Historical Research Methods Research Articles

The Regulation and Ways of Using Digital (Information) Technologies to Protect Copyright

Introduction: the author explores the problem of intellectual property protection, and especially various inventions, know-how in production, industrial designs, and the rapid spread of intellectual property objects on the Internet, where their commercial value is reduced or leveled. In this regard, the chosen research topic is of particular interest and social significance. The Internet information and telecommunications network provides its users with a lot of freedom, which unfortunately generates many offenses. However, progress is also going in a positive direction. The latest technologies of the same Industry 4.0 come to the aid of authors, helping them to protect their works. Purpose: to identify gaps in the legal regulation of copyright protection for works on the Internet, to consider the specifics of the copyright protection procedure, as well as to develop scientifically sound recommendations and proposals aimed at filling the gaps in the legislation. Methods: the study was conducted based on general scientific and specific scientific methods. Such general scientific methods as the dialectical method and logical methods of analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction were applied. The comparative method, which was used to analyze the experience of foreign countries, and the formal legal method, became special research methods. The historical research method was used to study the main characteristics of modern copyright, its problems, and their causes. Results: a number of problems have been identified in the study of blockchain prospects in the field of copyright, as well as in the development of proposals to improve the legislation in terms of depositing copyright objects. The work contains the author’s provisions aimed at regulating the use of blockchain technology by authors and owners of blockchain platforms, which is practically absent today. The work is focused on practical results, namely, the stable and efficient operation of blockchain platforms in the field of copyright. Conclusions: it has been revealed that to fix the rights to objects of property turnover, there are both opportunities and problems of applying machine-readable law at the present stage; electronic signatures, smart contracts, and entering data into registries are used to make transactions.

Consideration of Labor Cases by Special Labor Courts as a Way to Optimize the Civil Process in the New Economic Policy Period

The article is devoted to the scientific development of the problem of consideration and resolution of labor cases by courts. The purpose of the work is to study the historical experience of considering and resolving labor cases in civil proceedings by special labor sessions of people’s courts during the New economic policy period on the basis of comparative historical and formal legal research methods, scientific principles of objectivity and historicism. The creation of special labor sessions of people’s courts was motivated by the need for those who resolved disputes to have special knowledge and skills to consider labor cases, and also correlated with the focus on accessibility of justice for workers and the course towards optimizing legal proceedings. The article traces changes in the normative regulation of the activities of labor sessions, identifies the role of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR in filling gaps in the law, and analyzes the problems of jurisdiction and jurisdiction of labor cases. Based on the analysis of judicial practice materials (primarily the rulings of the Civil Cassation Board of the Supreme Court of the RSFSR), the peculiarities of the civil process when considering labor disputes during the New economic policy period are revealed: in the subject composition (thus, representatives of trade unions could be representatives of their members), in matters of evidence and proof, due to the initiative of the court and the specifics of the cases.

The Evolution of Minangkabau Elite: Modernization and Cultural Shifts in Nagari Kurai, 19th-20th Century

The problem addressed in this research focuses on the socio-cultural transformation of the Minangkabau elite during the colonial period, particularly in Nagari Kurai. Using the historical research method, the study traces the evolution of the local elites through archival analysis and ethnographic records. The key finding reveals that the establishment of Bukittinggi as a colonial center and the spread of modernity in the early 20th century prompted the rise of a new urban elite, distinct from traditional authorities. In conclusion, the study suggests that colonial modernity played a pivotal role in reshaping cultural and political hierarchies in Minangkabau society.

