Historical Pieces Research Articles

NON-COLLECTIONS? OLD COLLECTIONS OF REPRODUCTIONS AND DOCUMENTING PHOTOGRAPHS IN MUSEUMS: SELECTED EXAMPLES

Elizabeth Edwards, a British researcher into the relations among photography, history, and anthropology, used the term of non-collections to define numerous photographs of unidentified status which can be found in contemporary museums. They are not collector’s items, such as e.g., artistic photography or unique specimens of the first photography techniques. What she rather means are various items: prints, slides, photo-mechanic reproductions, postcards, namely objects once produced on a mass scale, with copies present in many institutions worldwide, thus being neither unique nor extraordinary. They present works from a museum collection, historic pieces of local art, or universally known works of world art. They exist in a hierarchical relation with other classes of museum objects, yet they are often pushed to the margin of curator’s practice and kept as ‘archives’, namely outside the system of the museum collection. They can sometimes be found in museum archival sections, in other instances in libraries, yet it is on more rare occasions that we come across them in photo departments. However, owing to the research into archival photographs conducted in the last decade (the studies of afore-mentioned Elizabeth Edwards and also Constanza Caraffa as well as the teams cooperating with the latter), such collections are experiencing a certain revival. Forming part of this research, the paper focuses on the collections of reproductions produced at the turn of the 20th century in museums in Toruń, Poznań, and Szczecin, which were German at the time; the reproductions later found their way to and continue being kept in Polish institutions.

WAR LOSSES: A THREE-VOLUME PUBLICATION OF THE MUSEUM OF GDAŃSK

Released in three separate volumes, the publication continues the Polish museology series published for several years now and related to the losses incurred as a result of WW II within the borders of today’s Republic of Poland. The Preface to Volume I on the war losses of the Town Hall of the Main City of Gdańsk by the Director of the Museum in Gdańsk Waldemar Ossowski, contains reflections essential for the discussed issue. The three-volume series opens with the War Losses of the Town Hall of the Main City of Gdańsk (Vol. I). Briefly, the most essential facts have been highlighted in the story of its raising, and the functions of the major Town Hall interiors, both sumptuous and serving as offices, have been described: the Grand Hallway, the Grand Room called Red or Summer Room, the Small Room of the Council called Winter Room, the Grand Room of the City Council, the Treasury, and the Deposit Room. In the final months of WW II, Gdańsk lost about 80% of its most precious historic substance within the Main City. As early as in April 1945, the search for and the recovery of the dispersed cultural heritage began. War Losses of the Artus Manor and the Gdańsk Hallway in Gdańsk (Vol. 2) begins with a sepia photograph from 1879. As of October 1943 to January 1945, the following took place: dismantling together with signing and numbering of the objects, packing into wooden chests, and evacuation to several localities outside Gdańsk. It has already been ascertained that as early as in mid-June 1942, some dozen of the most precious historic monuments were evacuated from the Artus Manor, of which several items have not been recovered: late- -mediaeval paintings (Boat of the Church, Siege of Marienburg, Our Lady with Child, and Christ, Salvator Mundi), several elements from the four sets of tournament armours from the section of the Brotherhood of St Reinold, the sculpture Saturn with a Child, the sculpture group Diana’s Bath and Actaeon’s Metamorphosis, as well as some dozen elements of the décor of the Grand Hall. All these historic pieces were transferred to the village of Orle (Germ. Wordel) on the Sobieszewo Island on 16 June 1942. Only fragments of tournament armours have been recovered: they were found at various locations under the circumstances hard to clarify many years later. The most extensive war losses have been presented for the Uphagen House (Vol. 3). The majority of the gathered art works, the interior equipment and usable objects essential in the burgher’s tenement house transformed into a museum in the early 20th century have not been found, thus they have not returned to their original location.

The history of IUBMB Life (1980-2020).

The history of IUBMB Life (1980-2020).

Trading Time: Retail working time and precarious labour in South Africa, 1960s–1980s

Abstract This is a historical piece that traces debates and struggles over store trading times (which determined working time) from the 1960s to the 1980s in Johannesburg, South Africa, to explore the connection of working time debates to the precarianisation of retail labour in South Africa over the ensuing decades. Debates about trading time and working time, and how unions engaged therein, were fundamentally linked with changes to the labour market of service workers over this period. This paper explores how the emergence of precarious labour in sectors like retail can be explained as conjunctural moments written from the global South. This research is based on extensive archival research which links regulatory changes, union politics, national debate and labour market changes to how shift systems in retailing changed between the 1960s and the 1980s.

