Historical Questions Research Articles

Ankyloglossia, a Contributor to Pelvic Pain: A Case Report

Background: Ankyloglossia is a congenital condition of the tongue in which the lingual frenulum is shortened, causing restrictions in the mobility of the tongue. Improper tongue mechanics have an impact on breathing, and impairments can cause a strain on the diaphragm, muscles of the head and neck, as well as the pelvic floor via the connective tissue and fascia. Evidence is largely lacking for the impact ankyloglossia has on pelvic floor function and pain. Case Description: The patient is a 31-year-old woman who reported primary dyspareunia, with significant exacerbation of symptoms postpartum. Six months after the physical therapy initial evaluation she was diagnosed with ankyloglossia, with the frenotomy performed 1 month later. Outcomes: The connective tissue restrictions, muscular restrictions, and myofascial trigger points were addressed via manual therapy. Her planned home exercise program was focused on down-training and breathing. She was initially improving at a slower rate than patients with similar symptoms and history. The first time she attempted intercourse following the frenotomy, she noticed a marked difference in her dyspareunia symptoms and her ability to relax her pelvic floor voluntarily. Discussion: The impact ankyloglossia had on the patient's pelvic floor was missed and her slow progress was attributed solely to other factors. Asking the proper patient history questions and understanding the potential impact that ankyloglossia can have on pelvic floor function can help physical therapists identify an easily missed underlying contributor for pelvic pain.

Efficacy of a Multi-Level Pilot Intervention (“Harmony”) to Reduce Discrimination Faced by Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women in Public Hospitals in India: Findings from a Pre- and Post-Test Quasi-Experimental Trial among Healthcare Workers

Reducing the stigma and discrimination faced by men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) in healthcare settings is key to improving health outcomes. Using a one-group pre- and post-test design, we tested the efficacy of a theory-informed, multi-level pilot intervention (“Harmony”) among 98 healthcare workers (HCWs) to reduce sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI)-related stigma and discrimination faced by MSM and TGW in two public hospitals. The intervention contained group-level (a half-day workshop) and individual-level (four videos) components. Using multi-level modelling, we compared knowledge, attitudes, and comfort level among HCWs across three timepoints: pre-intervention, post-intervention, and follow-up (2 months after the intervention). Client surveys were conducted among 400 MSM/TGW (two independent samples of 200 MSM/TGW) attending the intervention hospitals, before the intervention among HCWs and three months after the intervention. Generalised estimating equations assessed service users’ satisfaction with hospital services, discrimination experiences, and positive interactions with HCWs. Significant changes were observed in primary outcomes: 30% increase in positive attitude scores (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.30, 95% CI 1.13–1.49) and 23% increase in the proportion of HCWs reporting being comfortable in providing care to MSM/TGW (IRR = 1.23, 95% CI 0.03–1.68). Similarly, there was a significant improvement in secondary outcomes (scores): support for non-discriminatory hospital policies (IRR = 1.08, 95% CI 1.004–1.15), the importance of asking SOGI questions in clinical history (IRR = 1.17, 95% CI 1.06–1.29), and perceived self-efficacy in providing clinical care (IRR = 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.27). Service users’ data provided corroborative evidence for intervention efficacy: e.g., 14% increase in the proportion of MSM reporting overall satisfaction with hospital services and 6% and 15% increase in the scores of positive interactions with HCWs in the combined sample of MSM/TGW and TGW, respectively. The Harmony intervention showed preliminary evidence for improving positive attitudes, comfort level, and understanding of the healthcare issues of MSM/TGW among HCWs, warranting large-scale implementation research.

