Historical Precedent Research Articles

Learning of Pseudoword-Movement Association is Accompanied by Enhanced Beta Synchronization

This article presents the case for, and against, using the term crash versus accident to describe unintended events that involve motor vehicles in transport on a trafficway and which result in damage to property or injury to involved persons. The history of the preference for crash versus accident among safety practitioners goes back to the 1960s. The change is not yet universal for a variety of reasons; however, it is gaining acceptance both within and outside the traffic safety field. The case for crash relies mainly on the observation that these events, while unintended, are not unavoidable and the causes and contributing factors are known. Moreover, we can apply effective countermeasures and measure the impact of those countermeasures in reducing the frequency and severity of these events. The counterargument, that the term accident is best, relies mostly on historic precedent and parallel terminology in industrial safety. The preference for crash is strongest among safety practitioners who focus on implementing countermeasures (behavior change, vehicle systems, and the roadway environment) and among those harmed in crashes and their families. We must also recognize the special case of intentionally harmful events that clearly are not accidental under any accepted definition. Those who argue in favor of using the word accident have some difficulty classifying which of the crash contributing factors point to intentional behaviors about which they must agree the term accident is a poor choice. Evidence suggests that media outlets are starting to adopt the changed word choice as well. In the United States, some states are resistant because their laws include the term accident, but classification guidance and standards from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) have made the change a permanent part of the safety lexicon, and some states are following this guidance as well. Note that the majority of this article presents discussions that are taking place in and about the situation in the United States. I have included some information about the situation in the rest of the world regarding terminology and mind-sets and for that input I thank my international colleagues.

The Private Practice Landscape in Anesthesiology – A Brief Update

Features| September 2021 The Private Practice Landscape in Anesthesiology – A Brief Update Stephen G. Cecil, MD Stephen G. Cecil, MD Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar ASA Monitor September 2021, Vol. 85, 23–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000791600.20028.29 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Search Site Citation Stephen G. Cecil; The Private Practice Landscape in Anesthesiology – A Brief Update. ASA Monitor 2021; 85:23–24 doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ASM.0000791600.20028.29 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll PublicationsASA Monitor Search Advanced Search Topics: private practice Editor's note: ASA State Affairs staff would like to inform readers that the number of states that allow nurse anesthetist independent practice was inaccurately stated below. Please see Editor's note below. The practice of anesthesiology has developed into many different patterns since it was recognized as a specialty in the U.S. Some practice types have developed by necessity and others by historical precedent. Different regions of the country and even different parts of some states have had entirely different and somewhat varied practices. There are several combinations, from solo practice, to group practices with either all physicians or combinations of physicians and certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) or certified anesthesiologist assistants (CAAs). Some groups are owned by physicians, some by CRNAs, and other groups are employed by the hospital clinic or part of a large national anesthesiology group. There are some practices where the physicians work side by side with... You do not currently have access to this content.

Has Pandemic Threat Stoked Xenophobia? How COVID-19 Influences California Voters' Attitudes toward Diversity and Immigration.

Sociological theory and historical precedent suggest that pandemics engender scapegoating of outgroups, but fail to specify how the ethnoracial boundaries defining outgroups are drawn. Using a survey experiment that primed half of the respondents (California registered voters) with questions about COVID‐19 during April 2020, we ask how the pandemic influenced attitudes toward immigration, diversity and affect toward Asian Americans. In the aggregate, the COVID prime did not affect attitudes toward immigrants, but did reduce support for policies opening a pathway to citizenship for undocumented immigrants and reduced appreciation of California’s diversity. Respondents reported rarely feeling anger or fear toward Asian Americans, and rates were unaffected by the COVID prime. A non‐experimental comparison between attitudes toward immigrants in September 2019 and April 2020 found a positive change, driven by change among Asian‐American and Latino respondents. The results provide selective support for the proposition that pandemics engender xenophobia. At least in April 2020 in California, increased bias crimes against Asian Americans more likely reflected politicians’ authorization of scapegoating than broad‐based racial antagonism.

Rapid Onset Functional Tic-Like Behaviors in Young Females During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Rapid Onset Functional Tic-Like Behaviors in Young Females During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Mine closure and resuming production options

There is a long history of mining in territories that are currently part of the Czech Republic. The period after 1989 was marked by the reduction of mining and mine closures.In 2017, the Government of the Czech Republic took action concerning strategic raw materials in domestic conditions, implying options for resuming exploitation of deposits mined in the past. The paper gives evidence that there is a historic precedent for disruption and resumption of mining. The paper also highlights the importance of the method of mine closure and technical liquidation for possible resumption of mining.

