Historical Priority Research Articles

A Novel Method on Kelt: Implement of Simulated Annealing

Many researchers would agree that, had it not been for ambimorphic symmetries, the development of voice-over-IP may ne'er have passed. it might appear unreasonable but has adequate historical priority. when years of life-size analysis into item-oriented languages, we tend to affirm the exploration of kernels. In our studies we tend to make sure now not simplest that gigabit switches and replication are typically incompatible, however that an equivalent is true for interrupts.

Rapid divergence of mussel populations despite incomplete barriers to dispersal.

Striking genetic structure among marine populations at small spatial scales is becoming evident with extensive molecular studies. Such observations suggest isolation at small scales may play an important role in forming patterns of genetic diversity within species. Isolation-by-distance, isolation-by-environment and historical priority effects are umbrella terms for a suite of processes that underlie genetic structure, but their relative importance at different spatial and temporal scales remains elusive. Here, we use marine lakes in Indonesia to assess genetic structure and assess the relative roles of the processes in shaping genetic differentiation in populations of a bivalve mussel (Brachidontes sp.). Marine lakes are landlocked waterbodies of similar age (6,000-10,000years), but with heterogeneous environments and varying degrees of connection to the sea. Using a population genomic approach (double-digest restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing), we show strong genetic structuring across populations (range FST : 0.07-0.24) and find limited gene flow through admixture plots. At large spatial scales (>1,400km), a clear isolation-by-distance pattern was detected. At smaller spatial scales (<200km), this pattern is maintained, but accompanied by an association of genetic divergence with degree of connection. We hypothesize that (incomplete) dispersal barriers can cause initial isolation, allowing priority effects to give the numerical advantage necessary to initiate strong genetic structure. Priority effects may be strengthened by local adaptation, which the data may corroborate by showing a high correlation between mussel genotypes and temperature. Our study indicates an often-neglected role of (evolution-mediated) priority effects in shaping population divergence.

Україна та Польща: 25 років посткомуністичного транзиту (порівняльний аналіз)

The key trend in the development of central Europe and the Soviet Union in the late 20th century was the destruction of the communist system based on the Communist Party’s monopoly on power, communist ideology, an authoritarian regime and a planned administrative economy. Like Poland, Ukraine underwent these transformations for 25 years. However, the course and results of these transformations were fundamentally different in Ukraine. These differences were due to various historical, political, social, economic and spiritual factors, different forces of influence on these transformational processes, as well as external and internal factors. The agenda for social change in Ukraine is much more complicated than in Poland, where the process of establishing democracy was primarily due to an external factor. The process of joining NATO and the European Union allowed Poland to compensate for the lack of a consolidated elite and the mass support from broad social strata. The very idea of membership of NATO and the EU has become the subject of consolidation of these elites. Ukraine has lost the possibility of such external support for democratic processes, at least in a certain historical period. Ukraine needs to take account of these historical, mental and geopolitical specifics. Thus, the historical priority tasks faced by Ukraine are: de-Sovietisation, decolonisation, de-Russification, democratisation, de-oligarchization, Europeanisation and the formation of a powerful intellectual opposition, a consensus of the elites on the model of the future of Ukraine, and the development of a clear strategy for social change. Obviously, Ukraine itself should undergo the second round of transformations from authoritarianism and kleptocracy to democracy if it wants to remain an independent sovereign state and be preserved as a full Ukrainian nation.

The European identity formation in Ukraine

Every nation is quite diverse in terms of his historical destiny, spiritual priorities, and cultural heritage. However, voluntary European integration, which is the final aim of political integration that began in the second half of the twentieth century from Western Europe, provided for an availability of large number of characteristics in common in political cultures of their societies. Therefore, Ukraine needs to find some common determinants that can create inextricable relationship between the European Community and Ukraine. Although Ukrainian culture is an intercultural weave of two East macrocivilizations, according to the author, Ukraine tends to Western-style society with its openness, democracy, tolerance, which constitute the basic values of Europeans.&#x0D; Keywords: Identity, collective identity, European values, European integration