Personalities of professional heroes in the musical pedagogy of the South Urals

The article continues a series of studies by the authors devoted to the consideration of the activities of famous musicians-teachers of the South Urals in the heroic paradigm – as outstanding masters who have achieved impressive results in pedagogical work, have received wide public recognition, are perceived by the professional community as a model of service to their cause and an axiological guideline for the younger generation. The purpose of this work is to present the activities of famous musical teachers of the Southern Urals in an integrative context. In this article, the personalities of outstanding teachers of the P.I. Tchaikovsky South Ural State Institute of Arts (hereinafter referred to as the Tchaikovsky Law School) - E.G. Bykov (balalaika), V.V. Kozlov (guitar), A.A. Heineman (French horn, orchestral conducting) are chosen for study. The methodology consists in using an integrated approach and synthesis of research methods in pedagogy, art history, and cognitive linguistics. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that the heroization of the personality of the teachers-musicians of the Tchaikovsky YUrGII is revealed integratively: in the didactic aspect (creation of their own outstanding pedagogical school), culturological (enrichment of cultural achievements of the region through fruitful and highly productive creative work of professional heroes), communicative (establishment of stable artistic communication with the public through creative activity of students), axiological (formation of reference principles and methods of work of a professional teacher, acting as axiological guidelines for the younger generation of musicians). The theoretical significance is expressed in a systematic and consistent study of the pedagogical heritage of outstanding masters of art of the South Urals, which allows us to enrich the history of the development of the Tchaikovsky School as one of the leading creative universities in the region. As a result of the research, the hypothesis is proved that the activities of outstanding musical teachers should be considered as a phenomenon of the spiritual culture of society in the unity of transformative, cognitive, value-oriented, communicative potential, and only integrative perception allows us to identify aspects of the glorification of personality most fully and in relief.

Clothing of the Kazan tatars in the artworks of M.K. Tilke: revisiting the representation of a visual source

An artwork as a scientific unit in the study of the works of M.K. Tilke is an important source category when studying the material aspects of the Tatar heritage. The goal of the research is to study, systematize and introduce visual sources that reproduce the costume complex of the Tatars into scientific circulation. During the research the following tasks were solved: certain types of clothing reproduced in sketches were identified and described; graphic, written sources and surviving material heritage in museum collections were analyzed. The method of historical and ethnographic research was used. The conclusions: each of the artist’s artworks is ethnographically accurate, since the main goal was to reveal the uniqueness, significance and features of the costume complex. Participation in scientific expeditions, consistent study and comparison of graphic, written sources and preserved material heritage in museum collections revealed an accurate reproduction of the cut features. As a researcher, he tried to draw parallels with other peoples, those close in culture, or simply those in interaction with the Tatars. Turning to early historical and ethnographic sources, M. Tilke tried to identify the general and specific in the details of the Tatar women's and men's costume complex.

МАГИЧЕСКОЕ ОРУЖИЕ ГЕРОЕВ ЭПОСА «НАРТЫ»

The article examines the archaic cult of the god of iron and the patron saint of metal Tlepsh, the emergence of metallurgy, the creation of the first weapons and armor made of metal, which are reflected in the Adyghe heroic epic Narts. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the heroic epic Narts is almost not considered in the scientific literature as a source of information for the study of objects and tools, the creation of the first weapon, the addition of a complex of weapons and armor of horsemen. The purpose of the study is to compare the weapons of the heroes of the Nart epic, endowed with magical properties, having certain qualitative characteristics, technological features of manufacture, with the materials of archaeological sites of the Northwestern Caucasus. To achieve these goals, a comparative historical research method was used to determine the features of the origin and composition of various types of offensive and defensive weapons, reflecting the stages of development of blacksmithing and weapons production in a historical context. The transformation of the Chthonic «fire» god into the patron saint of iron and blacksmithing of the nart Tlepsha translates in the legends of the Nart epic the historical and economic prerequisites for the origin of metalworking in the Early Iron Age, the creation of the first tools and weapons of the sleds, which became models for creating the best defensive and offensive weapons in Eurasia. The archaeological sites of the Northwestern Caucasus confirm the continuous development of metallurgy and metalworking since ancient times and the creation of highly artistic bronze, gold, and silver products. The initiated research on this topic has a long–term perspective and requires continued work on the study of the original texts of the Adyghe heroic epic «Narts» for comparison with archaeological artifacts found in the Northwestern Caucasus.

The Image of Palestine in the US Press 1919

Press play a crucial role in studying the process of creating the USA’s public perception of the State of Palestine of 1919. Newspapers and magazines enable a researcher to define the distinctive features of the ‘Other’ profile. The reconstructing and explaining of the Palestinian public image from the point of the traditional historical research methods prove insufficient. Being a peculiar phenomenon of American social, political, and cultural life, Palestine’s public conception requires an interdisciplinary examinational approach based on historical imagology. In 1919, there were three models of the State’s future under discussion in the US periodical literature. The first one considered it as two separate countries; the second one – as one Arabic-Jewish country; the third one – as the territory under control of the United Kingdom. Journalists raised questions regarding each of the models evolving representation of the political system in The Middle East: the prospects of the colonial institution; transferring from Colonialism to Postcolonialism; opportunities of applying the experience of Colonial Empires. Studying an informational discourse of the USA in 1919 will allow us to compile a comprehensive list of public images of the State of Palestine and the Middle East (from the territorial as well as political point of view); monitor their evolution, and discover its structural components.

