Historical Mistakes Research Articles

Pharaoh by artificial intelligence, Historical mistakes with a beautiful artistic vision

Pharaoh by artificial intelligence, Historical mistakes with a beautiful artistic vision

بررسی تأثیر قومیت بر ساختار سیاسی افغانستان با رویکرد لیبرالیسم سیاسی جان رالز (۲۰۰۱-۲۰۲۲(

Afghanistan is known as a multi-ethnic country where different ethnic groups coexist. The political structures in Afghanistan have always been influenced by ethnicity throughout its historical development. Although it is rare to find a country with a homogeneous ethnic fabric, the ethnic diversity is not only seen as a challenge but also as a symbol of cultural pluralism. After 2001, when the political structure of Afghanistan was manifested based on modern values in the constitution, it provided a good opportunity for political elites to overcome historical mistakes and adhere to those values. However, ethnicity and ethnic values were considered superior and older compared to the new values. The main question is how the multi-ethnic society in Afghanistan has influenced the political structure in the past two decades. Apparently, the multi-ethnic society of Afghanistan has had a negative impact on the implementation of the political structure in Afghanistan in recent decades. The research aims to examine how the role of the multi-ethnic society has influenced the political structure of Afghanistan in the past two decades and to what extent the convergence and divergence of political elites were affected by ethnic backgrounds. This article uses John Rawls' theoretical framework and analytical-descriptive method, as well as library resources, scientific journals, and reputable articles. The findings indicate that the multi-ethnic society has had a negative impact on the implementation of the political structure based on democratic values, and the foundation of the political structure manifested in the constitution could not be concretely and deeply exemplified by ethnic attitudes towards politics.

Historical Past and Historical-Cultural Heritage of Buryats as Reflected in Journal ‘Sibirskie Ogni’ (1920s-1980s): Memory Politics Aspect

The aim of the article is to characterize representations of the history and historicalcultural heritage of the Buryats in the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal from the early 1920s to the late 1980s in the context of state memory politics. The methodological framework of the study was the field of “Memory Studies.” Conclusions were drawn about the intense ideologization of the historical past of the Buryats on the pages of the Sibirskie Ogni journal at all stages of the Soviet period, as well as the journal's disregard for Buryat heritage associated with the traditions of Buddhist East. Six stages of representation were identified. In the first stage (1920s), Buryat authors freely wrote in the journal about Buryat history, expressed historical grievances against Russia, and sought recognition of the value of Buryat historical-cultural heritage. In the second stage (1930s), only articles by Russian authors about Buryat history in a critical tone were published in the journal. In the third stage (1940s-1950s), Sibirskie Ogni journal printed articles with crushing criticism of inconvenient versions of Buryat history presented in national literature. In the fourth stage (1960s-1970s), Buryat history was not discussed at all in the journal. In the fifth stage (1980s), a flourishing of Buryat culture was proclaimed under the influence of Soviet leadership. After the collapse of the USSR, much was rethought and perceived as a historical mistake. The Sibirskie Ogni journal began publishing articles again on Buryat literary traditions, epic poetry, etc.

N,N'-Diaryl-Sulfurdiimides are Strongly Redox Tuned.

The synthesis and extensive characterization of nine aryl sulfur diimides (SDIs, Ar-NSN-Ar) are presented with a robust computational and experimental investigation of the fundamental properties of these important members of the thiazyl family of compounds, with particular attention paid to their highly tunable electrochemical behaviour. This is the first work to undertake a systematic comparison of the electrochemical profiles of a coherent series of SDIs to demonstrate and quantify the response of their reduction potentials to substituent electron-donating and -withdrawing properties. This effect is found to be not only exceptionally strong, but also correlates very closely with computed orbital energies. Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is used to determine the nature, localization, and qualitative lifetimes of the radical anions of SDIs. This work also addresses significant misconceptions about physical properties of SDIs. Experimental data and modern computational methods are employed to provide a resolute answer to the long-standing contention of the solution-state conformations of SDIs, and to correct historical mistakes in the assignment of infrared spectroscopic data. High-quality crystal structures of all SDIs in this work showcase the utility of the recently introduced structural refinement software NoSpherA2, enabling full anisotropic refinement of H-atoms with accurate C-H bond lengths.