Exact psychiatry: Six axioms

Psychiatry is a clinical technological practice where the rational fundaments, methods and knowledge “corpus” have a scientific nature. The science philosopher Mario Bunge proposes that philosophy, as well as science, may tend to be exact. Philosophy of science is the rational setting where any scientific discipline can ascribe sense to its theoretical models and factual sentences. Axiomatization is the method to exactify a discipline. By axiomatization, we can exactify psychiatry as “medicine of the soma”, therefore avoiding fallacies in the theoretical models we use.ObjectiveTo describe six axioms for the definition of “exact psychiatry” as “medicine of the soma”. Six axioms will be defined and explained. They are ordered attending to hierarchical and historical priority:–axiom of the cultural universal of social cohesion: since the antiquity all cultures have cultural universals which promote social cohesion;–axiom of healing as a form of “isonomia”: health-related cultural constructs are related with help receiving due to body vulnerability. It appears with Hippocratic medicine;–axiom of nosological realism: diseases really exist. They are biological regularities that accelerate death. It appears in the 17th century;–axiom of illness subjectivity: the personal impact of disease is subjective. There exist diseases in patients. It appears in the 20th century;–axiom of the unification of neuroscience: psychiatry and neurology have the same ontological reference, brain diseases. It consolidates in the 21st century;–axiom of clinical phenomenology as the epistemological specificity of psychiatry: clinical phenomenology characterizes “soma” as the referring of psychiatry. The future.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

An Ecology of World Literature: From Antiquity to the Present Day

An Ecology of World Literature: From Antiquity to the Present Day

A re-appraisal of the conventional history of antibiosis and Penicillin.

The popular perception of the history of antibiosis and penicillin is that Alexander Fleming was the sole researcher on penicillin. The literature, however, has documentation of preceding persons who reported definitively on these topics, from the late 19th century. Divergent reports on "firsts" in the discovery of antimicrobial activity of Penicillium and on the use of penicillin as a therapeutic agent, are present. This review adds knowledge from diverse sources, and restores historical priorities to the conventional story of Penicillin.

A child’s right to participate: Implications for international child protection

ABSTRACTChild protection is an essential international policy and programming priority involving various efforts. While different actors attempt to redress child protection issues, it is unclear how they appreciate and respect child participation in their work. Consequently, the essential question for this article is how child participation is understood and implemented in international child protection efforts. The child’s rights to participate and to protection are included in several provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) and other international human rights instruments. Due to numerous benefits, much literature and various actors and organisations support the role and value of child participation. Nevertheless, child participation poses a significant challenge in practice for various reasons including age discrimination, denial of opportunities, as well as tokenistic and irrelevant participatory efforts. Accordingly, this article reviews the international human rights framework and the literature in order to obtain a thorough understanding of how participation and protection are defined and practiced in international child protection efforts and the implications for international human rights in order to generate some considerations for future work. It is submitted that the role and right of child participation reflects rhetoric rather than practice in relation to the historical priority of child protection in most development and humanitarian efforts concerning children.

On shearing fluids with homogeneous densities

In this paper, we study shearing spherically symmetric homogeneous density fluids in comoving coordinates. It is found that the expansion of the four-velocity of a perfect fluid is homogeneous, whereas its shear is generated by an arbitrary function of time M(t), related to the mass function of the distribution. This function is found to bear a functional relationship with density. The field equations are reduced to two coupled first order ordinary differential equations for the metric coefficients, g 11 and g 22. We have explored a class of solutions assuming that M is a linear function of the density. This class embodies, as a subcase, the complete class of shear-free solutions. We have discussed the off quoted work of Kustaanheimo (1947) and have noted that it deals with shear-free fluids having anisotropic pressure. It is shown that the anisotropy of the fluid is characterized by an arbitrary function of time. We have discussed some issues of historical priorities and credentials related to shear-free solutions. Recent controversial claims by Mitra (2011, 2012) have also been addressed. We found that the singularity and the shearing motion of the fluid are closely related. Hence, there is a need for fresh look to the solutions obtained earlier in comoving coordinates. Keywords (separated by '-') Shearing solution - Perfect fluids - Homogeneous density