Zoning of the Lower Volga Region and Formation of Territory, Okrug, District and Rural Bodies of Soviet Authority in 1928: First Stage

Introduction. The article examines the process of formation of the Lower Volga region and Soviet authorities at the level of regional, district, and rural administration at the first stage of zoning (before the liquidation of okrugs). Methods and materials. The research was carried out based on traditional methods of historical research (historical-genetic, retrospective, historical-systemic, and historical-comparative). The use of an array of unpublished archival documents stored in the State Archives of the Volgograd Region and the Documentation Center for Contemporary History of the Volgograd Region, and materials from periodicals and legislative sources of government bodies of the USSR and the RSFSR, greatly facilitated the research process. Analysis. The study is aimed at identifying the regional specifics of the zoning process and the accompanying process of formation of Soviet authorities (at the level of councils and executive committees of councils of the Lower Volga region). Results. The zoning of the Lower Volga region already at the first stage revealed a range of problems, the systematic solution of which in the future will make it possible to transform the agricultural region into the industrial center of the Volga region. In the process of reform, along with positive aspects – the reduction in cost of the management apparatus, the bringing closer to the population of Soviet authorities endowed with significant powers (district executive committees and councils) – there were also clearly negative consequences. The distance of rural councils from middle management and the consolidation of individual rural councils, on the one hand, led to the planned reduction of hardware costs but, on the other hand, excluded remote villages from active public life. Districts became the main operational unit of economic and Soviet work in the region. There were several issues to address, including the imbalance between districts with different population sizes, from small ones with just over 2,000 people to large ones with populations approaching 100,000. Additionally, there was a lack of communication between administrative units and personnel problems, which emerged as a significant hurdle in the development of district and rural Soviet administration at the second stage of zoning (in the conditions of the liquidation of okrugs).

SEJARAH INTELEKTUAL ISLAM: KONTRIBUSI DAN PENGARUH PEMIKIRAN Al-GHAZALI TERHADAP DUNIA ISLAM ABAD KE 11 M

This research discusses al-Ghazali's contribution and thoughts to the Islamic world in the 11th century M. The focus of the study includes al-Ghazali's success in integrating the teachings of Sufism into the mainstream of Islamic thought, reforming Islamic education, and providing criticism of philosophy that enriches Islamic theological discourse. The aim of this research is to explore the contribution and influence of al-Ghazali's thought on the development of the Islamic world, in three main aspects, namely, Islamic spirituality, the Islamic education curriculum, and the development of Islamic philosophy. Researchers use historical research methods which consist of four stages, namely, heuristics, criticism, interpretation, and historiography with a literature review approach by collecting data in the form of books, journals, documents, as well as sources of data and information relevant to the study. This research found that al-Ghazali's main contributions, such as reforms in Islamic theology, criticism of philosophy, and his influence on education and religious thought. In addition, al-Ghazali's intellectual legacy not only enriches Islamic traditions but also offers relevant perspectives in facing contemporary challenges, making his work an important reference in modern Islamic studies today.

BERSEDEKAH DI ERA PANDEMI: KONTRIBUSI LAZISMU KOTA DEPOK TERHADAP FENOMENA WABAH COVID-19 TAHUN 2020-2022 M

The Covid-19 pandemic has triggered a spike in poverty rates, making many people need assistance both through the government and private institutions. Zakat management institutions, as Islamic philanthropic institutions, have a responsibility to help ease the burden on communities affected by the pandemic. Lazismu Depok City has shown a very important role in efforts to ease the burden on communities affected by Covid-19, especially among the Muslim community around the Depok City area during 2020-2022. This research aims to understand and analyze the effectiveness of Lazismu Depok City in distributing aid during the Covid-19 pandemic. Researchers use historical research methods through four stages, namely heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography by utilizing information through documentary and oral sources. The results of this research show that Lazismu Depok City shows good adaptability in facing the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic. Lazismu Depok City is also developing various innovative programs to provide wider, more sustainable benefits, and is developing various innovative programs to provide wider and more sustainable benefits during the Covid-19 pandemic.