Perm School of Lymphologysts: theory, experiment and clinic

The paper narrates the early research on the lymphatic system in the city of Perm (Russia) in 1951 and the systematic study of lymph nodes during the period from 1954 to 1963 under the guidance of Professor Ivan Ivanovich Kositsyn. The second period of experimental lymphology development in Perm is associated with the name of Professor Elizaveta Nikolaevna Oleneva. Her research on the lymphatic vessels of various organs when creating typological models of experimental venous congestion and lymphostasis became the basis for understanding pathological processes in organ interstices. The development of clinical lymphology owes much to Professor Nadezhda Alexandrovna Garyaeva. Close scientific cooperation between the Perm and St. Petersburg lymphological schools led to the development of structural foundations of modern lymphodynamics theory. The discovery of the lymphatic valve tensor muscle determined the role of valves in lymph flow in a historical discussion question. Reconstructive-restorative operations on the thoracic duct for surgical lymphology are significant for the prevention of lymphostasis and thrombosis. The study of mass transfer laws of medicinal substances through the interstitium provided a scientific rationale for lymphotropic therapy at a new level. The terms “intersticiology,” “somatic lymphedema,” and “visceral lymphedema” have been introduced into scientific circulation. Analysis of fundamental lymphostasis research allowed for the development of drug treatment methods for post-radiation fibrosis and lymphedema. The Department of Human Anatomy with a course in clinical lymphology under the leadership of Professor N.A. Garyaeva, developing treatment technologies in gynecology, phthisiopulmonology, surgery, traumatology, pediatrics, and therapy, became the scientific-methodological center in the city of Perm for building knowledge in the field of lymphology. The Lymphatech Clinic, opened in 2007, gave a new impetus to the development of clinical lymphology. The Lymphatech method, providing targeted pharmacological correction of the structures and functions of the lymphatic system, has stood the test of time and proved itself as an essential pathogenetic therapy for many pathologies. Scientific and clinical results are reported and published at international conferences, including the leading journal Lymphology.

Burden of hyperphagia and obesity in Bardet–Biedl syndrome: a multicountry survey

BackgroundSigns and symptoms of Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS) occur during early childhood, progress over time, and place substantial, multifaceted burden on patients and their caregivers. Hyperphagia may be a contributing factor to early-onset obesity in BBS; however, there are limited insights into its impacts on patients and caregivers. We quantified disease burden as it relates to the physical and emotional impacts of hyperphagia in BBS.MethodsThe CAREgiver Burden in BBS (CARE-BBS) study was a multicountry, cross-sectional survey of adult caregivers of patients with BBS who have had hyperphagia and obesity. The survey consisted of questionnaires including Symptoms of Hyperphagia, Impacts of Hyperphagia, Impact of Weight on Quality of Life (IWQOL)-Kids Parent Proxy, and Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) v1.0-Global Health 7. In addition, clinical characteristics, medical history, and weight management questions were included. Outcomes were scored and summarized descriptively in aggregate and by country, age, and obesity severity according to weight class.ResultsThere were 242 caregivers of patients with BBS who completed the survey. Caregivers observed hyperphagic behaviors throughout the day, with negotiating for food (90%) and waking up and asking or looking for food during the night (88%) being the most frequent. Hyperphagia had at least a moderate negative impact on most patients’ mood/emotions (56%), sleep (54%), school (57%), leisure (62%), and familial relationships (51%). Hyperphagia affected concentration at school (78%), and symptoms of BBS contributed to patients missing ≥ 1 day of school a week (82%). Responses from the IWQOL-Kids Parent Proxy suggested obesity most greatly negatively affected physical comfort (mean [standard deviation (SD)], 41.7 [17.2]), body esteem (41.0 [17.8]), and social life (41.7 [18.0]). On the PROMIS questionnaire, mean (SD) global health score for pediatric patients with BBS and overweight or obesity (36.8 [10.6]) was lower than the general population (mean, 50).ConclusionsEvidence from this study suggests that hyperphagia and obesity may have broad negative impacts on the lives of patients with BBS, including physical health, emotional well-being, school performance, and personal relationships. Therapies that target hyperphagia may alleviate the extensive clinical and nonclinical impacts experienced by patients with BBS and their caregivers.