Re-emerging Historical Clinical Signs: The Psychological and Physical Bystander Victims of COVID-19.

Re-emerging Historical Clinical Signs: The Psychological and Physical Bystander Victims of COVID-19.

An Uncommon Ammunition Case: Interpreting “Transitional” Textiles and Social Worlds in Nineteenth-Century Tlingit Alaska

Overlooked objects in museum collections can reveal complex social relationships behind well-known textile forms. A tattered woven case for ammunition cartridges, collected in southern Alaska in the late nineteenth century, presents such an opportunity. Part of the vast Tlingit collection at the American Museum of Natural History, the ammunition bag has been little documented and displayed compared to other highly esteemed indigenous naaxein or Chilkat weavings of the region. The piece is unusual in that the maker combined two weaving styles—not only figural motifs characteristic of Chilkat weaving, but also geometric patterns reminiscent of its stylistic and technical precursor called Raven’s Tail, of which few historic pieces remain. In this paper, I analyze the bag’s design, manufacture, and use, and contextualize its attributes using comparative objects, ethnohistorical sources, and contemporary dialogues with weavers and others from the Northwest Coast. I suggest that this case’s specific patterns, construction, and symbolism attest to major transitions (as well as continuities) occurring within Tlingit communities during the nineteenth century, a period of intense colonial pressure. These transitions include gender shifts in textile design, an increase in militaristic symbolism in ceremonial potlatch regalia, and adaptations in the look and socioeconomic roles of dress, textiles, and basketry. I interpret this special case as a connective object, linking shifting modes of expression and social relations during a time of transformation for indigenous groups of the Northwest Coast.

Nieznany złotniczy znak miejski Gdańska z czwartej ćwierci XVII w.

Goldmisth’s hallmarks, particularly city ones used within the territory of the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth, have been the object of interest of numerous scholars since the late 19th century. The reason being that not only do they facilitate the attribution of definite historic silverware pieces to a definite goldsmithery centre, but they are also helpful when the results of stylistic analysis prove too wide too define a more precise time of their creation.
 Puncheons used to stamp city hallmarks on silver, as is proven by the preserved historic pieces, depending on the intensity of use and degree of wear, were in service either for a shorter time: a year or several years, or a longer time, sometimes some dozen years. For this reason it is hard or almost impossible to ascertain which Guild’s Elder, alternating yearly, authorized to stamp the city hallmark, actually marked the product. The problem disappeared only when in Gdansk the duty to stamp a peculiar countersignature, namely an additional control sign, was introduced in 1730.
 The hallmark presented in the paper is a previously unrecorded version of the city of Gdansk’s hallmark, whose use can now be dated to 1683–1688, though it was in actual use for a shorter time. However, already with such-defined chronology of the use of hallmarks Nos. 5A–E, a more precise dating of historic pieces of Gdańsk goldsmithery is possible.

Positioning historical evidences in architectural education: review of methods and contents

Purpose This paper aims to position the evidence in the history of architectural education, which has contributed to the development of architecture as a discipline. The paper focusses on the transformational stages of architectural education through history. It builds on considering its evolution from informal stages towards formal educational discipline and then standardization as a curriculum-based model in contemporary times. Design/methodology/approach The research adopts a qualitative approach focussing on epistemological interpretations through triangulation. The qualitative data includes two main categories; first, historical research and second, interviews and focussed group discussions. It then adopts the triangulation method for the analysis of data. The exploration positions historical pieces of evidence encompassing important factors involved in the process that directed the changes while suggesting the modes of training of architects. The interviews and focus groups provide a valuable addition to historical data for connecting it to contemporary times. Significant modes examined include master pupil, apprenticeship and curriculum-based model, in addition to several fundamental skill sets such as drawing, painting and sculptures that remained constant in this process. Findings The historical pieces of evidence inform that architectural education has been inclusive and considerate towards cultural concerns throughout its developmental stages untill the currently adopted curriculum-based model. It concludes that the development of architecture as a discipline in formal education has been influenced by methods of disseminating knowledge, contents incorporated for teaching architecture, deliberate inclusion of relevant knowledge areas such as arts and cultural integrations of societies. Research limitations/implications This research is limited to a structured study to explore and position pieces of evidence in the history of architectural education considering its methods and contents. While it signifies the role of culturally sensitive contents in the architectural curricula, the scope of this research is not to focus on the development of any new theory, model or postulate regarding the inclusion of some specific contents. The implications of this research aspire to the best use of methods and contents deeply rooted in the development of the discipline, of architectural curricula in the future. It suggests the negation of possible overlooking of such content in curricula. Originality/value The study signifies the core argument of the relevance of architectural education to social and cultural concerns as an important facet in the developmental stages in the history of the discipline. The exploration of pieces of evidence is significantly important to avoid the inadvertent overlooking of the culturally sensitive content in architectural education in the future development of architectural curricula that were included purposefully.