From Administrative Price to Market Value of Real Estate. The Evolution of the Valuation System in Poland

Abstract The article applies the method of historical research, using a temporal perspective dating back to 1985, to trace the evolution of market valuation principles for real estate in Poland. These principles evolved similarly to those in many other post-socialist countries, influenced by political and socio-economic transformations and the resulting list of objectives for which these values became essential. The changing legal regulations allowing for the emergence and development of a free real estate market played a decisive role in this process. It was also a period of preparing real estate valuation professionals to meet these requirements. Today, the methodology of valuation, under increasing pressure from various real estate market entities and the rapid advancement of intelligent data collection and processing technologies, is undergoing further evolution. In many countries, including Poland, lively discussions and disputes are ongoing regarding the legal authorization of statistical tools and automated valuation models in valuation practice. These possibilities are being considered particularly in the context of mass property valuations for tax purposes. The methodology involves the analysis of Polish legal provisions, foreign literature, and documents proving the gradual marketization of valuation principles.

Kiprah KH. Sahal Suhana Tokoh Pendiri Pendidikan Islam Modern di Kabupaten Kuningan Jawa Barat, 1994-2016

Education in Indonesia has a long history of producing intellectual figures from local to national. In the Kuningan region, West Java, there are intellectual figures who are active in the field of education. This thesis aims to find out how KH. Sahal Suhana in driving education in the Kuningan Regency area, West Java in 1994-2016. This research uses historical research methods. The steps include heuristics, verification, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this research are the role of KH. Sahal Suhana, a person who was not born from Kyai descent, was able to take part in becoming a Kyai by becoming the pioneer of the founder of the largest Modern Islamic Education in Kuningan Regency, West Java and growing rapidly, including the Husnul Khotimah Foundation and the Al-Multazam Husnul Khotimah Islam ic Education Foundation. As a pioneer figure who is active in the world of education, he has succeeded in creating new breakthroughs in eliminating the negative stigma of Islamic boarding schools, such as dirty students, dirty water, always wearing sarongs, lagging behind in technology and other problems. In modernizing Islamic education through the Islamic Boarding School KH. Sahal Suhana has succeeded in changing the public's mindset towards the negative stigma of Islamic boarding schools, and in the curriculum has succeeded in developing science and technology for the students, and in terms of facilities and infrastructure has succeeded in completing the foundation's facilities to support learning.

Kontribusi Khalifah Mochammad Ya’qub bin Muhamad Atim Dalam Thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah di Palembang (1970 – 2023 M)

This research discusses thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah in Palembang. The arrival of the Shiddiqiyyah thoriqoh in Palembang in 1970 AD brought by the caliph Mochammad Ya'qub bin Muhamad Atim. Caliph Mochammad Ya'qub bin Muhamad Atim was one of the students who was given the mandate to broadcast the teachings of Thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah precisely in Palembang. The teachings are conveyed through several methods such as the da'wah method, teaching Shiddiqiyyah teachings to the community, collective dhikr (Kautsaran), and with programs contained in Shiddiqiyyah, such as National Compensation, Construction of Livable Thankful Houses (commemoration of Indonesian National Independence and Youth Pledge Day) and others. other. Its followers have increased, with this increase in followers it can also be seen that the development of thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah in Palembang is increasing, visible and known to the public. Caliph Mochammad Ya'qub bin Muhamad Atim arrived in Palembang alone at a young age at that time, there were no friends or students from other thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah. At that time he lived in the Aryodilla area. With existing programs, you can increase followers of thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah in Palembang. This research aims to determine the entry and development of thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah and the contribution of the caliph Mochammad Ya'qub bin Muhamad Atim. This research is qualitative research that uses historical research methods utilizing a sociological approach. This research uses historical theory. Data collection techniques were obtained through a process of observation, interviews, documentation and literature study. Data sources were obtained through direct observation, interviews and documentation by the administrators and followers of Thoriqoh Shiddiqiyyah. and use books, journals or archives that are appropriate to the research.