How the Information Warfare Turns Into Full-Scale Military Agression: the Experience of Ukraine

The article analyzes the main ideological components and tools of Russia’s information, hybrid and full-scale war against Ukraine. Since the time of Ivan III, Russia has implemented the model of eastern despotism, which claims a special historical mission (“Moscow as the third Rome”). This model involves imperialism, absolutism, anti-democracy, disregard for human rights and the rights of nations. Throughout its history (Moscow Princedom – Russian Empire – Soviet Union – Russian Federation), the external forms of this model changed, but its essence remained unaltered, which is why it was always hostile to European values.
 From the middle of the 17th century, when Ukrainian lands came under Russian control, it did everything to spread this model to them. To this end, it has taken such actions as rewriting history, banning the Ukrainian language and culture, destroying ethnic self-awareness, as well as repression and genocide against the Ukrainian people. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality. Nevertheless, the oppressor failed to completely destroy the code of freedom, which is fundamental to the Ukrainian mentality.
 With the collapse of the Soviet Union (1991), Ukraine got the opportunity to build its statehood on the values of freedom and democracy, and realized itself as a full-fledged member of the European family. Russia perceived Ukraine’s independence as a threat to its mission and moved to an ideological war against Ukraine. All methods of propaganda were employed, including distortion of facts, creation and mass distribution of pseudo-historical narratives, fakes, manipulations and outright lies. During the rule of Vladimir Putin, the doctrine of “Russkiy mir” (“Russian world”) was developed as a neo-imperial myth, and the Ukrainian state was viewed as a historical mistake that had to be corrected through new colonization. When during the Revolution of Dignity (2014) Ukrainians removed a corrupt pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych from power, Russia resorted to the hybrid war during which it annexed Crimea, Donetsk and Luhansk regions. Although the civilized world did not recognize the Russian annexation, its reaction was too restrained. This gave Putin hope that the world’s response to further aggression would also be weak, and therefore on February 24, 2022, he ordered the full-scale invasion of Ukraine.
 The Russian ruler underestimated the will of Ukrainians to fight for their freedom, lives, and European ideals. Putin and his henchmen also underestimated the harsh reaction of the civilized world to Russian barbarism. An unpleasant surprise for them was the unprecedented military and financial aid that the West provides to Ukraine. Russian propaganda cannot hide from the world the terrible war crimes and offences against humanity committed by the Russian military. This war is not just a war between two states – it is a war between medieval barbarism and civilization. Ukraine’s victory determines not only the fate of Ukraine, but also the entire world order.

“The Other”, Official History, and Memory of the City in Soviet Guidebooks to Chernivtsi

The paper examines attempts to create new interpretations of the memory and history of Chernivtsi during the Soviet era through the prism of guidebooks and tries to deconstruct it. Guidebooks are considered primarily as textual representations of official policies on reconstructing Chernivtsi's past as valuable narrative sources for understanding how the totalitarian state ideologically dominated this culturally diverse city. A linguistic approach based on the theoretical model of newspeak is applied to the study of publications in order to identify discourses and analyze them. Soviet newspeak in guidebooks functions as a means of constructing narratives and an instrument for their internalization in society. The author also examines the guidebooks in the context of official historical and national policies in the post-Stalin USSR, which, in the case of the annexed territories of the Ukrainian SSR in the aftermath of the Second World War, involved the assimilation of new regions by Ukrainians along with the cleansing and demonization of local “Others.” The ideological framework for these actions included discourses on “Old Russian ethnicity” (davnoruska narodnist) as “a cradle of three brotherly peoples,” “Russian-Ukrainian friendship,” “Great Patriotic War,” and others. The study also seeks to understand the motivations of the guidebooks' authors, drawing on their biographies. It concludes that Soviet guidebooks to Chernivtsi, adhering to the official doctrine, create an exclusive and sanitized image of the city's past, aimed at erasing the history and experiences of the local “Others,” represented primarily by Romanians, Jews, and Germans, who, before the Soviet annexation, were demographically dominant ethnic groups in the city. In specific contexts, markers of “Others” create the illusion of presence and agency; however, the guidebook`s texts mostly ignore the multicultural past of Chernivtsi. Simultaneously, when the “Others” are not excluded from the narrative, their very presence in Chernivtsi's history was mainly interpreted as a hostile phenomenon, a historical mistake, and a consequence of colonial oppression in the city declared by the Soviet authorities to be primordially Ukrainian. As publications aimed at tourists and guests of the city, guidebooks appropriately represent Soviet memorials and objects of the symbolic space of Chernivtsi, through carefully crafted textual interpretations. Tourist guides are regarded as significant sources for researching local memory and history policies.