Was the Lithuanian Va’ad Abolished? Some remarks on the history of Jewish self-government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania

ABSTRACT The article draws attention to an issue that has been well discussed in historiography – the abolition of Jewish self-government in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Based on the re-interpretation of known sources and the introduction of new historical materials several questions are raised. Is everything so obvious in respect of the liquidation of the Va’ads? The conclusions reached during this research correct the currently, generally recognised date of the ‘abolition’ of the Polish and Lithuanian Va’ads and provide new examples of the functioning of the supra-communal organisation in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the end of the eighteenth century.

Global geological mapping of Venus and the twenty-first-century legacy of William Smith: identification of challenges and opportunities for future research and exploration

Abstract Geological mapping principles have been applied across planet Earth since William Smith's initial 1815 map. During the Space Age, these principles were applied to smaller moons and planets, appropriately adjusted for remote conditions and data, and revealing ‘one plate planets’ recording Earth's missing chapters. Yet what of Venus, Earth's ‘twin’, shrouded in opaque clouds? How can these geological mapping principles be applied to address fundamental questions of planetary history? We outline how Venus's geological mapping over the last 35 years has proceeded towards a successively integrated more global picture that has revealed a surface and history unlike Earth or the smaller planetary bodies! The current 1 : 10 M global geological map documents geological units that all formed in the last c. 20% of Venus's history. The oldest, Fortunian, involved intense deformation and building of thicker crust (tessera). The Guineverian featured near-global emplacement of vast volcanic plains. The Atlian saw prominent rift zones and large shield volcanoes. The three major phases of activity provide a basis for assessing the geological, atmospheric and geodynamical processes operating earlier in Venus's history that led to the preserved record, raising a series of questions to be investigated in the coming decade by an international armada of Venus missions.

A-51 EYE-SYNC Saccade Outcomes and Health/Demographic Factors in CFL Athletes

Abstract Purpose Examine the relationship between demographic and health factors, and oculomotor functioning during baseline testing in professional Canadian Football League (CFL) athletes. Methods 428 male athletes participated in baseline concussion testing. Athletes ranged in age from 21 to 40 years (M=26.44, SD=2.87) and reported a history of 0, 1, or 2+ sport-related concussions (SRCs). All athlete participants completed the Head Check questions of demographics and medical history, and the EYE-SYNC saccade test to explore how the presence of a history of concussions, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), Learning Disability (LD), age, and post-exertion influenced baseline measures of oculomotor functioning using the EYE-SYNC saccade outcomes of accuracy and precision. Results Correlations revealed no significant relationships between combined vertical and horizontal saccade outcomes and the demographic/health variables (p>05). Independent t-tests indicated no significant differences in mean saccade performance between athletes with and without ADHD and/or LD (p>.05). A three-way multiple analysis of variance, run with age group and four saccade outcomes (LeftAccuracyXY, LeftPrecisionXY, RightAccuracyXY, RightPrecisionXY), showed no main effect of age group on the combined saccade outcomes F(8, 844)=.91, p=.50. Finally, a one-way repeated measures analysis of variance also revealed no significant differences from pre- to post-exertion assessments, F(4, 56)=.41, p=.80. Conclusions The oculomotor functioning of CFL athletes at baseline does not appear to be influenced by a history of concussion, ADHD, LD, age, or physical exertion. This information may help professionals with their clinical decision-making regarding SRC diagnosis.

Tracing Time-Varying Characteristics of Meteorological Drought through Nonstationary Joint Deficit Index