Tracing Spasmodic Dysphonia

Since the mid-20th century, one citation is given historical priority as the first description of spasmodic dysphonia (SD): Ludwig Traube's 1871 case of the "spastic form of nervous hoarseness." Our objective is to understand how this case serves as the foundation of understanding laryngeal movement disorders. The original German paper was located and translated. Bibliographical and bibliometric methods are used to determine the citation history of this original source over the past 140 years. Although secondary citations in contemporary publications typically credit Traube for establishing the clinical entity SD, his case does not conform to currently accepted diagnostic features. Citation patterns indicate the source of Traube's priority is publications by Arnold and Luchsinger, mid-20th-century ENT clinicians, particularly their influential 1965 textbook used to train US and UK clinicians on voice disorders for several generations. Sometimes secondary citations in medical literature lead to the inadvertent perpetuation of factual misrepresentation. The clinical picture of Traube's original case does not represent what clinicians would recognize as SD today. The rich 19th-century literature on voice disorders is a valuable resource for present day clinicians.

Історичні аспекти та пріоритети розвитку сфери громадського харчування споживчої кооперації України в умовах євроінтеграції

Історичні аспекти та пріоритети розвитку сфери громадського харчування споживчої кооперації України в умовах євроінтеграції

Redefinition of thalénite-(Y) and discreditation of fluorthalénite-(Y): A re-investigation of type material from the Österby pegmatite, Dalarna, Sweden, and from additional localities

AbstractUsing type material from the Österby pegmatite in Dalarna, Sweden, the chemical composition and structural parameters of thalénite-(Y) [ideally Y3Si3O10(OH)] were examined by wavelength dispersive spectroscopy electron microprobe (WDS EMP) analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. High contrast back-scatter electron images of the Österby material show at least two generations of thalénite-(Y). The formula of the primary thalénite-(Y) normalized to 11 anions is (Y2.58Dy0.11Yb0.09Gd0.06Er0.06Ho0.02Sm0.02Tb0.02Lu0.02Nd0.01Tm0.01)Σ3.00Si3.01O10F0.97OH0.03. The secondary thalénite-(Y), replacing the primary material, is weakly enhanced in Y and depleted in the lightest and the heaviest rare-earth elements, yielding the formula (Y2.63Dy0.12Yb0.06Gd0.06Er0.05Ho0.02Sm0.02Tb0.02Tm0.01Nd0.01Lu0.01)Σ3.00Si3.01O10F0.98OH0.02. Structural data for thalénite-(Y) from Österby clearly indicate the monoclinic space group P21/n, with a = 7.3464(4), b = 11.1726(5), c = 10.4180(5) Å, β = 97.318(4)°, V = 848.13(7) Å3, Z = 4, which is consistent with previous investigations. The structure was refined from single-crystal X-ray diffraction data to R1 = 0.0371 for 1503 unique observed reflections, and the final chemical composition obtained from the refinement, (Y2.64Dy0.36)Σ3.00F0.987[Si3O10], Z = 4, is in good agreement with the empirical formula resulting from electron microprobe (EMP) analysis. Both techniques reveal a strong dominance of F over OH, which means that the type material actually corresponds to the fluorine analogue. Moreover, new EMP analyses of samples of thalénite-(Y) from an additional seven localities (Åskagen and Reunavare in Sweden; White Cloud and Snow Flake in Colorado, USA; the Guy Hazel claim in Arizona, USA; Suishoyama and Souri in Japan) clearly show the prevalence of F over OH as well. Based on these observations, the Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification of the International Mineralogical Association has recommended a redefinition of the chemical composition of thalénite-(Y) to represent the F-dominant species with the ideal formula Y3Si3O10F, as it has historical priority. Consequently, the later described fluorthalénite-(Y) has to be discredited.

The Origin of the Post-Nativity Commemorations

On a number of fourth and fifth century calendars, a block of feasts commemorating Stephen, James, John, Peter, and Paul immediately follows 25 December. Contemporary studies have lost sight of the rationale for its position. This paper defends a proposal of Hans Lietzmann and suggests that the community that created the block recognized Christmas as the starting point of the sanctoral cycle. This community elected to place the memorials of Christianity’s earliest confessors at the head of this annual order, symbolizing their historical priority over other martyrs. Stephen occupied the first of these dates precisely so his commemoration could precede that of every other confessor on the calendar, a position that illustrates the intensity of his cult in the late fourth-fifth centuries. The study proceeds to develop this insight into a framework capable of explaining similar commemorations on other early Christian calendars.