Vasily I. Murashev: the star scale of his scientific discoveries

Introduction. This article is devoted to a major Russian scientist, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V.I. Murashev, certain periods of his biography and scientific activity. Based on archival data and special technical literature, it is concluded that Professor Murashev has done a lot for the development of construction science, including the production and introduction of heat-resistant reinforced concrete structures into the metallurgical industry. Researcher V.I. Murashev for the first time proposed a model for calculating the deformation of reinforced concrete elements with cracks, which made it possible to avoid mistakes in construction. Aim. Conducting a study of the fruitful scientific activity of Professor V.I. Murashev in the field of reinforced concrete theory, clarifying the history of his creation of temperature-resistant reinforced concrete structures, supplementing the scientific biography of the scientist with new facts based on the study of newly discovered data. Materials and methods. The author, having studied archival materials on an urgent topic, using retrospective, historical, tipological and comparative research methods, showed certain aspects of the scientific activity of Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor V.I. Murashev, determining the degree of his active participation in the development of the theory of reinforced concrete, specifying the most significant achievements of the researcher in construction science. Results. The article presents the first comprehensive study of the scientific activity of Professor V.I. Murashev in the field of concrete and reinforced concrete, analyzes the newly discovered biographical data of the scientist in the period 1904–1959. Conclusions. The database of research sources has been expanded, new archival documents and materials have been introduced into scientific circulation, confirming the originality of the versatile personality of Professor V.I. Murashev, his outstanding achievements in construction science in the period 1929–1959.

Tradition of Tetesan in Central Java

One of the traditions in Java in the life cycle is the tradition of dripping or female circumcision, especially at the age of 8-12 years. The various meanings of this dripping tradition are, for example, a sign of maturity, avoiding bad things and getting good fortune. At present, the dripping tradition has been abandoned by many Javanese people. Moreover, there is some information that drops are not good for health. However, this tradition must be maintained and preserved. The purpose of this study is to find out an overview of the dripping tradition in Central Java, especially Central Java and Yogyakarta. Moreover, there are differences in the implementation of the drip for ordinary people and the Yogyakarta Palace. The research method used is the historical method. As expressed by Kuntowijoyo in his book Introduction to History which states that the historical research method has five stages, namely topic selection, heuristics (source gathering), source criticism (verification, interpretation, and historical writing (historiography). The results of this study are how practice is the tradition of dripping in Central Java, namely Central Java and Yogyakarta, especially for ordinary people and the Yogyakarta Palace. The procedures for ordinary people are relatively ordinary while at the Yogyakarta Palace it is classified as complex because there are rules. And also, this drip is included in the oral tradition because it is tied to beliefs, meanings, symbols, norms, and customs that describe the meaning of this dripping tradition.

The Vicious Circle of Corruption in the Human Side of the Enterprise

The vicious circle of corruption constitutes a bane in the business world. Corruption is a canker that must be eroded to create new incentives for innovative management system and improved productivity in the local and global economies. The dwindling economy many developing nations are facing today (Nigeria inclusive) has raised serious concern. This conference paper adopts historical and descriptive research methods. Many corrupt firms suffer morale decadence and counterproductive work behaviours which culminated in productivity downturn. Corruption had permeated many segments of the society, ravaged the corporate scene of nations and left many firms as travail of woes for investors. The code of morals and leadership ethnics had suffered for years. In Nigeria, illicit acts and counterproductive work behaviours have characterized many firms in recent times. Budgets and financial records do not only lack the attributes of truth and fairness but suffer credibility loss and unreliability in the business population for years. Corruption is cankerous and designated authorities, institutions and agencies (nationally and internationally) have made tremendous efforts to fight and erode this dreadful canker from the business environment. Yet, not much is achieved; rather much is required.

