Historical Persecution Research Articles

FROM MISOGYNY TO MISANDRY: THE PHENOMENON OF GENDER-BASED HATRED IN CINEMA

Cinema has been one of the most prominent arts in terms of gender interactions and the way it deals with male and female roles is multifaceted and complex. Cinema includes lots of socio-economical and cultural attributions with its own contexts and it approaches transformations and alterations elaborately. In this regard, two of the theme’s cinema is particularly interested in are misogyny and misandry which are the issues containing hatred, violence, fear and death and are closely related to ideology and its extensions over women. At this point, the main concern of this study is to make out how cinema focuses on this gender-based hatred and to investigate its basic cause. Thus, I have chosen four American films whose names are “MS. 45" (1981), "Monster" (2003), "I Spit on Your Grave" (2010) and "M.F.A." (2017) containing misogyny and misandry at the same time have been selected and analysed them with a feminist approach with the aid of discourses and incident sequences and reviewed in order to grasp whether this ancient hatred stems from phallocentric and toxic masculinity. The films have been selected with purposeful sampling method and the themes have been reviewed in a detailed way. The analysis has indicated that the reason for misogyny is not one-sided and originally linked with patriarchal and heteronormative expectations, while misandry is like a revenge story and ensues from a masculine stance and its historical persecution towards women.

The production of socio-spatial injustice towards the Romani population during the franco regime: The neighborhoods of Lo Campano and los Mateos in Cartagena (Spain)

62.8% of the Romani population in Spain lives in settlements that are segregated from the urban center or in peripheral neighborhoods, a sign of their historical persecution and discrimination. Anti-Romani sentiment has been territorialized by eliminating autonomy and means of self-production of space, with urban planning and housing policies being a key element in the materialization of their urban segregation, particularly during the Franco regime. Identifying the Romani as a surplus element in urban space led to their expulsion from self-produced housing, relocating them to peripheral social housing neighborhoods. Through the case studies, this article analyzes the Lo Campano and Los Mateos neighborhoods in Cartagena, Spain, the production of socio-spatial injustice against the Romani during Franco's regime, using Nancy Fraser's (1996) definition of social justice, and Giddens' (1994) structuration theory, as an analytical framework. The results indicate that these policies formed the basis of an urban and housing necropolitical exercise against the Romani, identifying them as surplus to the urban space and expelling them from their self-built homes to peripheral social housing.

Rwandan Perceptions of Jews, Judaism, and Israel

Abstract Religious studies of Rwanda typically focus on Christi26662531anity’s involvement before, during, and after the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi, also referred to as the Rwandan Genocide. Rwanda’s postgenocide reconstruction has witnessed new and changing political and social commitments by previously established religious organisations such as the Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Adventist Churches. The Rwandan government has taken a more progressive stance on divisions of power and religious institutions, and the promotion of religious freedoms that has benefitted the domestic Muslim population. This essay examines how Judaism, a previously unknown religion in the region, is impacting Rwandan identity formation. Jewish identity is increasingly being tied to the nation’s own reconstructed identity, with a strong focus on historical persecution, rebuilding after genocide, and development. This essay suggests that Rwandan identity and religious studies should include the ever-growing ties with Jews and Israel to better understand its political and social reconstruction since 1994.

Hate thy communist neighbor: Protestants and politics in South Korea

Abstract In this paper we investigate how historical persecution and displacement enable religious organizations to become politically influential. Major churches in South Korea are founded by pastors from what is today North Korea, who were persecuted by the communist regime and defected to the south before the Korean War. We show that Protestants in South Korea profess stronger feelings against the North Korean regime, likely motivated by politically charged sermons and strong church congregant networks. As a case examining the Protestant impact on politics, we document how Protestant voters influenced recent presidential election outcomes in South Korea by supporting the conservative party, whose firm stance against the northern neighbor aligned with the group’s own.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE ANDEAN CONDOR (Vultur gryphus LINNAEUS, 1758) IN THE CENTRAL ANDES OF COLOMBIA

Despite its cultural importance as a key component of the Andean landscape, some perceptions of rural inhabitants towards the Andean condor ( Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758) persist, as they relate to the possible predation of domestic animals such as sheep and cattle. These perceptions are compounded by only a basic knowledge of the natural history of the species and have resulted in the historical persecution of the condors by the local peasant communities. We studied the variation of traditional knowledge about the Andean condor diet; comparing responses of adult women and adult men and adults and young people. We described the perceptions of rural farmers towards V. gryphus in Caldas and Tolima, Central Andes of Colombia. Adult men demonstrated a more detailed knowledge of the types of food of V. gryphus compared to adult women; but both adult men and women responded more accurately than both sexes of young people. Overall, the perceptions towards the condors were mostly positive. It is likely that the greater knowledge of adult men corresponds to the time they spend outdoors tending their crops and animals, while the younger generation receive their information through popular media, such as television, magazines and books, as well as educational materials. It is important to incorporate the gender perspective into conservation initiatives and educational programs to effectively protect the remaining endangered populations of condors in Colombia.