Abstract Standardized precipitation index (SPI) is one of the frequently used meteorological drought indices. However, the time-varying characteristics observed in the historical precipitation data questions the reliability of SPI and motivated the development of nonstationary SPI. To overcome some of the limitations in the existing nonstationary drought indices, a new framework for drought index is proposed, incorporating the temporal dynamics in the precipitation. The proposed drought index is developed by coupling the joint deficit index with the extended time sliding window–based nonstationary modeling (TSW-NSM). The proposed nonstationary joint deficit index (NJDI) detects the signature of nonstationarity in the distribution parameter and models both long-term (i.e., trend) and short-term (i.e., step-change) temporal dynamics of distribution parameters. The efficacy of NJDI is demonstrated by employing it to identify the meteorological drought-prone areas over India. The changes observed in the distribution parameter of rainfall series reveal an increasing number of dry days in recent decades all over India, except the northeast. Comparison of NJDI and stationary joint deficit index (JDI) reveals that JDI overestimates drought when frequent severe dry events are clustered and underestimates when these events are scattered, which indicates that the traditional index is biased toward the lowest magnitude of precipitation while classifying the drought. Moreover, NJDI could closely capture historical droughts and their spatial variations, thereby reflecting the temporal dynamics of rainfall series and the changes in the pattern of dry events over India. NJDI proves to be a potentially reliable index for drought monitoring in a nonstationary climate. Significance Statement Drought is one of the most severe natural disasters and is expected to intensify under a warming climate. There has been progress on developing newer methodologies to characterize drought severity under the changing climate. However, some limitations remain in capturing the temporal changes of the precipitation, especially the nonstationarity in variance (rapid increases in extreme precipitation versus the average precipitation). We propose an extension to the time sliding window approach to capture the nonstationarity in variance and mean while incorporating short-term (step-change) and long-term (trend) temporal dynamics. We apply the methodology to a subcontinent-sized heterogeneous country of India with gridded rainfall dataset (0.25° × 0.25°, 1901–2013) from the India Meteorological Department. We find that the majority of grids exhibit negative and positive trends in shape and scale parameters, respectively, which ultimately leads to an increase in the number of drier events, whereas a contradictory pattern is exhibited in the northwest Indian region (decrease in the number of dry days). The proposed index gives a potential framework for drought monitoring under the changing climate and can be extended to develop a multivariate nonstationary joint deficit index by incorporating other hydrological variables (e.g., soil moisture, diurnal temperature range, streamflow).

The Politics of Legal Theory Revisisted

Most legal positivists today hold that legal positivism is a morally neutral and purely descriptive account of the nature of law. This article considers this claim by examining Brian Leiter’s intriguing claim to the contrary. While I welcome examining the political presuppositions of jurisprudential theories, I show that the association of legal positivism with radicalism is not true. Examining the works of prominent legal positivists, I show that there is no basis for thinking of any of them as a political radical. I also show that many legal positivists were politically conservative. Beyond the historical question, I also argue that there is no basis for the claim that legal positivism is necessary for radical political action. On the contrary, I show that many radical political movements aligned with natural law theory and offer a possible explanation for this phenomenon. The latter point serves as the basis for an alternative way of explaining the political component of legal theory. I propose that we stop thinking of competing theories of law as descriptive or conceptual claims about the nature of law and think of them instead of grounded in different political ideas of legitimate authority.

The Causes of the American Civil War: Recent Interpretations and New Directions (1974 Reprint)