ChemInform Abstract: En route to Full Implementation: Driving the Green Chemistry Agenda in the Pharmaceutical Industry

AbstractReview: 53 refs.

KIM WHEATLEY. Romantic Feuds: Transcending the 'Age of Personality'.

In the past 30 years, radical changes have taken place in Romantic scholarship in the wake of the revisionary history begun by scholars like Jerome McGann and Marilyn Butler. Our literary historical priorities have shifted from a preoccupation with a limited number of isolated writers towards an appreciation of the sheer variety of individuals and institutions that made up the self-conscious and conflicted culture of the Romantic period. Kim Wheatley’s Romantic Feuds is, amongst other things, a contribution to this long revolution—specifically to the ongoing and increasingly popular study of the material and intellectual culture that grew up around the expanding practice of reading. Central to that culture (and especially to its conflicts) were the large and influential periodical reviews and magazines—the older Critical Review, the Edinburgh and the Quarterly, Blackwood’s and Leigh Hunt’s Examiner—which are central to Wheatley’s discriminating and insightful analysis of some exemplary feuds carried on inside and outside the periodicals themselves.

The “Flynn Effect” and Flynn's paradox

Richard is correct. Calling massive IQ gains over time the “Flynn Effect”was an accident of history, a label CharlesMurray coined in The Bell Curve in 1994. It is not a verdict a court would have been likely to hand down if it had an eye for the historical record. It is only fair to note that Murray's rationale did not attribute historical priority: “We call it ‘the Flynn effect’ because of psychologist James Flynn's pivotal role in focusing attention on it, but the phenomenon was identified in the 1930s when testers began to notice that IQ scores rose with every successive year after a test was first standardized.” (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, p. 307). I have never administered an IQ test. Therefore, I was dependent on scholars who had administered them and recorded that their subjects scored higher IQs on older norms than on recent ones.What I could not understand in 1982, when I stumbled on the phenomenon, was why there was no fighting in the streets about it. Therefore, I wrotemy 1984 article to show that the gains permeated the whole Wechsler–Binet literature, that the US gains were huge, and that they constituted an unrecognized confounding variable for literally hundreds of studies (Flynn, 1984). The response fromArthur Jensenwas to tellme he had never realized what a mess the testers had made of things. Jensen also challenged me as to whether the same phenomenon had occurred on culturally reduced tests like Raven's. Therefore, I published my 1987 article to show that it was a worldwide occurrence and that Raven's was affected more than any other test (Flynn, 1987). John Raven wrote that he had never realized how huge the gains were. Ian Deary told me that he was present at a lunch in 1987 where Jensen and others read the article with consternation. That article, of course, made explicit the dilemmas massive gains posed for the theory of intelligence. Were we getting that much smarter or were our ancestors mentally retarded? My contribution, such as it is, was to bring the phenomenon to center stage; and subsequently, argue that it implied a new theory of intelligence that gave “g” an altered role. It was to be honored for its measurement of individual differences but had

“Nobody Owns”: Ulysses , Tenancy, and Property Law

The period of Joyce’s early life is one of huge turbulence around the question of land and property law but also of unresolved tensions which do not start to relax until 1904. Between 1878 and 1904, a period running more or less from Joyce’s birth to his departure from Ireland, the question of land and property law assumed a new dimension and took on an altogether new intensity. In thinking about Joyce and property law in a British-Irish historical context, at least four crucial factors are worth keeping in mind. First, there was the historical priority of Brehon Law. Second, however, the cause of the nightmare was not the imposition of the colonizer’s alien legal system. Had English property law been comprehensively and scrupulously applied in Ireland, the political benefits would have been substantial, if not decisive. Hence, third, throughout the nineteenth and into the early-twentieth century, land law and politics were inextricable from one another. Fourth, as far as land and property law is concerned, imaginary oppositions of agrarian issues to urban ones are delusive. The Joyce of Ulysses responds to this situation in complex ways: by presenting his registrations or perceptions of a state of affairs as less strictly nationalist than nationalist-oriented; by providing a critique of nationalist responses, a skepticism as to their integrity, and a desire to get them in (comic and ironic) proportion; and by offering us, somewhere quite deep beneath the surface of Ulysses , an obscure, melancholic, socialist dream of the end of property law.