Observer perceptions of the justifiability of the actions of nations in conflict: The relative importance of conveying national vulnerability versus strength.

Because the underdog in a conflict typically gains the support of observers, nations will often adopt a narrative that persuades both their domestic following and international allies that they are the true victim in the conflict. Three survey studies were conducted to assess the perceptions of citizens of a third-party observer nation (Canada) in relation to two nations in conflict that differ in their historical persecution, namely the U.S. and Israel. Perceptions of the vulnerability of their safety and survival, and their strength to protect themselves against their opponents were hypothesized to mediate differences in the perceived justification for each nation’s conflict actions. Study 1 (N = 91) supported this mediational model, with the U.S. seen as less vulnerable and more powerful than Israel, and perceptions of vulnerability accounting for differences in the justifiability of their respective conflict actions. Study 2 (N = 315) further demonstrated a moderating effect of Canadians’ shared identity with the nations in conflict; only at lower levels of a shared identity was Israel perceived to be more vulnerable and the mediated relation with the perceived justifiability of its conflict actions retained. Study 3 was conducted 10 years later (2018), administering measures to an independent sample of Canadian participants (N = 300). Canadians were found to be significantly less likely to share a common identity with Americans than previously; once again, the mediating role of the perceived vulnerability of the nations in conflict and the justifiability of their actions was conditional on shared identification. The findings contribute to understanding influences on the credibility of victim claims by nations in conflict, as well as implications for how their actions are construed by citizens of a third-party observer nation.

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS THE ANDEAN CONDOR (Vultur gryphus LINNAEUS, 1758) IN THE CENTRAL ANDES OF COLOMBIA

Despite its cultural importance as a key component of the Andean landscape, some perceptions of rural inhabitants towards the Andean condor ( Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758) persist, as they relate to the possible predation of domestic animals such as sheep and cattle. These perceptions are compounded by only a basic knowledge of the natural history of the species and have resulted in the historical persecution of the condors by the local peasant communities. We studied the variation of traditional knowledge about the Andean condor diet; comparing responses of adult women and adult men and adults and young people. We described the perceptions of rural farmers towards V. gryphus in Caldas and Tolima, Central Andes of Colombia. Adult men demonstrated a more detailed knowledge of the types of food of V. gryphus compared to adult women; but both adult men and women responded more accurately than both sexes of young people. Overall, the perceptions towards the condors were mostly positive. It is likely that the greater knowledge of adult men corresponds to the time they spend outdoors tending their crops and animals, while the younger generation receive their information through popular media, such as television, magazines and books, as well as educational materials. It is important to incorporate the gender perspective into conservation initiatives and educational programs to effectively protect the remaining endangered populations of condors in Colombia.

Does God Speak Greek?: Pope Benedict XVI’s Euro-Supremacist Supersessionism and the Heterosexuality of Reason

Contemporary critics of Christian supersessionism rightly despise its connection to Christianity’s historical persecution of the Jewish people. But theologians and other scholars have not paid enough attention to the political work Christian supersessionism continues to do today. To this end, I examine the work of Pope Benedict XVI, arguing that what I term “Euro-supremacist supersessionism” pervades and helps to shape his theology. Benedict’s supersessionism serves to describe Europe and Christianity as inextricably linked: just as Europe is an essentially Christian continent so is Christianity an essentially European religion. Because it perceives this cultural formation as uniquely universal, Benedict’s supersessionism also advocates a type of European supremacy. But despite its roots in and resonances with German philosophical anti-Judaism, Benedict’s Eurocentric supersessionism does not advance an anti-Jewish politics. His Eurocentric supersessionism instead leads him to take political aim at three initially surprising targets: one, the growing presence of Islam within Europe; two, Europe’s intensifying embrace of lesbian and gay rights; and three, certain strands of liberation theology that originate outside of Europe. Why? I argue that, for Benedict, each of these movements both endangers the marriage he has established between Europe and Christianity—a union he deems necessary to each entity’s survival—and undermines his claim that Christianized Europe possesses a unique universality, which I argue supplies the main source of his implicit belief in its supremacy over all other cultural systems.