The Causes of the American Civil WarRecent Interpretations and New Directions (1974 Reprint) Eric Foner In 1960, as Americans prepared to observe the centennial of the Civil War, one of the foremost historians of that conflict published a brief article entitled, “American Historians and the Causes of the Civil War.”1 Most readers probably expected another survey of the changing course of civil war interpretation. Instead the author announced that as a subject of serious historical analysis, Civil War causation was “dead.” Looking back over the decade and a half since David Donald wrote, it would appear that he somewhat exaggerated the death of this field of inquiry. In the 1950’s, historians were concerned with investigating periods of consensus in America’s past. But in the 1960’s, as the issues of race and war came to the forefront of national life, earlier times of civil strife in American history attracted renewed attention. The 1960’s, for example, witnessed a renascence of the study of slavery. It is now no longer possible to view the peculiar institution as some kind of accident or aberration, existing outside the mainstream of national development. Rather, slavery was absolutely central to the American experience, intimately [End Page 41] bound up with the settlement of the western hemisphere, the American Revolution and industrial expansion. It was what defined the Old South and drew southern society along a path of development which set it increasingly apart from the rest of the nation.2 At the same time, a striking reversal of interpretations of the abolitionists took place.3 In fact, there was a paradoxical double reversal. On the one hand the abolitionists, previously castigated as fanatics and agitators, suddenly emerged as the conscience of a sinning nation—much as the Garrisons and Welds had portrayed themselves a century earlier. At the same time, a number of writers argued that not only were the friends of the slave not immune from racism, but, far from being truly “radical,” they seemed to accept the middle-class values of northern society.4 The flood of studies of slavery, abolitionism, and the race issue does not seem, however, to have brought historians much closer to a generally accepted interpretation of the coming of the Civil War than they were fifteen years ago. As the late David Potter pointed out, the irony is that disagreements of interpretation persist in the face of a greatly increased body of historical knowledge.5 This is partially because the Civil War raised so many still unresolved [End Page 42] issues. Perhaps, however, there is another reason. Historians’ methodologies and value judgments have changed considerably over the past fifteen years, but the questions historians have asked of their data have remained relatively static. Like the debate over slavery before the appearance of Stanley Elkins’ study in 1959, discussion of the causes of the Civil War continues to be locked into an antiquated interpretive framework. Historians of the Civil War era seem to be in greater need of new models of interpretation and new questions than of an additional accumulation of data. There have, however, been a number of works in the past fifteen years which have attempted to develop entirely new ways of looking at ante-bellum America and the origins of the Civil War. One of the most striking developments of these years has been the emergence of the “new political historians,” who have attempted to recast our understanding of ante-bellum political alignments. They have de-emphasized “national” issues like slavery and the tariff, and substituted ethno-cultural conflicts between Protestants and Catholics, or between pietistic and ritualistic religious groups, as the major determinants of voting behavior. These works have broadened our understanding of antebellum political culture, and demonstrated the inevitable failure of any “monistic interpretation” of political conflict. And they should force historians to abandon whatever economic determinism still persists in the writing of political history. Perhaps most important, they have demonstrated the virtues of viewing voters not as isolated individuals, but as men and women embedded in a complex network of social and cultural relationships.6 The “new political history” involves both a new methodology—the statistical analysis of quantitative...

Counting Quality, Seeing Patterns

Abstract What does it mean to see Third World “development” as a problem of untapped creativity? This paper argues that quick celebrations of ingenuity across the world has been part of a new mode securing expertise and legitimizing intervention that emerges after the Second World War. Propelled by architects and planners, this mode bypasses the quantitative and historical questions of colonial drain and global financial regimes to project qualitative “patterns” across the Third World as a source of immanent and self-generative change.