VOC dan Dinamika Kekuasaan di Sumenep Abad XVIII

The city of Sumenep is a traditional palace city which is located on the outskirts of the city and also close to the beach. The Palace City has the function of being the residence of kings and their families, and has a role as a place for cultural activities, government activities and the economy. Since 1705, after Sumenep came under the auspices of the VOC, elements of foreign culture began to enter into the formation of the city of Sumenep. The general aim of this research is to describe incidents or events in the past, and then use them for the learning process in the present. The research method used in this research is the historical research method which consists of five stages, first topic selection, second heuristics, third source criticism, fourth interpretation, and fifth historiography. Sumenep is located at the tip of Madura Island and occupies a strategic position that supports Sumenep as a stopping area which is often visited by ships and boats from the archipelago or from abroad. In 1705, when Mataram entered into an agreement, Sumenep as a whole became colonial territory and Sumenep was a busy trade center in the 18th century because it had a port as a stopping area for ships connecting with islands in the eastern region and had an important port for trade over long distances. Thus, the release of the Sumenep area from Mataram's control would certainly go through a long process. One of the influencing factors is the existence of an element of interest in maintaining the power that has mastered this issue.

Reviving Faith: The Dynamic Legacy of HKBP Resort Balige Church

HKBP is one of the largest congregations in the world and has even spread to America and Europe. HKBP in Indonesia is a Christian Church based in Tanah Batak, namely in Tarutung City, North Tapanuli, North Sumatra Province. The main focus of this research is the history of the HKBP Resort Balige church. This research uses a historical research method which has four stages, namely stages heuristics, criticism, interpretation and historiography. The research results show that the history and development of the HKBP Ressort Balige Church began with the arrival of Christian missionaries to Batak Land, then built the HKBP church, which was consecrated as the HKBP Balige church by Ompu Ephorus Pdt. I.L. Nommensen. In its development, the HKBP Balige church developed well; this was marked by the social charities around the church, such as hospitals, Schools, universities and a Multi-Purpose Building which functioned as a public service to the surrounding community. The role of the HKBP Church in the social life of the Balige community as a fellowship of believers always requires order and order in the implementation of services. This can be proven by your willingness to be selected as an Elder, Deacon, or Servant on the Development Commission or on the Committee of an activity.

Uncovering the Relationship between Political Policy and Religious Understanding with Political Participation: A Historical Approach

Political participation is one of the factors that can affect government policies. However, public political participation is volatile, depending on influencing factors. This research aims to uncover the relationship between political policy factors and religious understanding and political participation. The research was conducted on the Samin community of Tapelan Village using an oral history research method through interviews with 5 resource persons, including 2 Samin figures from Tapelan Village, 1 official from Tapelan Village, and 2 Muslim leaders from Tapelan Village. The results of the study show that there is a relationship between political policy and religious understanding of political participation. The policy of taking over the management of the Bola teak forest during the Netherlands colonial government encouraged the growth of Saminism (Agama Adam) where the political participation of the Samin community was apathetic. Meanwhile, the development program on the spiritual and mental aspects encourages the religious conversion of the Samin community to Islam where the political participation of the Samin community is spectators and gladiators which is indicated by participation in election activities, active lobbying, and establishing contact with Tapelan Village government officials to convey the aspirations of the community, and active in organizational activities even though it is only at the village government level.

On the Trail of Traditional Turkish Neighbourhood and Houses: Analysis of the Rural Settlement of Sadağı in Orhaneli

ABSTRACT As global resources dwindle, the significance of traditional rural settlements becomes ever more pronounced, serving as a crucial component of humanity’s shared heritage. The Orhaneli district and its villages in Bursa province offer a rich field of research, particularly in uncovering the architectural and cultural characteristics of the Turkish house. The Ottoman Empire, which ruled for centuries over a vast geographical area including Anatolia and the Balkans, was founded in and around Bursa, its first capital. Consequently, the earliest examples of settlements within the empire can be found in this region. The Sadağı neighbourhood of the Orhaneli district, which forms the subject of this study, is post-dated to a period prior to the conquest of Bursa. This settlement was established by the Turkmen (Yörük) population, who played a fundamental role in the foundation of the Ottoman Empire. Houses formed the core of the settlements of the Ottoman period. These dwellings incorporated traditional materials and methods, local culture and identity, climatic conditions, and local construction techniques, reflecting a traditional extended family lifestyle. In this study, the rural settlement of Sadağı was examined using a combination of historical research methods and field studies. Overall, the Sadağı neighbourhood is representative of traditional Ottoman-Turkish settlement characteristics.