Reframing Architecture through Design

Reframing Architecture through Design

Testing surge capacity—A Canadian COVID-19 experience, Ontario's surge capacity for the first wave

As of September 1st 2020, over 42 000 COVID-19 cases and 2 800 COVID-19-related deaths have been confirmed in Ontario, Canada. Testing enables quick identification of cases, which results in effective contact tracing and containment of virus spread. Faced with a lack of surge capacity in the public health laboratory system at the start, health officials implemented changes to testing and laboratory infrastructure to significantly expand testing capacity to include 1) the centralization of resources; and 2) the integration of private and independent labs into the COVID-19 testing program. With these changes, testing capacity has grown from approximately 4,000/day in March to 32,000/day by the end of August, 2020. Eligibility criteria for testing has expanded to increase sensitivity and include testing of asymptomatic individuals. Along with previous outbreaks, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for integration of testing surge capacity in public health systems before outbreaks occur. This paper details the development and implementation of a COVID-19 testing program in Ontario from January 2020 to September 2020 during the first-wave of the pandemic. The goal of this analysis is to explore the historical precedence, present influences, and future implications of the program.

The Rise of the Third Rome: Russkii Mir and the Rebirth of Christendom

This essay brings Douglas John Hall’s engagement with the theology of the cross for a post-Christendom context into dialogue with the political theology of Russkii mir by the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). Russkii mir is a theology that claims to be Christendom reborn. It signals a new alliance between the ROC and the Russian Federation by sanctioning military conquest of foreign lands, including Crimea and the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. This essay documents the emergence of this new political theology in terms of its historical precedents and how this history is being distorted, and even invented, to justify the claims to Christendom. Particular attention is given to the architecture and militaristic symbolism for the newly christened Cathedral for the Russian Armed Forces, dedicated on June 14th, 2020. Finally, these claims are critically examined using Hall’s theology of the cross as a disestablishment for all such “theologies of glory” in light of scripture, tradition, and the true mission of the church. I also bring Hall’s work into dialogue with similar thought from the Orthodox East.

The Rise of the Third Rome: Russkii Mir and the Rebirth of Christendom

This essay brings Douglas John Hall’s engagement with the theology of the cross for a post-Christendom context into dialogue with the political theology of Russkii mir by the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC). Russkii mir is a theology that claims to be Christendom reborn. It signals a new alliance between the ROC and the Russian Federation by sanctioning military conquest of foreign lands, including Crimea and the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine. This essay documents the emergence of this new political theology in terms of its historical precedents and how this history is being distorted, and even invented, to justify the claims to Christendom. Particular attention is given to the architecture and militaristic symbolism for the newly christened Cathedral for the Russian Armed Forces, dedicated on June 14th, 2020. Finally, these claims are critically examined using Hall’s theology of the cross as a disestablishment for all such “theologies of glory” in light of scripture, tradition, and the true mission of the church. I also bring Hall’s work into dialogue with similar thought from the Orthodox East.

Baseball Home Field Advantage Without Fans in the Stands

Abstract: Home field advantage is universally accepted across most major sports and levels of competition. However, exact causes of home field advantage have been difficult to disentangle. The COVID-19 pandemic offers a unique, natural experiment to isolate elements related to home field advantage since all 2020 regular season Major League Baseball games were played without fans. Results provide no statistically significant evidence of a difference in home field advantage between the 2019 and 2020 seasons, evidence that home crowd support is not a driver of home field advantage. There does appear to be a statistical advantage by the home team batting second in the inning. Travel fatigue seems to have no impact on home field advantage, and while home field advantage seems to increase throughout the 2020 season, we chalk that up to small sample noise. Despite lacking historical precedence, betting markets seemingly respond efficiently to the new home conditions.

Media discourses on migrant contract workers and worker’s rights in German agriculture in times of the Covid-19-Pandemic