Editors’ Note

Editors’ Note Kate Masur and Gregory P. Downs Our June issue reinforces our sense that the field of the Civil War Era remains a wide-ranging, creative site of engaged scholarship. The pieces in this issue span from slavery to the present day, delving into concrete historical details and the persistent narratives that shape our encounters with the past. In his Tom Watson Brown Book Prize address, Sebastian Page explains the origins of his book, Black Resettlement and the American Civil War, relating his discomfort with many aspects of the historical profession. He concludes with a discussion of how received narratives of Lincoln’s presidency and of abolition itself continue to shape the questions historians ask and, by extension, the scholarship they produce. The participants in a roundtable on studying slavery on campus are likewise engaged in challenging received narratives. Historians Hilary Green and Adam Domby assembled a group of scholars who are researching and publicizing their campuses’ relationships to slavery, bringing forward histories of people and events that have been either covered up or forgotten entirely. Contributors offer reports from the field and a call to press forward with work that should, Green and Domby write, include not just research and writing but also “working with constituent communities (descendants of enslaved people, local black and other marginalized communities affected by the campus, alumni, students, faculty, et cetera) to ensure equity in admissions, scholarships, hiring, and future campus planning.” In a research article, John Quist analyzes the career of Michigan editor Theodore Foster, a Liberty Party supporter who became a Republican in the late 1850s. Quist contributes to an ongoing conversation about how to characterize the politics of white antislavery Northerners, particularly as their views changed over time. He argues that Foster shifted during wartime and its aftermath from abolitionism to an accommodation with political antislavery and racism, concluding that Foster’s evolution should lead us “to reexamine white abolitionists’ long-term commitments to racial equality, to reevaluate the distinctions between abolitionism and the Republican Party’s antislavery message, and to recognize that abolitionists could be more easily transformed than the society they hoped to change.” Frank Towers rounds out this eclectic issue with a wide-ranging historiographical essay on cities and Reconstruction. Adopting an expansive chronological frame, Towers reminds readers of interdisciplinary [End Page 145] scholarship in urban history that developed from the 1960s to the 1980s and suggests that historians of the Civil War Era could fruitfully return to that body of work for insights and ideas. That scholarship suggests, in particular, that cities can be viewed as agents in their own rights. They are not simply places where things happened but also a particular kind of human formation that, itself, produces novel dynamics, solidarities, and structures of power and inequality. We are as always indebted to associate editors Hilary Green, Luke Harlow, and Katy Shively, who are constantly soliciting essays and reviews, editing writing, and helping produce this journal, as well as to Matt Isham and Heather Carlquist Walser, who keep the wheels turning under challenging circumstances. [End Page 146] Copyright © 2023 The University of North Carolina Press

A community‐based study of reporting demographic and clinical information concordance between informant and cognitively impaired participants

AbstractBackgroundWe studied concordance between informants’ and cognitively impaired participants’ reporting of demographic and clinical information in a community‐based cohort study.MethodAs part of the community‐based Brain Attack Surveillance in Corpus Christi‐Cognitive (BASIC‐C) project, households in Nueces County, Texas, USA, were randomly identified. Participants ≥ age 65 were recruited using door‐to‐door (5/1/2018‐3/15/2020) and phone (04/20/2020‐current) recruitment. Individuals with possible cognitive impairment were identified using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) during door‐to‐door recruitment and Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment (T‐MoCA) during phone recruitment. Participants who scored ≤25 and ≤18 on the MoCA and T‐MoCA respectively were eligible for participation. Named informants and participants both answered questions regarding the participant’s demographics and health status. Models were generated to examine the predictors that influence concordance between informant and participant answers. Predictors in the model included participants’ age, gender, ethnicity, degree of cognitive function (estimated by MoCA/T‐MoCA score), and relationship to informant.ResultTable 1 provides the concordance between participant and informant answers. Overall concordance was high. Female participants were two and a half times more likely to have concordant answers about date of birth with informants than non‐spouses and male participants, and spouses were three and a half times more likely to agree with participants on date of birth than non‐spouses. (Table 2). Degree of cognitive function of the study participant also showed a large effect on concordance based on the question of whether the participant was diagnosed with dementia (p < .001) (Table 4). Other relationships in comparison to child, including other family member and friend/neighbor/other, were associated with concordance of answers to participant educational attainment and high blood pressure diagnosis (Table 3 and 5). Questions about participant diagnosis of diabetes, heart disease, stroke, and alcohol consumption, had no significant predictors. Ethnicity was not a significant predictor for any question.ConclusionThough most of our concordance rates were >80%, in studies that ask demographic and health history questions of cognitively impaired participants, the gold standard for “true” information remains uncertain. Our results, along with future research, may indicate that in these scenarios, studies should consider supplementing participant responses with informant contributions.