Individual Psychology: Research and Clinical Applications

Individual Psychology:Research and Clinical Applications Jon Sperry and Len Sperry This issue highlights the application of Individual Psychology with five articles. We hope that you enjoyed the last two special issues on Adlerian play therapy and on the Alfred Adler sesquicentennial. Those special issues and this open issue demonstrate the reach and active efforts of authors and researchers advancing Individual Psychology around the globe. The first article in this issue, "Birth Order and Marriage: Examining Homogamy, Gender, and Remarriage," by Manning, examined birth order themes in a study with 1,595 participants. They examined themes of homogamy, which is the tendency for people to seek a love partner who has the same birth order as their own. They reported that homogamy was detected only when birth order was a categorical variable that included only-born individuals. The findings suggest that only-born individuals are especially likely to marry and remarry only-born partners. Last, they found that besides only-born individuals, birth order is not an especially good predictor of romantic affiliative preference. The second article, "Student Wellness: Exploring Personality Priorities and Perceived Wellness Among University Students," by Parker and Dickson, includes an empirical study examining wellness and personality priorities among a sample of 216 undergraduate and graduate students. Students in their sample most frequently identified with superiority or pleasing personality priorities. Although the study did not find that personality priorities were a predictor of participant wellness, the authors discussed the value of utilizing the Adlerian Personality Priority Assessment (APPA) to assist students in self-understanding and self-reflection in various educational settings, given the developmental challenges and changes that typically occur among these individuals. Implications for high school and college counselors are also discussed. [End Page 229] The next article, "Toward Sex Consciousness: Adler's Gender Roles," by Janssen, includes a theoretical and historical piece on Adler's view of gender roles and gender development. Besides Adler's socially embedded view of human behavior, his contribution of the "masculine protest" in the 1920s was one of the key constructs in his theory that differed from the work of Sigmund Freud and was also highly influential in child guidance and educational settings. This article highlights the history of Adler's influence on gender role development in the psychology literature. Evii articulates a conceptualization of clients experiencing eating disorders and discusses clinical implications of working with such individuals. The article, "Adlerian Social Interest, Anorexia Nervosa, and Cognitive Reconstruction," includes a clinical application of Individual Psychology. Adler's intentional efforts to help clients shift from a self-focus to another focus or a socially interested focus are highlighted. Further, this article demonstrates how cognitive reconstruction can be used to foster social interest among clients experiencing eating disorders. Positive Discipline is an Adlerian parenting program that highlights the use of encouragement and belonging through various experiential activities. "The Effectiveness of Positive Discipline Parenting Workshops on Parental Attitude and Behavior," by Carroll and Brown, examines the outcomes of this parenting workshop with parents who were mostly Hispanic, low income, and living in the southwestern United States. This study included a 7-week workshop that provided parents with tools and strategies for developing mutually respectful relationships. Results indicate improvements in parenting attitudes and parenting behaviors pertaining to authoritative parenting. These editors' notes were written while I (Jon) was traveling the globe during Spring 2020 on a research sabbatical supported by Lynn University. The purposes of the sabbatical were to provide training on trauma-informed care principles and to examine international perspectives of trauma treatment and social and systemic barriers to mental health care. While jumping from continent to continent, I had the opportunity to meet mental health professionals around Africa, Europe, North America, and South America. Not to my surprise, many of the individuals whom I interviewed were Adlerian counseling practitioners or at least aware of the influence of Alfred Adler on contemporary counseling approaches. It appears that Individual Psychology is alive and well throughout much of the world! [End Page 230] Copyright © 2020 University of Texas Press

What Would Agrippina Do?