The Guardian of Ideology and the Pancasila by the Constitutional Court Decision

The Constitutional Court also fulfils its role as guardian of ideology as a judicial institution with special authority. This has been attempted through a number of Constitutional Court decisions that have been the basis for the positioning and repositioning of Pancasila in its proper state. In particular, this paper investigates, reviews and analyses the role of the Constitutional Court as the guardian of ideology, the practice of various Constitutional Court decisions that reflect efforts as the custodian of ideology, as well as the attitude or direction of the Constitutional Court in maintaining the spirit of Pancasila in relation to the role of custodian of ideology. This paper shows that through its role in re-establishing the inseparable relationship between Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution, which is the basis for resolving constitutional cases, the Constitutional Court has endeavoured to uphold Pancasila. Nevertheless, critics argue that the use of Pancasila as a touchstone has led to legal uncertainty, and that elements of the state apparatus still make historical mistakes in the placement of Pancasila.

‘Historical Mistake’ and the USA - China Global Rivalry: The South China Sea Dispute

China has been facing various border disputes with the neighboring countries in the Far East. Among them is the “South China Sea Dispute” which has become the leading dispute of the region in recent years whereby China’s acts with a sovereignty claim on the South China Sea Islands and the borders in the surrounding area led to the participation of neighboring states into the conflict. It is understood that the South China Sea dispute is becoming a predominant issue not only on a regional scale but also a power struggle between the USA and China in that it is a multidimensional problem with its geopolitical- geostrategic, legal, and military pillars. The aim of this research explain the multilayered features of the South China Sea dispute with the rivalry between the USA and China in the background.

Teaching the Difficult Past of Statistics to Improve the Future

In recent years, the discipline of statistics has begun reckoning with its difficult history. Institutions are reconsidering names that have honored key historical figures in statistics who have deep ties to eugenics movements and racial and class prejudice. These names, however, continue to appear in our classrooms, where we teach the methods created by these individuals, raising the question of how instructors should address their legacies. Three examples of famous statisticians and their work—Francis Galton’s use of conditional probabilities to demonstrate “hereditary talent,” Karl Pearson’s attempt to quantify the intelligence of Jewish immigrant students, and Ronald A. Fisher’s creation of the analysis of variance to de-emphasize environment in human development—highlight the intimate ties between statistics and eugenics. These examples, along with a discussion of the context of these men, eugenics movements, and the statisticians and scientists who opposed their eugenic programs, can humanize the field for students, teach them about the challenges in accurate and unbiased data collection and analysis, and connect historical mistakes to contemporary ethical issues. Confronting this history in the classroom can both improve the teaching of the statistical methodologies themselves and begin a broader conversation about the role of statistics in the world. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.

Reminiscence about the Soviet City: Urban Space in the Ukrainian Fiction of the 21st century

This paper addresses the group of works of contemporary Ukrainian literature in which the narrators’ reminiscences about urban areas directly relate to the formation of a national identity. In the Ukrainian fiction of the last two decades, the urban identity of the Soviet period is mainly shown as a specific ideologically caused type of identity, intended to replace or blur the national and the local identities. Marc Augé’s anthropological theory, which is based on the opposition of “places” and “non-places”, underlies the theoretical framework for this study. In the analyzed literary works, non-places as transitional areas, devoid of historicity and identity, are viewed as predominating over places and represented by either communal or private locations. Protagonists’ memories of communal non-places, – such as schools, hospitals, grocery stores, places of commemoration, monuments and administrative buildings, – often emphasize these characters’ feelings of alienation and misery in urban space. Communal non-places are also depicted in fiction as a means for authorities to exert ideological influence on citizens in order to restore the totalitarian regime (as is shown in the novel (Rivne / Rovno (The Wall) by Oleksandr Irvanets). Fiction depicting memories of private places also acquire non-place characteristics, such as the private apartment of the Lvivan Cilycks’ family in Victoria Amelina’s novel Dom’s Dream Kingdom. The transformation of the private area into a non-place demonstrates the danger of ignoring one’s own history, which leads to a loss of urban and national identity and the repetition of historical mistakes made by previous generations.