Disobedience as Usual: Why Design Activists Need Historians

Since the financial crash of 2008, and the resulting rise of the Occupy, Indignados, and other anti-capitalist movements, a flurry of academic publications devoted to design activism has also resulted.1 Publishers recognize a hungry student readership wanting to be reassured that, once they graduate, there may be alternatives to “working for the giant,” something other than selling their souls in service of capital. Of course, this isn’t the first time that a narrative of social change has inhabited the history of design. Indeed, a rather “standard” history of design—from William Morris and the Arts and Crafts movement, through the early Bauhaus, postwar reconstruction, Italian radical design to present-day design activism—may be recounted as one of socially committed design and the crafting of alternative visions.2‘The history of design is a history of activism’. Discuss. might be an examination question for an undergraduate History of Design program general paper. The late 1960s and early 1970s have gained special attention lately.3 This might be because many of the emergent activities of the period, including participatory processes and community engagement, as well as design as refusal, critical practice, and autonomous action, have found a new relevance for design activists today. These accounts underpin the suggestion that the most interesting design in history has been disobedient. Given all this, one sometimes wonders why there seems to be such a wide gap between these noble intentions and what we have in daily life.

Readability of the current preparticipation cardiovascular screening questionnaires: Are they suitable for athletes?

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Pre-participation screening (PPS) is now implemented by the majority of the leading sporting organisations around the globe, where the presence of the personal symptoms and family history questionnaire has to date been constant among all. The leading cardiology and sporting bodies of the AHA, ESC, IOC and FIFA all however independently publish, and advocate altered variations of the form, which are not validated, and based on expert opinion alone. Purpose The National Institute of Health (NIH) recommend questionnaires be written at a reading age of between 11-14 years. To date the readability and suitability of commonly used PPS questionnaires has not been investigated; thus, it was our aim to assess the readability of several PPS questionnaires from the leading sporting and cardiology organisations. Methods Readability analysis was performed on the PPS questionnaires from the leading sporting and cardiology organisations 1) AHA; 2) The PPE monograph; 3) ESC; 4) FIFA; 5) IOC. To assess the readability of the questionnaires, several formulae were applied, using multiple regression equations to predict the reading ability needed to understand the given text. The readability formula used were the Flesch Kincaid, Flesch Reading Ease, New Dale-Chall, SMOG scale, FORCAST, Coleman-Liau, and the Gunning Fog scale. Results Readability analysis demonstrated that the PPS questionnaires had an average reading age of between 14 and 18 years, resulting in all falling outside the NIH recommended reading age. The best performing questionnaire in terms of readability was the IOC questionnaire (average 13.7 years). The questionnaire with the highest reading age was the AHA 14-step (18.4 years), where 34.3% of the total words within the questionnaire were considered difficult according to the New Dale-Chall list. Questions relating to symptoms were considered easier to comprehend than family history questions. This was also exemplified by percentage of "unfamiliar" words, with symptoms questions having an average of 19.4%, while family history questions having an average of 27.3%. Within the sub analysis of individual questions, chest pain, syncope and palpitations were questions documented by all organisations, however the wording of these showed notable variation, with an average 7.5-year difference in reading age between questionnaires. Conclusion The readability of the current PPS questionnaires exceed the NIH recommended reading age of 11-14 years. Readability is an integral part of health literacy, and should a question be too difficult for an athlete to comprehend, this misunderstanding may lead to them rejecting the questionnaire or providing an inaccurate response. The PPS questionnaire remains a mainstay within the screening process, yet more research needs to be conducted to establish athlete comprehension and tailor future questionnaires towards this, with the goal of improving specificity and sensitivity.

Quantifying the Gap: The Gender Gap in French Writers’ Wikidata

One of the recurring questions of world literary history is how to ensure that marginalized writers are represented. The advent of a data-driven literary history has made this question even more pressing, as collaborative and distributed projects like Wikidata have been shown to exhibit large gaps between groups, despite the diversity of topics and contributors represented. In order to get an idea of how entrenched the gender gap is within literary Wikidata, I will examine the representation of male writers versus writers who are women or other genders using Wikidata. Since the data are vast and complex, I will particularly focus on the subset that is related to French and Francophone writers in Wikidata with an eye to how the gender gap evolves across nations, geography, and time. I will show that the gender gap is less significant in recent periods and in smaller Wikidata communities and that the largest Wikidata communities with the longest histories have larger gender gaps. As in other subject fields, literary topics in Wikidata are disproportionately linked to male authors. Finally, I consider some ways that the gender gap intersects with linguistic justice movements and how the gender gap can be reduced in literary Wikidata. The patterns in the data and procedure may be generalizable to literary Wikidata as a whole, especially larger Wikidata communities, because the gender gap in both the French and the Francophone subsets of the data is close to the global average; there is also a higher-than-average representation of writers of other genders that resembles other large Wikidata communities.