The enemy of my enemy is my friend: native pine marten recovery reverses the decline of the red squirrel by suppressing grey squirrel populations.

Shared enemies may instigate or modify competitive interactions between species. The dis-equilibrium caused by non-native species introductions has revealed that the outcome of such indirect interactions can often be dramatic. However, studies of enemy-mediated competition mostly consider the impact of a single enemy, despite species being embedded in complex networks of interactions. Here, we demonstrate that native red and invasive grey squirrels in Britain, two terrestrial species linked by resource and disease-mediated apparent competition, are also now linked by a second enemy-mediated relationship involving a shared native predator recovering from historical persecution, the European pine marten. Through combining spatial capture–recapture techniques to estimate pine marten density, and squirrel site-occupancy data, we find that the impact of exposure to predation is highly asymmetrical, with non-native grey squirrel occupancy strongly negatively affected by exposure to pine martens. By contrast, exposure to pine marten predation has an indirect positive effect on red squirrel populations. Pine marten predation thus reverses the well-documented outcome of resource and apparent competition between red and grey squirrels.

Mad, Bad or Sad? The Historical Persecution of Women and the Birth of Female Criminality

Throughout history the notion of the ‘female criminal’ has been something of a taboo, an almost morbid curiosity to male dominated societies. As such through misogynist crusades they have attempted to eradicate the world of any women who did not meet the criteria that society dictates. Women who were outspoken and passionate were condemned. Numerous methods were employed to keep women in their place. From the early persecution of witch-hunts in the 15th-17th century to the medicalization of their melancholy in the Victorian era, women were suppressed. Early criminologists ‘discovered’ the biological elements of female criminality and contemporary Criminal Justice System and the mainstream media perpetuated this image. In doing so the disdain from the general public towards criminal women has grown. Often the combination of public hatred and the media’s macabre portrayal creates something of a modern day witch-hunt against these women. Perhaps this is because events of the past ‘demonstrate’ women behaving badly or because of misogyny so deeply ingrained within out society that we cannot escape it. These beliefs that women are fundamentally, biologically evil have seeped into mainstream societal systems that aim to serve the people but instead persecute an entire sub-section of society.

Historical Persecution Reaction Complex

This original study examines the reluctance of oppressed populations to publicly criticize the recognized performance shortcomings of leaders who are members of their identity group. Using critical race theory (CRT), this article utilizes three case examples of Black American leadership that present evidence of what the authors identify as Historical Persecution Reaction Complex (HPRC). HPRC describes four elemental arguments reflecting an oppressed identity group’s attempt to protect itself from perceived further social marginalization, limit the exacerbation of oppression, and to preserve the identity group’s leadership gains in the larger society by supporting leadership despite recognized shortcomings in the leadership. Although asserting HPRC operates as a functional reaction to oppression by serving both as an act of cohesion and resistance to oppressive structures, the authors suggest that HPRC is paradoxically detrimental to oppressed identity groups due to maintaining substandard leadership.

Antiziganism: Interpretative tools and contemporary phenomenology

The article is divided into three parts. The first concerns the concept of Anti-Gypsyism; the second, the stereotypes and the research conducted by the author on the alleged kidnapping by Roma; concludes with a discussion about the link between Anti-Gypsyism, power and urban space. Anti-Gypsyism is a distinct type of racist ideology. It is, at the same time, similar, different, and intertwined with many other types of racism. Anti- Gypsyism is used to justify and perpetrate the exclusion and supposed inferiority of Roma and is based on historical persecution and negative stereotypes (see also V. Nicolae 2006). According to Herzfeld (1997) stereotypes can be used for trade or in situations of conflict in which questions of identity are played out. Individuals and social groups appropriate these collective imaginations and use them to reify their sense of collective self. The analysis of cases of alleged kidnapping clearly shows the “baby-stealing Gypsies” stereotype in action and exemplar in action and how it produces effects of reality. Drawing on an ethnographic study on the cases of alleged kidnapping of non-Romani children by Roma and Sinti adults in Italy, the research demonstrates how negative stereotyping which construct the Roma as dangerous nomadic people, foreigners from whom society must be protected, can affect their treatment by prosecutors, lawyers and judges in the Italian judicial system. The conflation of Romani identity with nomadic lifestyle features widely in Italian public discourse on the Roma and, as it has been validly pointed out in scholarly debate (Piasere 1991; Brunello 1996; Sigona 2002), has gone some way towards building differential treatment towards Romani groups in particular in relation to housing policies and the spread of ‘nomad camps’ (Sigona 2005).

Exploring the reproduction of conflict through narrative: Israeli youth motivated to participate in a coexistence program.