What Would Agrippina Do? Mary T. Boatwright ðespite the innumerable losses associated with the covid-19 pandemic in 2020, this article relates the Presidential Address more or less as I presented it on January 4, 2020 at the Annual Meeting of the Society for Classical Studies and the Archaeological Institute of America.1 It is a historical piece, reflecting events and changes during my year as the 2019 President of the Society for Classical Studies, my own research, and some thoughts about Classical Studies now and in the future. My recent research has been on Rome’s imperial women, and I will soon begin a biography of Agrippina the Younger, who was intimately part of Rome’s imperial power during her life from 15 to 59 c.e.2 Thus when asked some months ago for a title for my Presidential Address I cheekily proposed “What Would Agrippina Do?” By this, I mean not to mock the well-known “What Would Jesus Do?” but rather to signal my fascination with Agrippina and to assert the continuing relevance of Classical Studies today. What Would Agrippina Do? The title should alike convey that I have never taken myself too seriously, and nod to the exemplary position I have found myself in this last year. I do not consider myself ambitious for power and domination, as was Agrippina the Younger, at least as consistently portrayed. I am happily with my first and only husband; neither of our sons is a Nero; and I aspire to lead by being positive and kind. Yet here I am speaking before you as the 2019 SCS President, an eminent position Agrippina would have [End Page 253] coveted. What would she have done as SCS President? The year saw numerous challenges stemming from the 150th Annual Meeting in San Diego, at the end of which I assumed my position. Critical issues demanded leadership and decisions,3 quite a jolt for someone who never expected to be elected and who is generally conflict-averse. Yet despite its bitter beginning, the year has marked steady movement forward for the SCS, attesting to the strength of our organization and the dedication of our colleagues. I am forever grateful to our Executive Director Helen Cullyer; to the consilium principis of outgoing President Joe Farrell and President-Elect Bridget Murnaghan; to the SCS Board of Directors and committee members; and to those of you who have steadfastly volunteered your perspectives and help. The incidents at San Diego, so damaging to individuals and the SCS as a whole, precipitated changes within our organization. Throughout 2019 we expanded earlier initiatives and added others to better answer to our constituency and our mission. Although the changes detailed below (and others not mentioned here) may be in different directions than some might like and certainly fall short of the need, anything that anyone finds praiseworthy is due to our colleagues and the vigor of the SCS overall. Starting with our Annual Meeting and Program, our most recognizable sites, I list some highlights: 1. The SCS and AIA now have a joint statement and policy aimed at reducing incidents of harassment, discrimination, and assault at the Annual Meeting. Simply to register for the Meeting participants must agree to adhere to the policy while at the conference. 2. In addition to hosting an increased number of meetings of smaller groups representing professional and personal interests alike, the 2020 SCS program specifically includes opportunities for collective thought about vital questions concerning the nature and future of our field, including “White Supremacy and the History and Future of Classics,” “If Classics is for Everybody, Why Isn’t Everybody in My Class? Building Bridges and Opening Doors to the Study of Classics,” “Classics and Civic Activism,” and “Classics Graduate Education in the 21st Century.” The Annual Meetings of 2021 and 2022 will feature two linked Presidential Panels on race, racism, and the field of classical studies. 3. Newly revised guidelines from our Program Committee specifically urge panel organizers to be attentive to diversity and inclusion on their panels. We have also articulated more transparent and fair guidelines for our panel moderators. [End Page 254] 4. We offer more education about...

Deanonymizing Tor hidden service users through Bitcoin transactions analysis

With the rapid increase of threats on the Internet, people are continuously seeking privacy and anonymity. Services such as Bitcoin and Tor were introduced to provide anonymity for online transactions and Web browsing. Due to its pseudonymity model, Bitcoin lacks retroactive operational security, which means historical pieces of information could be used to identify a certain user. By exploiting publicly available information, we show how relying on Bitcoin for payments on Tor hidden services could lead to deanonymization of these services’ users. Such linking is possible by finding at least one past transaction in the Blockchain that involves their publicly declared Bitcoin addresses.To demonstrate the consequences of this deanonymization approach, we carried out a real-world experiment simulating a passive, limited adversary. We crawled 1.5K hidden services and collected 88 unique and active Bitcoin addresses. We then crawled 5B tweets and 1M BitcoinTalk forum pages and collected 4.2K and 41K unique Bitcoin addresses, respectively. Each user address was associated with an online identity along with its public profile information. By analyzing the transactions in the Blockchain, we were able to link 125 unique users to 20 hidden services, including sensitive ones, such as The Pirate Bay and Silk Road. We also analyzed two case studies in detail to demonstrate the implications of the information leakage on users anonymity. In particular, we confirm that Bitcoin addresses should be considered exploitable, as they can be used to deanonymize users retroactively. This is especially important for Tor hidden service users who actively seek and expect privacy and anonymity.

