and colours such as white, black and yellow are actively used to name them: ak (white) kobok [kœbœk], karа (black) kobok [kœbœk], kara todosh (black todosh), sary todosh (yellow todosh). There is also a large number of hydronyms and toponyms associated with black, white, yellow, blue and other colours: KaraArka, Sary-Chet, Karakol, Akkem, Karasuu etc. O.P. Molchanova, a researcher of the toponymy of the Altai Mountains, writes about the great importance of some adjectives that indicate colour in the construction of geographical names. The use of colour epithets in folklore works creates a colorful image. The sharply contrasting colours show the opposition of good and evil. There is a hierarchy of colours in traditional culture. Red colour shows the colorfulness of the object being described, also symbolizes health, wealth, a world of prosperity. Grey is typical for poor people, and it has semantics of unhealthiness. There are names with the formant “kan” in the toponymy of Altai. It turns out that the formant “kan” is added to the names of especially revered natural objects. The author of the article suggests that the word “kan” (in the meaning of “blood”) is present in the names of especially revered objects. Research perspectives: The results of the research of colour symbolism in folklore and toponymy of the Altai Mountains can be applied for further study of the characterization of artistic images in literature, folklore and ethnography. The topic requires further research.

Pasai Muslim Diaspora in the 16th Century on the North Coast of Java

This research aims to explain the Pasai Muslim diaspora on the North Coast of Java. This research uses historical research methods which include heuristics (primary sources such as Suma Oriental Tome Pires and secondary sources such as Asian Trade and European Influence in the Archipelago between 1500 and around 1630, Sociological Historical Studies of Indonesian Society Volume 1, Islamic Archeology of the Archipelago, Critical Review of History Banten, Sunan Gunung Jati (between Fiction and fact) Grounding Islam with a structural and cultural approach), source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this research found that the process of the Pasai Muslim diaspora in the North Coast of Java occurred in the 16th century, resulting in the formation of the Cirebon Sultanate. It also shows that the Pasai Muslim diaspora had spread to parts of West Java brought by Sunan Gunung Djati. After controlling the West Java region, Sunan Gunung Djati then founded the Sultanate of Banten, led by his son, Sultan Hassanudin.
 Keywords: diaspora, Muslim, Pasai, North Coast of Java

Communication of Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto: Father of the Indonesian Nation (1905-1934)

This research embarks on a thorough exploration of communication Haji Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto’s role as a distinguished nationalist, revered as the Nation’s teacher, and his monumental contributions to the Indonesian struggle for independence. The primary objectives of this study are: firstly, to unveil the intricacies of Tjokroaminoto’s biography, unraveling pivotal events and milestones in his life, and secondly, to delve into the profound thoughts he held regarding Indonesian nationalism. Employing rigorous historical research methods, the study examines the nuances of Tjokroaminoto’s thinking during his era, offering a unique perspective to understand the shaping of the societal ethos at that time. This research extends beyond a mere biographical account, aiming to illuminate the intricate interplay between Tjokroaminoto’s life, ideologies, and the socio-political landscape, ultimately contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of his enduring legacy in the formation of Indonesian national identity.
 Keywords: HOS, Cokroaminoto, Indonesia

Source criticism for cultural history

ABSTRACT Source criticism has been used for various scholarly purposes since the late eighteenth century. History as a science has changed significantly since then and historians of the twenty-first century use different sources than previous generations. Looking at teaching materials for history studies, the method of analysing textual sources does not appear to have changed in the last 150 years. However, a critical assessment of source criticism for cultural history will reveal the implicit and explicit changes to the method as well as possible points of further development. The article begins with a brief overview of the steps of source criticism as a method of historical research (heuristic, source analysis, interpretation, presentation). Its application to early modern diplomatic correspondence as an example of textual sources leads to a reflection on source criticism as a method for cultural history. Although the formal analysis of a textual source may remain the same, today’s cultural historians are interested in different questions than earlier generations, leading to different interpretations. The final step of the historical method – the presentation – remains largely unreflected, even by cultural historians; it needs to be rethought and redeveloped in the future in order to truly reflect the aims of cultural history.

The revival of traditional culture as an element of the national security policy of the Central Asian countries in the 1991-2010's.

The subject of the study is the formation of one of the ideological components of national security policy in the countries of the Central Asian region (CAR) - the concept of preserving historical, cultural and religious traditions as the basis of social stability and security. The authors focus on the process of incorporating this concept into the theory and practice of ensuring the national security of the CAR countries at different historical stages of their development after 1991. The objects of the research are scientific theories and legal acts reflecting the relationship between culture and security in the Central Asian states, official statements and writings of the first President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, and other political leaders of Central Asia. The article touches upon the problems of countering radical religious movements and other ideological influences from outside by the CAR states, and shows the controversial nature of the measures taken in this area by the authorities of Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Methodologically, the research is based on a civilizational approach to understanding the historical process, as well as on the idea of the influence of geopolitical trends on the internal life of countries and peoples of the modern world, including the Central Asian region. The work is based on the principles of historicism and consistency, using chronological, synchronous, dichronous, comparative and other methods of historical research. The novelty of the study lies in the generalization of data revealing the role of traditional values in the security systems of the CAR countries. The results of the work include a set of facts and theoretical provisions on the evolution of the security ideology of the CAR countries and can be used in scientific projects in the field of universal history and political science. The authors conclude that the revival of traditional culture and the local version of Islam (Hanafism) in the 1991-2010's were consistently considered by the leaders of the CAR countries as one of the most important factors in strengthening the state, its independence and international authority. This line was carried out most fully and consistently in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, which was reflected in the development programs, legislation, scientific and journalistic literature of these countries. There is a tendency in Kazakhstan to integrate cultural policy based on traditional civilizational values with national security policy.