Contemporary Israeli youth are socialized in the context of intractable nationalist conflict with Palestinians, characterized by a “master” historical narrative of Jewish Israeli identity that exacerbates the conflict. This exploratory study examines the relation between this master narrative and the personal narratives of youth motivated to participate in a coexistence program. Narratives of youth suggest points of both convergence and divergence with the master narrative in their form, thematic content, and ideological settings. Like the larger story of Jewish Israeli identity, the stories of youth assumed a redemptive form and integrated themes of existential insecurity, historical persecution, exceptionalism, and delegitimization of Palestinian identity. Divergence with the master narrative suggested the significance of local communities and the growing pluralism of Israeli society, as well as policy shifts in Israel regarding the legitimacy of Palestinian statehood. Despite motivation to participate ...

Marc Chagall's White Crucifixion: An Enduring Work of Political Art

The works of Marc Chagall, a prominent and prolific Jewish artist, are among the most significant and recognizable creations to have emerged during the 20th century. The White Crucifixion was Chagall’s passionate response to the escalating atrocities by the National Socialist German Workers’ (Nazi) Party that resulted in Kristallnacht. This paper examines the early life of the artist in Czarist Russia amidst historical persecution and anti-Semitism, as well as the social and political milieu in which the White Crucifixion was created. The painting’s unique combination of Christian and Jewish imagery, with an illuminated and crucified “Jewish Jesus” at the focal point, and surrounded by scenes depicting Jewish suffering at the hands of the Nazis is explored in detail. The paper demonstrates that the distinctive religious and cultural experiences of Marc Chagall provided the palate from which the plight of the Jews was immortalized on canvas and which expressed his outrage. Condemning the world for their silence and imploring them to act in the face of inhumanity, the White Crucifixion remains an enduring work of political art whose message is as applicable today as it was in 1938.

Exploring the reproduction of conflict through narrative: Israeli youth motivated to participate in a coexistence program.

Contemporary Israeli youth are socialized in the context of intractable nationalist conflict with Palestinians, characterized by a “master” historical narrative of Jewish Israeli identity that exacerbates the conflict. This exploratory study examines the relation between this master narrative and the personal narratives of youth motivated to participate in a coexistence program. Narratives of youth suggest points of both convergence and divergence with the master narrative in their form, thematic content, and ideological settings. Like the larger story of Jewish Israeli identity, the stories of youth assumed a redemptive form and integrated themes of existential insecurity, historical persecution, exceptionalism, and delegitimization of Palestinian identity. Divergence with the master narrative suggested the significance of local communities and the growing pluralism of Israeli society, as well as policy shifts in Israel regarding the legitimacy of Palestinian statehood. Despite motivation to participate ...

Minority Group, Majority Space

Based on an ethnographic study of young-adult Jews in a Southern community, this article examines strategies for the protection of self when minority groups navigate terrain that is perceived to be hostile. Although few of the participants of this study had experienced any explicitly anti-Jewish behavior directly, almost all experienced a feeling of unease living in an environment in which a public Christian identity was normative. This unease was grounded in the historical persecution of Jews (and the never-again credo with which many post-Holocaust generation Jews have been raised) and in direct experience with their neighbors' and coworkers' ignorance about Judaism and Jewish life. Study participants used a variety of emotion-work strategies, including compartmentalizing their Jewish identities, distancing themselves emotionally from coworkers, and using humor to deflect potential identity-based insults to sustain a sense of safety.

Narratives of the Past and Present: Young Refugees' Construction of a Family Identity in Exile

Little attention has been given to the ‘refugee experience’ of children who follow their parents in escaping violence. This study examines how the experiences of violence become important events in the lives of a group of young refugees who were born in the Middle East, but escaped with their parents to Denmark ten years ago. On the basis of a narrative analysis the study shows that the adolescents' experience of being a refugee is greatly influenced by the stories of the past narrated about the family, and the internal relations and conflicts within the families. Adolescent refugees who have grown up with violence in their family relations experience greater difficulties in creating new homes in exile than adolescents whose memories of violence are connected with a narrative of the historical persecution and suffering of their family and people.

Resistance is futile: The unwitting insertion of analogical inferences in memory

Analogical inferences can modify people's understanding, but can this occur even when the inferences are unpalatable? We report two experiments suggesting that this is the case. Participants read a source passage on the role and status of gay people in society. Half then read an analogy describing the historical persecution of left-handers. On a subsequent recognition test, the participants who read the analogy were more likely than the control participants to misrecognize analogical inferences as statements explicitly presented, but the two groups did not differ in recognition rates for other kinds of statements. A priori explicit attitudes toward gays did not moderate these findings, although the participants with more positive attitudes toward gays saw the analogy to left-handers as more sound. Our findings demonstrate that analogical inferences can be seamlessly integrated into mental representations of the target domain even when those inferences are unpalatable; in short, resistance to analogy is futile.