En route to full implementation: driving the green chemistry agenda in the pharmaceutical industry

What is the relationship between the Green Chemistry initiative and the pharmaceutical industry? The intention is to shed some light on this issue by providing an historical overview spanning a period of about 20 years – from the start of the movement towards greener processes and manufacture in the early 1990s until today where greenness and sustainability are widely embraced throughout society. To understand and appreciate the approach to the green paradigm from a pharmaceutical business point of view, it is essential to paint the broader picture explaining the landscape in which this industry operates and its particular challenges. Looking at the special features that apply to chemical production of drug molecules for commercial use – in relative terms a low volume undertaking (from kg scale through to 10s or sometimes 100s of tons per annum) – the situation is vastly different compared to conventional bulk manufacture (for instance of commodity chemicals). After an initial lag phase, the drug industry has now caught up and is very eager to fully adopt green principles and to gather evidence on how it is performing. As an example, it is a well documented fact that more than half the mass constituting a process stream in the chemical manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) stems from the solvent(s) utilized; 80–90% if water is included. In a multi-step synthesis on an average composed of 8–10 discrete chemical transformations which typically runs at a process mass intensity (PMI) factor of 100–200 kg kg−1 API, about 50–100 kg can be referred purely to the contribution from solvents; hence, the potential for improvements is huge. Thus, leaving the historic priorities behind in favor of drivers for change such as external pressure, goodwill, legislation, and company policies is a good strategy to ensure a rapid movement into a greener future, albeit without ignoring the existence of blockers that mainly relate to insufficient scientific and technological capabilities. From a chemical process point of view, there are several reasons to have an optimistic view about the prospects of a flourishing green agenda going forward as shown in a number of recent case studies.

Easy to say, hard to do: integrated surface water and groundwater management in the Murray–Darling Basin

Integrated management of surface water and groundwater can provide efficient and flexible use of water through wet and dry periods, and address the impacts of water use on other users and the environment. It can also help adaptation to climate variation and uncertainty by means of supply diversification, storage and exchange. Integrated water management is affected by surface water and groundwater resources and their connections, water use, infrastructure, governance arrangements and interactions. Although the Murray–Darling Basin is considered to be a leading example of integrated water management, surface water and groundwater resources are generally managed separately. Key reasons for this separation include the historical priority given to surface water development, the relative neglect of groundwater management, shortfalls in information about connections between groundwater and surface water and their impacts, gaps and exemptions in surface water and groundwater use entitlements and rules, coordination problems, and limited stakeholder engagement. Integration of surface water and groundwater management can be improved by the establishment of more comprehensive water use entitlements and rules, with extended carry-over periods and legislated rules for aquifer storage and recovery. Collective surface water and groundwater management offers greater efficiency and better risk management than uncoordinated individual action. There are opportunities for more effective engagement of stakeholders in planning and implementation through decentralized catchment scale organizations.

Coming to Terms with Medievalism

Medievalism, the continuing reception of medieval culture in post-medieval times, has existed as an amphibolous term since the mid-nineteenth century, when it was employed as a synonym for the medieval period. Following the foundational theoretical work by conceptual historian Reinhart Koselleck, this essay investigates the history of the concept, ‘medievalism,’ as a linguistic performance responding to particular pressures inside and outside the academy. The concept can be shown specifically to be the product of what Koselleck calls the process of ‘temporalization’ (Verzeitlichung) which marks the transition from early modern mentalities to modernity and the modern university. Rejected as the dilettante ‘Other’ of academic medieval studies in the late nineteenth century, the English term survived probably due to the unique continuity postmedieval British subjects have felt with their medieval past. ‘medievalism’ has since transmuted into a scholarly practice (‘medievalism studies’), spawned a subfield (‘Neomedievalism’), competed with coeval movements (‘New medievalism’), and become, most recently, the linguistic and epistemological weapon of scholars who would like to bridge the rigid alterity toward medieval culture with the assistance of presentist empathy, memory, subjectivity, resonance, affection, desire, passion, speculation, fiction, imagination, and positionality. Based on its historical priority and conceptual inclusiveness, ‘medievalism’ is apt to encompass and reconfigure the various ways in which we will continue to receive medieval culture inside and outside the academy.