THE STATE OF LAND RESOURCES OF UZBEKISTAN, PROBLEMS OF LAND RESOURCES, WAYS TO IMPROVE THE EXISTING GEOECOLOGICAL STATE

This scientific article provides information about the state of existing land resources in Uzbekistan, land degradation, desertification, and erosion. In particular, information is provided about the processes of drying up of the Aral Sea, salinization and degumification of land resources in the regions of the Republic of Uzbekistan as a result of historical mistakes and attitude to land resources, and it is explained in detail through tables and pictures. Decisions taken by the government of our country for the solution and prevention of these problems and their results, opinions aimed at the use of land resources and the solution of these problems are described.

Introduction to Thermo-Photo-Electronics

Building the foundations of Thermo-Photo-Electronics became possible only after the correction of thermodynamic errors in the traditional theory of semiconductor Electronics and Photo-Electronics. It is these errors that determined the output of the asymptotics of the operating parameters of semiconductor electronic devices, in particular, both the saturation of the limiting clock frequency of processors, and the saturation of the efficiency of both thermoelectric and photoelectric converters. But in semiconductors, although these thermodynamic errors manifested themselves not only in the instrumental, but also in the technological aspect, they could not prohibit semiconductor Electronics itself, unlike Electronics based on other materials. It’s just that a number of qualitative mistakes were made in the theory of semiconductor devices and photo devices. In this work, it is shown that the energy band diagram of semiconductor contacts itself was constructed with a significant omission—without taking into account the temperature force on the contact. At the same time, because of the incorrect calculation of currents according to the outdated formulas of Richardson-Langmuir-Deshman, there were also PROHIBITIONS. So the practitioners compensated for the errors of the theory with “empirical corrections”. So electronics engineers often made devices not according to a strict theory (which simply did not exist until now), but on a hunch and according to empirical local laws. And only the correction of the historical mistakes made it possible to expand the phenomenology of the description of processes in a Solid Body, on the basis of which it is possible to make calculations of highly efficient elements of Photo-Thermo-Electronics.

Stigmatisation as a threat to national identity (lessons for the present from the past)

The author explores the discourses of stigmatisation using the experience of the Soviet "perestroika", Soviet, Russian and foreign materials, documents of the CPSU, Soviet bodies, public organisations and movements, eyewitness memoirs, media testimonies, personal memories. The content and mechanisms of stigmatisation as a process and means of struggle against the USSR and Russia are revealed, external and internal components of the stigmatisation process are highlighted. The state of mass consciousness in society and the views of elites, that are opposed to the national identity of the people and the state, are considered being a result of stigmatisation. The novelty of the study lies in the consideration of the mechanism of stigmatisation, that includes the formation of negative counter-identities and the state of mass consciousness, called "self-stigmatisation". Counter-identities can accompany the social differentiation of society, the formation of various social (professional, ethnic, territorial) differences. But in the process of stigmatisation of state power, they acquire a negative character and can turn into a destructive force directed against national-state identity. Such strength, as documents and other evidence show, is achieved at the “extreme” stage of stigmatisation, when there is a “resonance” of its external and internal components, and the mass consciousness of society, the views of the elites go into a state of “self-stigmatisation”. As a result, the discourse of rejection of society's values, its historical narrative (the achievements of the people, heroes of war and labour), the achievements of the present prevails, and historical traumas, insults, abuses, and mistakes of state power come to the forefront of mass consciousness. This is how the historical experience of society generations is depreciated. For millions of people, the meaning of the concepts of “service”, “heroism”, “oath”, “duty”, “citizenship” is lost, and at the same time the national-state identity is damaged. The conglomerate of negative counter-identities, united by a temporary ideological platform justifying the victory of the discourse of "new" values, takes priority. The article considers approaches to the socio-political and political-psychological study of the "extreme" stage of stigmatisation: linguistic terms-markers of "self-stigmatisation", belittling the role of patriotism, orientation of stigma to certain spiritual and material objects (monuments of history and culture, domestic flagship enterprises, memory about the heroical deeds, labour achievements). The state of "self-stigmatisation" provides "breaks" in the national-state identity and can predetermine the victory of forces that are turning the political course into a "new" direction, that to some extent satisfies the "stigmatisers". In conclusion, the tasks of stigmatisation as a means of "hybrid war" on the modern "round" of confrontation between Russia and NATO are considered.