Leo Baeck Werke 5: Nach der Schoa -- Warum sind Juden in der Welt: Schriften aus der Nachkriegszeit (review)

Reviewed by: Leo Baeck Werke 5: Nach der Schoa—Warum sind Juden in der Welt: Schriften aus der Nachkriegszeit Virginia Iris Holmes Leo Baeck Werke 5: Nach der Schoa—Warum sind Juden in der Welt: Schriften aus der Nachkriegszeit, edited by Albert H. Friedlander and Bertold Klappert. Gütersloh, Germany: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2002. 558 pp. €115. The fifth in a six-volume series presenting the writings of Leo Baeck, Nach der Schoa offers twenty-four of Baeck's essays, lectures, and publications from the period between his 1945 release from Theresienstadt, after which he emigrated to London, and his death in 1956. The selections in this volume, presented thematically, not chronologically, include twelve works in German and twelve in English, each introduced by an editorial note in German. Leo Baeck (1873–1956), the leading rabbi in Berlin in the late imperial, Weimar, and early Nazi years, leader of liberal German Jewry, and head of the German Rabbi Association and of the German B'nai B'rith, wrote prolifically on the nature of Judaism (sometimes in response to polemical assaults by Christian writers) during the first four decades of the twentieth century, and continued his intellectual productivity in the aftermath of the war. Friedlander and Klappert argue that Baeck's work cannot be divided into periods, that his later thought grew organically out of his earlier thought, that the old lives on in the new. The editors see a central theme of the postwar work of Baeck as the hope and strengthening of the people in the face of threat, together with Jewish pride before people and humility before God. The volume is divided into four sections: "Re-encounter with God" (four works, all in German); "Discoveries and Epochs of Jewish history" (eight selections, some in German, some in English); "Bridges between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam" (six writings, all in German); and "The Mission of Judaism in the World" (six essays, all in English). The first essay in Part 1, "Reflections on Two Dead," uses the lives and deaths of two individual German Jews to reflect on the fate of German Jewry in the Nazi era. In the second essay, "The Meaning of History," Baeck argues that, in turning to spiritual values, one can find justice, salvation, and a future. In the third essay, "Judaism on Old and New Paths," focusing on the role of Jewish mysticism in times of historical persecution, Baeck maintains that the oppression of the Jews was just one example, albeit of the worst order, of the oppression of the weak, and the emancipation of the Jews just one part of the greater liberation of the enslaved. In the fourth essay, "Israel and the German People," addressing the question of peace between Jews and Germans, Baeck contends that Germans must truly listen to challenges posed by Jews, but must also come to know themselves, to moral self-knowledge. Only then, [End Page 161] as the German people re-create themselves, and in genuine encounter between Germans and Jews, can they attain peace with one another. In the first essay in Part 2, "The Task of Progressive Judaism in the Post-War World," Baeck maintains that the task of progressive Judaism is to play the role of the living conscience of Judaism, rousing the conscience of humanity and speaking out stubbornly for justice. His second essay, "Individuum Ineffabile," is a protest against the Nazis' reduction of people to mere numbers and a plea for inviolable human individuality, which Baeck describes as an ethical task. The third, fourth, and fifth essays discuss the relationships between Judaism and science, Judaism and philosophy, and Judaism and ethics. The sixth essay is on "Maimonides: The Man, His Work, and His Impact." The seventh essay is entitled, "From Moses Mendelssohn to Franz Rosenzweig: Types of Jewish Self-Understanding in the Last Two Centuries." The eighth essay is a 160-page reprint of a small book, "Epochs of Jewish History," focusing on the biblical era. The first four works in Part 3 are entitled, "The Pharisees," "Haggadah and Christian Doctrine," "The Belief of Paul," and, "Some Questions to the Christian Church from the Jewish Point of View." In the fifth selection, "B'nai...

From ethnocide to ethnoviolence: Layers of native American victimization

The contemporary phenomenon of ethnoviolence - otherwise known as hate crime - has its roots deeply embedded in the historical persecution of Native Americans by representatives of 'the state and private individuals alike. Genocidal policies and practices of the past have their present counterparts in anti-activist and anti-treaty violence, as well as in isolated acts of violence against individual Native Americans. This paper traces the threads that bind together the (d)evolution from ethnocide to ethnoviolence.