Curriculum matters: educational tools for troubled times

ABSTRACT It is our contention that we are in a crisis of curriculum that can be seen from calls to defund public education to the reduction of children to scores on annual assessments. We also point to a crisis in studies of curriculum that the critical tools necessary to consider and critique curricular practices have been intentionally removed from schools of education. Our argument begins with a discussion of the potential significance for curriculum studies that focuses on questions of history and voice, and of resonances. In the light of such resonances and the ecologies where educational understandings reside, the second section of our paper examines the possibilities and challenges for curricular tools, as applicable in everyday interactions as they are in the more structured educational ecologies of schooling. We then apply such contextualized understandings to a formal curriculum espoused by an elite U.S. university in order to better articulate both what curriculum studies can do and why curriculum remains such a significant aspect of our understanding. Our work ends with a brief concluding section that suggests what else the curriculum might do and the kinds of things we are concerned are increasingly overlooked, from historical knowledge to contemporary cultural expressions.

Education in Africa: a critical historiographic review

ABSTRACT Examining developments in the history of education in Africa as a whole raises far-reaching philosophical, anthropological and historical questions about what Africa is and whether such a history is even possible as such. The course of that history and its tributaries wend around social theories; its dominant issues, tensions and gaps represent ideological interventions that highlight competing narratives in attempts to theorise social progress along a set of converging historiographic projects through which the conflicts between positivist, Marxist and poststructuralist (and other critical theory) perspectives – and the Eurocentricity of their objects – become visible. Anticipating broadened inquiries that centre Africans in historical narratives concerning education in Africa, this review (a) critiques historians’ obsession with and dissensions on colonial education, (b) clarifies epistemic ruptures in the well-worn quest for ‘truth’ in history evident in that obsession, and (c) proposes some prospects for decolonial futures in the history of education in Africa.

"The second edition of Pokrovshchina" (based on the material of M. Ja. Sjuzjumov's letters to V. G. Trukhanovsky and S. P. Pavlov)

This article is devoted to the problems of the "relapse of Pokrovshchina" – a phenomenon in the history of historical science, which was characterized by the dominance of sociologized schemes, the leveling of the role of source analysis, the lack of developments in problem areas of auxiliary historical disciplines, the primacy of modern studies to the detriment of the study of classical history. The famous Soviet Byzantine historian Mikhail Jakovlevich Sjuzjumov (1893-1982) resolutely opposed the crisis of this "growth disease". In his personal fund (GASO, F. P-802) contains letters to leading experts in various branches of historical science, where he analyzes in detail the essence of the "second edition of the Pokrovshchina" (the second half of the 1960s). Two letters of M. Ja. Sjuzjumov are introduced into scientific circulation. One of them, dated by the author on May 5, 1965, is a response to the appeal of the editor-in-chief of the magazine "Questions of History" to Vladimir Grigoryevich Trukhanovsky (1914-2000) and a letter dated July 2, 1965 to the Soviet statesman, First Secretary of the Komsomol Central Committee Sergei Pavlovich Pavlov (1929-1993). In fact, they are journalistic articles, a reflection on the results of the All-Union Meeting on measures to improve the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel in historical sciences, convened by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SNK of the USSR. M. Ja. Sjuzjumov considers the popularization of historical knowledge to be a recipe for the destructive action of the Pokrovshchina.

Remembering Herbert Gutman's Work, Culture, and Society Fifty Years On

Remembering Herbert Gutman's <i>Work, Culture, and Society</i> Fifty Years On