The Value of Preexisting Structures for Digital Access: Modelling the Resolutions of the Dutch States General

The Resolutions of the Dutch States General (1576–1796) is an archive covering over two centuries of decision making and consists of a heterogeneous series of handwritten and printed documents. The archive, which has recently been digitised, is a rich source for historical research. However, owing to the archive’s heterogeneity and dispersion of information, historians and other researchers find it hard to use the archive for their research. In this article, we describe how we deal with the challenges of structuring and connecting the information in this archive. We focus on identifying the existing structural elements, to turn the archive from a set of pages into a set of meeting dates and individual resolutions, with rich metadata for each resolution. To deal with the challenges of historical language change, spelling variation, and text recognition mistakes, we exploit the repetitive nature of the language of the resolutions and use fuzzy string searching to identify structural elements by the formulaic expressions that signal their boundaries. We also discuss and provide an analysis of the value of extracting different types of entities from the text and argue that the choice of which types of entities to focus on should be made based on how they support relevant research questions and methods. In the resolutions, we choose to prioritise person qualifications such as profession, legal status, or title, over person names. Qualifications allow users to select certain groups of people and to meaningfully combine with other layers of metadata, whereas person names lack contextual information to disambiguate them, making it unclear which and how many persons are referred to by selecting a specific person name. We show how our methodology results in a computational platform that allows users to explore and analyse the archive through many connected layers of metadata.

The Impact of Afghanistan's Multinational Society on its Political Structure in the Past Two Decades

Afghanistan has been recognized as a multi-ethnic country where different ethnicities coexist. The political structures in Afghanistan have historically been influenced by ethnicity, although few countries in the world exhibit such a complex ethnic fabric. Today, ethnic diversity is not only considered a challenge but also a symbol of cultural pluralism. After 2001, when the political structure of Afghanistan was enshrined in the constitution based on modern values, it was an opportune moment for political elites to overcome historical mistakes and adhere to these values. However, ethnicity and ethnic values were regarded as superior and more entrenched than the new values. The main question is: How has the multi-ethnic society in Afghanistan influenced the political structure in the past two decades? Apparently, Afghanistan's multi-ethnic society has had a negative impact on the implementation of the country's political structure in recent decades. The research aims to investigate how the role of the multi-ethnic society has influenced Afghanistan's political structure in recent decades and how much the convergence and divergence of political elites have been affected by ethnic backgrounds. This article utilizes analytical-descriptive methods and relies on library resources, scientific journals, and reputable articles. The findings indicate that the multi-ethnic society has had a negative impact on the implementation of the political structure based on democratic values, and the ethnic attitudes towards politics failed to manifest a tangible and profound realization within the constitutional framework.

Misanthropic Aspects of Science Fiction: The Examples of Battlestar Galactica and Borislav Pekić’s Atlantis

Anthropological interest in science fiction derives from the fact that works of science fiction, while depicting imaginary worlds, actually speak about existing human communities. This paper looks at how misanthropy is communicated in science fiction works, specifically, in Borislav Pekić’s novel Atlantis (Atlantida), first published in 1988, and the TV series Battlestar Galactica, which originally aired between 2003 and 2009. The theme of both works is essentially the same: the end of human history in its present form and the attempt to create a better civilization, all of this resulting from a long-standing conflict between humans and their biggest historical mistake – robots. The subject matter of the two works is also the same: having reached a high level of technological and spiritual development, humans design robots to replace them first in the most difficult jobs, and then in everyday tasks; the robots develop self-awareness and rise against their makers, and then come to believe that they should replace people and rectify all the errors and shortcomings they have identified in them as beings and also in their social development and organization, and eventually achieve deification by surpassing their makers and initiating their own independent and – compared to humans – more just history. The novel and the series have in common, not only with each other but also with many other science fiction works, a pessimistic view of human existence: a proneness to corruptibility in terms of morals and actions as a human characteristic, and its embedding and presence in the modes of human cultural thought and social organization and actions, represent a distinct, misanthropic thematic dimension in science fiction. This is particularly apparent when the acts of othering and institutional inflicting of evil on Others are considered. This is contrary to the humanistic ideal of humanity as an essential, ennobling quality of human beings. Science fiction works that problematize misanthropy as a sociocultural category suggest that human society reflects human nature: human communities are a product of human mental and material organization, and thus the lack of agreement between proclaimed social and cultural values and corresponding behavior represents a product of human thought and actions. What follows from this in Battlestar Galactica and Atlantis is that robots are like people: they know of no values other than human ones, hence their society is similar to human societies. They strive to evolve and thus distance themselves from their makers, yet it turns out that their patterns of behaviour towards Others and their tendency to other those among them who do not think like them or refuse to behave like them, are identical to those of humans.