While concerns and debates about an increased presence of non-citizen guest workers in agriculture in Canada have only more recently begun to enter the public arena, this dissertation probes how migrant agricultural workers have occupied a longer and more complex place in Canadian history than most Canadians may approximate. It explores the historical precedents of seasonal farm labour in Canada through the lens of the interior or the personal on the one hand, through an oral history approach, and the external or the structural on the other, in dialogue with existing scholarship and through a critical assessment of the archive. Specifically, it considers the evolution of seasonal farm work in Manitoba and British Columbia, and traces the eventual rise of an “offshore” labour scheme as a dominant model for agriculture at a national scale. Taking 1974 as a point of departure for the study of circular farm labour migration between Mexico and Canada, the study revisits questions surrounding Canadian views of what constitutes the ideal or injurious migrant worker, to ask critical questions about how managed farm labour migration schemes evolved in Canadian history. In addition, the dissertation explores how Mexican farm workers’ migration to Canada since 1974 formed a part of a wider and extended world of Mexican migration, and seeks to record and celebrate Mexican contributions to modern Canadian agriculture in historical contexts involving diverse actors. In exploring the contexts that have driven Mexican out-migration and transnational integration, it bridges oral accounts with a broader history that sets Mexican northward migration in hemispheric context. It reads agricultural migration upon various planes, including corporeality, experience, identity, masculinity, legality, “contra-modernity,” and the management of mobilities.

“Singulis Etruriae populis”: The Political Mobilization of the Etruscan Foundation Myth in the Self-Conception of Renaissance Florence

As Florence became more imperially-motivated and ideologically-independent during the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries, Florentine humanists increasingly sought to promote the city’s allegedly autochthonous Etruscan origins, rather than claim any direct ancestral lineage from Ancient Rome. In making this historiographical shift, the writers strove to distance Florence–both ideologically and historically–from Roman influence, provide historical precedent for the aristocratic governing structure, and present an ancient justification for a Florentine-led Tuscan imperial league. Yet, for Florentines to associate themselves with Etruscans also meant identifying themselves, quite undeniably, as losers in the ancient struggle against Rome. Niccolò Machiavelli, recognizing the political precarity of relying on the Etruscan example, attempts to dismiss the humanist claims to an ancient Florentine exceptionalism. In this refusal to romanticize the “ancient Tuscans,” Machiavelli challenges the historiographical assumption prevailing at the time that past glory and ancestral heritage necessarily determine the political trajectory of a regime. The changing status of the Etruscan foundation myth, then, not only makes manifest the frantic search for identity and turbulent political landscape of Renaissance Florence, but also offers important insight on how humanists mobilized, or evaded, history for the advancement of their political agendas and collective goals.

Late Holocene Ameghinomya antiqua shells from the Beagle Channel: A multi-proxy approach to palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic reconstruction

It is important to understand the historical precedents of current situations to be able to anticipate where the current global environmental and climatic change may lead. Geo-historical data provide information beyond the limitations of instrumental data. This study aims to reconstruct components of the palaeoclimatic and palaeoenvironmental history of the Beagle Channel (BC) during the Late Holocene by using Ameghinomya antiqua shells. We use fossil and modern shells in a comparative analysis through a multiproxy approach, i.e., shell morphometrics, shell growth, and stable oxygen isotope ratios. A holistic analysis of all the proxies indicates that higher productivity occurred around 3542 yr B.P. in the BC, evidenced by more significant growth, size, and longevity in fossil specimens. In addition, smaller ligaments, cardinal teeth, and the pallial sinus in fossil specimens indicate a low-energy environment typical of a marine archipelago. Lastly, palaeotemperatures are estimated to be warmer than today, although the intensity may be overestimated due to the freshwater inflow that would change the salinity of the BC waters. Further analysis in Late-Holocene shells is essential for a more detailed environmental reconstruction around the southern tip of South America.

Intra-Caribbean Solidarities and the Language of Social Protest

Abstract This essay explores the language of social protest in two geographic and diasporic locations in the Caribbean (Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic) with long and ongoing histories of colonialism and imperialism. We analyze social media and digital mobilizing to examine how, in the midst of social protest, linguistic and semiotic tools indexed historicity, contemporaneity, and futurity through relational strategies that are not just textual and discursive, but also historical, social, and political. Throughout this essay, we share examples of intertextual and interdiscursive strategies that marked particular moments of protest as articulations of historical precedents, imperial and colonial presents, and alternative futures. These examples reveal how collective identities (i.e. el pueblo) are mobilized in social protest to generate counternarratives that address structures and systems rather than locate social critiques in particular individuals and political parties. In shedding light on the intra-Caribbean solidarities that emerge over time, this analysis also points to a need to examine the erasures (Gal and Irvine 2019) performed through claims to unity and collective organizing.

Risk management for pandemics: a novel approach: "Hindsight is 20/20"English proverb.