From Maverick to Mole: John C. Burnham, Tobacco Consultant

From Maverick to Mole: John C. Burnham, Tobacco Consultant

Theories on Tornado and Waterspout Formation in Ancient Greece and Rome

Abstract Tornadoes and waterspouts have long fascinated humankind through their presence in myths and popular beliefs and originally were believed to have supernatural causes. The first theories explaining weather phenomena as having natural causes were proposed by ancient Greek natural philosophers. Aristotle was one of the first natural philosophers to speculate about the formation of tornadoes and waterspouts in Meteorologica (circa 340 BCE). Aristotle believed that tornadoes and waterspouts were associated with the wind trapped inside the cloud and moving in a circular motion. When the wind escapes the cloud, its descending motion carries the cloud with it, leading to the formation of a typhon (i.e., tornado or waterspout). His theories were adopted and further nuanced by other Greek philosophers such as Theophrastus and Epicurus. Aristotle’s ideas also influenced Roman philosophers such as Lucretius, Seneca, and Pliny the Elder, who further developed his ideas and also added their own speculations (e.g., tornadoes do not need a parent cloud). Almost ignored, Meteorologica was translated into Latin in the twelfth century, initially from an Arabic version, leading to much greater influence over the next centuries and into the Renaissance. In the seventeenth century, the first book-length studies on tornadoes and waterspouts were published in Italy and France, marking the beginning of theoretical and observational studies on these phenomena in Europe. Even if speculations about tornadoes and waterspouts proposed by Greek and Roman authors were cited after the nineteenth century only as historical pieces, core ideas of modern theories explaining these vortices can be traced back to this early literature.

Arts of Global Africa

Arts of Global Africa

Kaleidoscope of Swiss Cartography

Kaleidoscope of Swiss Cartography

The Magnificent Pilgrimage Route of Borobudur

Abstract. The historical map of Magnificent Pilgrimage Route of Borobudur is the research product of history, cartography, and visual communication. The purpose is to reconstruct the information of ancient pilgrimage routes in the magnificent era of Borobudur temple in Java Island.The pilgrim routes are considered from several factors. First, transportation images factor which is appeared in Borobudur Temple Relief. These images reflect many vehicles in the Buddhist era. There are many types of transportation such as land transportation, river transportation, and sea transportation. The transportation types image drawn on relief are assumed to fit into the technology achievement at that time and associated with the transfer of pilgrims by sea, land, and river comfortably and without harm.Second, the route factors are considered from the transportation technology which connected with trading shipping routes. The story begins from the seafarers and pilgrims through South East Asia. Smooth seas along North Java construct the trading route and ports were being the gate of the island. Ashore, the territories of ruling kingdoms consider the chosen route.Last, topographic and waterway conditions create optional routes to reach Borobudur. Topographic and waterway are generated with the current condition and combined with historical pieces of evidence. Shreds of evidence are collected from many scholars, maps, artefacts, and sites which related to peoples and goods movement.Mainframe focusing on the landscape perspective of the temple. Side information points out the entire journey with small-scale maps, figures, and infographics. Reliefs and characters of Borobudur are used to enrich the element of the map. The product will be drawn on a printed map.

The Thorneycroft Patent Rifle

The latter part of the 20th century saw widespread military adoption of rifles in a shortened configuration known as ‘bullpup’, with the working parts located behind the trigger. This was directly informed by developmental work carried out during and following the Second World War. However, arguably the first cogent effort was the ‘Thorneycroft Patent Rifle’, a design first conceived in 1901 and subjected to three main iterations as well as British military trials. At the time of writing, little has appeared in print about either the Thorneycroft rifle or its designers. This article seeks to comprehensively document this interesting type using available sources and analysis of surviving rifles as both historical artefacts and pieces of engineering. It also places the rifle in the context of the developmental history of the ‘bullpup’ configuration.