Challenges in lighting education: a recommended practice

Although lighting is a theme usually loved by architects, there are few studies about appropriate pedagogical strategies focusing on its teaching in architectural undergraduate courses. This subject rarely is present in conferences, symposia, and similar events regarding architectural education. Due to historical mistakes, lighting education is often conducted in such courses with no link to the architectural design process. Regarding daylighting, it not always goes beyond solar geometry and insolation control, and electrical lighting is addressed to the discipline of electrical installations, strictly based on a calculation approach. It urges to present lighting to students as an integral and indissociable part of the architectural space itself. Also, it is essential to support a process of learning based on observation and laboratory experimentation. This paper discusses these issues and presents a pedagogical proposal favouring drawing with light, both daylighting and electrical lighting, since the first steps of the architectural design process. An electronic tool yet under development and destined to help in decision-making related to daylighting in the initial phases of design development is also presented. For a sustainable and safe future in a world in rapid transformations due to technological advances and pandemic events, lighting education deserves to be exhaustively studied by educators and architecture schools worldwide. Sharing knowledge in a network seems to be the best way for such an objective.

The Clinical History and Basic Science Origins of Transcutaneous Osseointegration for Amputees.

Transcutaneous osseointegration for amputees (TOFA) refers to an intramedullary metal endoprosthesis which passes transcutaneously to connect with a limb exoprosthesis. The first recognizably modern experiments and attempts occurred in the 1940s. Multiple researchers using a plethora of materials and techniques over the following 50 years identified principles and obstacles which informed the first long-term successful surgery in 1990. Unfortunately, the current mainstream TOFA literature presents almost exclusively subsequent developments, generally omitting prior research, leading to some historical mistakes being repeated. Given the increasing interest and surgical volume of TOFA, this literature review was performed to delineate TOFA's basic science and surgical origins and to integrate these early efforts within the contemporary understanding. Studying this research could protect and benefit future patients, surgeons, and implant developers as TOFA is entering a phase of increased attention and innovation. The aim of this article is to provide a focused reference of foundational research, much of which is difficult to identify and retrieve, for clinicians and researchers.

ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ ИСТОРИЧЕСКОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ВРЕМЁН ПЕРЕСТРОЙКИ В СССР (1985–1988 ГГ.)

The purpose of the article is to analyze the texts of memoirs and monographic works of figures during the period of reforms in the USSR in 1985-1991. The article discusses the use of the Soviet historical past by politicians during the reforms in order to confirm the need for their implementation. As a justification for the actual reassessment of this past, the authors of the reforms rely on the need proclaimed by the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev to expand publicity and democratize public life in the USSR. As a result of the research, the author draws the conclusion that the transformation of public consciousness and the complete denial of the Soviet past was a historical mistake, which ultimately led to a change of ideology and the formation of anti-communist discourse during the reforms.

Terminological dispute around the hydronym of the Gulf: international experience in finding a solution to the conflict

The article considers the terminological dispute over the name of the Gulf, which the Iranians call Persian, and the Arab countries Arabic. The debate between the parties in terms of history began not so long ago, however, each side actively appeals with historical data. The Iranians claim that it is a historical fact to call the reservoir the Persian Gulf, while the Arab version says a historical mistake. Moreover, the Arab countries say that many historical sources called the Gulf in different historical periods in different ways. It was the Low Sea, and the Gorky, and the Sea of Katif, etc. Therefore, the name «Persian Gulf» is characteristic only for one of the periods of history and has subjective reasons. Studying this terminological dispute around the hydronym, we asked ourselves what are the causes of this dispute, if it has a solution, and what are its future prospects It should be noted that the controversy in recent times has intensified since the conflict between Iran and neighboring Arab countries, since the 1980s. Therefore, it is not a secret for anyone that this terminological debate has in many respects political aspects caused by geopolitical games in the region. At the same time, an active return to this topic occurs at the time of aggravation of relations. For each of the parties, this issue has become more than a debate; it has become a matter of national interest, and even identity. The world community, trying to find a way out of this situation, began to use and promote the term “Gulf” more without tying it to one of the parties. But this approach does not fully suit either the Iranian side or the Arab side. Therefore, we have to admit that this hydronym has become a hostage to the antagonism of two parties. The growth of their confrontation only complicates the opportunity to find an acceptable consensus in the future, since each side will consider any concessions as a strategic loss.