The impacts of the current COVID-19 pandemic illustrate the global-level sensitivity to such threats. As understanding of major hazards is generally based on past experience and there is a lack of good historical precedents, approaches and models currently employed to assess risks and guide responses generally lack transparency and are often associated with huge, unspecified uncertainties. Fundamental challenges arise from the strongly coupled nature of the impacts of a pandemic (i.e. not only on health, but also on the entire socio-economic infrastructure) and their long-term evolution with recovery likely to take many years or, potentially, decades. Here, we outline experience gained in risk assessment within the nuclear industry, which has experience facing similar challenges (assessing long-term impacts in a strongly coupled technical system subject to socio-economic constraints), and assess options for knowledge transfer that may help manage future pandemics and other high-impact threats.

Perfuming saffron in Egypt in the era of the Mamluk sultans: (648-923AH/1250-1517AD)

When we look at the historical trajectory of any civilization as a gradual process of moving patterns of life from simplicity and fulfillment of to complexity and diversity of requirements. By virtue of the Egyptian civilization historical precedence, it had a distinguished precedent in capturing every material of nature that contributed to achieve ritual richness. Where ritual practices were one of the most important features of Egyptian civilization throughout the history of its social and religious activities And manifested itself portrayed in the Islamic era, especially since the Mamlukera, At an early age, patterns of group communication moved from the level of seeking to provide the necessities of living to the level of concern for achieving in life. Our gateway to examining an aspect of this passion for rituals and achieving improvements will be to observe pages of the Egyptian history of Perfumingsaffron on various occasions in the Mamluk era . Through an initial observation which indicated that Perfuming saffron consider a ritual that took place in social situations differed in the nature of its emotional component and varied in the nature of it's psychological effect, the behavior of Perfuming saffron included all classes of Egyptian society, where rulers use it as well as members of the common Egyptian people. The current study revolves around that historical period, with the beginning of the linguistic and idiomatic definition of Perfuming saffron, followed by an explanation of the various uses of the saffron plant. There are also some references that explain the precedence of the ancient Egyptian civilization to practice the ritual of perfuming saffron until the establishment of the Mamluk state, it became a prominent mark of the diversity of its images among the Strata of society in various situations that sometimes express joy and happiness, as well as show schadenfreude, the sources also mentioned pictures of the of perfuming messages, banners, clothing, shrouds, religious and civil architectural structures with saffron.

Neonatal Platelet Transfusions: Starting Again.

Preterm neonates with severe thrombocytopenia are frequently prescribed prophylactic platelet transfusions despite no evidence of benefit. Neonatal platelet transfusion practice varies, both nationally and internationally. Volumes and rates of transfusion in neonatology are based on historic precedent and lack an evidence base. The etiology of harm from platelet transfusions is poorly understood. Neonates are expected to be the longest surviving recipients of blood produce transfusions, and so avoiding transfusion associated harm is critical in this cohort. This article reviews the evidence for and against platelet transfusion in the neonate and identifies areas of future potential neonatal platelet transfusion research.

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This article investigates sex work among Black transgender women in Chicago’s ballroom scene, drawing on ethnographic data to argue that Black transwomen engage in sex work as a practice of self-investment undergirded by an epistemological shift regarding the centrality of affective labor to their work. In so doing, interlocutors reap the benefits of deploying embodied knowledge—the harnessing and transformation of insight derived from lived experiences of racial, gender, and sexual subjection into useful strategies, tactics, and tools—to secure material and human resources necessary for survival. A focus on how Black transwomen live, despite continued physical, spiritual, socioeconomic, political, and cultural annihilation, remains critically important given the myriad indicators (low average life expectancy, low annual income, disproportionally high murder rate, etc.) that expose the world’s indifference to the plight of this community and Black bodies writ large. Further, the author places interlocutors in conversation with Black feminist historians’ and theorists’ discussions of sex work among Black women to expose points of convergence between Black cis- and transgender women. The author also complicates narratives that link sex work to “survival” and subsequently obfuscate explorations of limited and situated agency among Black women that have significant historical precedent.

The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia: History, Conquest, and Memory in the Native Northeast

The Storied Landscape of Iroquoia: History, Conquest, and Memory in the Native Northeast

Chancellor Wanted! The 2021 German Chancellor Candidates in Context

The announced farewell of long-term Chancellor Angela Merkel after the 2021 Bundestag election, and the ongoing turmoil in the German party system, have created a precarious and unprecedented situation. For the first time ever, there have been three non-incumbent chancellor candidates competing for the job and the legacy of a departing incumbent. Some of the recent developments, such as the nomination of the first Green chancellor candidate and the rifts within the CDU/CSU over their candidate, were notable in their own right. This early assessment puts these developments into perspective by relating the events of 2021 to historical precedents and key insights of comparative political research.