Analysis of metallic archaeological artifacts by x-ray computed microtomography technique

Metallic archeological artifacts have specific characteristics that differs them to the other classes of materials due to the transformations that occurs to them, mainly electrochemical. This way, a process called corrosion takes place, starting at the surface of the artifacts, changing the metals in oxides, sulphates, carbonates or other compounds that may result in substantial modifications in their morphology or the total mineralization. Possibly, most part of the archeological artifacts was already suffering this natural deterioration process, even before the period of time that they have remained buried. A number of techniques can be used for the analysis of these artifacts; however, most of them require physical sectioning, which is a complex time-consuming process. This work proposes the use of X-ray microtomography (microCT), which is a non-invasive and expeditious analysis technique, in order to identify the structures and texture of metallic archeological artifacts under incrustations. A set of artifacts found in excavations in the city of Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) were investigated. They show evident forms of degradation, and the incrustations did not allow to clearly identifying them. Through the microCT results is was possible to evaluate the structure of the artifacts, as well as to quantify the material loss caused by corrosion. Such results provided significant data about these historic pieces, which is important for a precise diagnostic about their conservation state, being a useful tool for preserving the morphology of the collected artifact.

Closing the Gap of Justice: Providing Protection for Native American Women Through the Special Domestic Violence Criminal Jurisdiction Provision of VAWA

INTRODUCTION Soon after Native American Diane Millich and her non-Indian husband got married, they moved into her home, located on the Southern Ute Indian reservation where she grew up. Millich s husband began routinely abusing her, and within a year she suffered more than 100 incidents of being slapped, kicked, punched and living in terror[.] (1) Millich made numerous attempts to call her local tribal and county police for help during these episodes of violence. In fact after one instance of beating his wife, Millich s husband himself called the sheriff to report what he had done. Because he knew that there was nothing the sheriff could do. That no help would come. That he would never be prosecuted for what he did. Why? Because Millich was a Native American, Millich s husband was not, and he was abusing her on tribal land. And because of these circumstances, as Millich later observed, law couldn't touch him, (2) Unfortunately Millich s circumstance is not an isolated oversight of the law. Many Indian women have not been able to seek help or justice because they happened to be trapped in this scenario: an Indian victim of a non-Indian abuser on tribal land. A recent amendment to the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), however, was passed to change all this. A historic piece of legislation has recently been enacted which gives Native American victims of domestic abuse a new hope in being able to bring their abusers to justice. Before the passage of this act, a jurisdictional gap existed which permitted non-Indian perpetrators of domestic and sexual abuse to escape prosecution. The Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, however, seeks to close this gap by granting tribes criminal over domestic abuse crimes in Indian country. The legality of the unprecedented will undoubtedly be challenged soon after its implementation, and the Supreme Court may have to determine the constitutionality of the Act. Part I of this Note describes the exigent situation of sexual violence in Indian country against Native Americans (especially by non-Indians) by presenting statistics on the issue. Part II examines how, despite these high rates of domestic violence, the interaction of federal cases, congressional acts, and tribal sovereignty had prevented federal, state, and tribal governments from having the jurisdictional authority and effective means to prosecute non-Indian abusers in Indian country. Part III explores how the latest amendment to the Violence Against Women Act offers a solution to this injustice. Specifically, Title IX of the Act closes the jurisdictional gap by granting tribes special domestic violence criminal jurisdiction over non-Indians in Indian country. (3) Finally, Part IV presents the likely claims that will be raised in federal court against the VAWA Amendment. These include challenging Congress's authority to enact the criminal jurisdiction, and questioning whether fundamental constitutional rights can be upheld in tribal courts under the Act. I. Domestic Violence Issues in Indian Country The need for greater protection of Indian (4) women against crimes of domestic and sexual violence is dire, as evidenced by numerous studies. According to the Department of Justice, from 1992 to 2001 the average violent crime rate among Indians was approximately two and one half times the national rate, and Native Americans were twice as likely to experience rape or sexual assault compared to all other races. (5) Another study found 31.4% of Native American and Alaska Native women (that is, every 1 out of 3) are likely to be raped in their lifetimes. Compare this to the 17.7% of White women and 18.8% of African-American women likely to be raped, and the results are staggering. (6) Unfortunately, Indian women mainly experience sexual and domestic violence at the hands of non-Indians. One compilation of the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) from 1992 to 2005 shows that American Indian and Alaska Native women are almost three times as likely to experience rape or sexual assault as compared to White, African American, or Asian American women. …

Nuevas pinturas europeas en el Mobat (Chile)

El MOBAT es uno de los espacios culturales más significados de Chile, por la historia que envuelve su emblemático edificio como por la cantidad y calidad de obras artísticas y piezas históricas que atesora. Sin embargo, desde el terremoto de 2010, permanece cerrado al público y pendiente de ser restaurado y rehabilitado. En este trabajo completamos otros estudios anteriormente publicados sobre la colección de pintura europea que el museo alberga entre sus muros.