Historical Material Research Articles

The First Croatian to Arrive in China, Jesuit Ivan Vreman (1583–1620)

Abstract The Croatian Jesuit Ivan Vreman is recorded in historical literature as the first Croatian to arrive in China. He was born in Split, Dalmatia in 1583, joined the Jesuit Order in 1600, set sail from Portugal for Asia in 1615, arrived first in Macao of China in 1616, and then traveled northward into the mainland of China. He died of illness in Nanchang in 1620 at the age of 37. This article, with the help of historical materials in Croatian, Latin, English, Chinese, and other languages, reconstructs the life of Ivan Vreman and the history of cultural exchange between the East and the West in the late Ming dynasty from several aspects, including his educational background, scientific achievements, missionary journey to the East, and experiences in China.

Historical examples and modern application of the "Chinese style" in the art of British interior design

"Chinese style" is a new form of combining Chinese and Western styles, formed on the basis of Western decorative art after a large number of Chinese exported works of art were imported to Europe in the XVII—XVIII centuries. The article takes the famous British country estate of the XVIII century as a starting point, and combines the relevant elements of interior decoration to analyze the influence of Chinese design on British decorative patterns and decorative techniques. "Chinese Style" is an innovative combination of Chinese and Western art based on Western decorative techniques.The article also analyzes the influence of the Chinoiserie style as a new art form combining traditional Chinese elements with Western forms on British decorative methods, with an emphasis on a specific study of this phenomenon.The purpose of the author of this study is to study and familiarize readers and the scientific community with the development and application of the "Chinese style" in British decorative methods of interior design. To achieve this goal, the author uses comparative historical, historical and cultural methods, iconographic method of description, as well as stylistic analysis, analyzes historical sources: historical documents, images, artifacts and literature. The research methodology includes a comprehensive approach to the study of the historical context and its impact on the formation of the British interiors. An empirical generalization of the material allows us to conclude about the significance of the above research and the influence of the "Chinese style" on modern decorative methods of interior design and design in Britain. The novelty of the research lies in the application of a combination of methods, analysis of historical forms to study this topic, which has been little studied in the segment of Russian historical science, which allowed us to obtain results that can arouse increased interest in the formation of the British interior among specialists. The author emphasizes the importance of the ability of design masters and architects to combine elements of Italian and British design to create a unique interior. The author's special contribution lies in the analysis of historical materials, practical examples of the successful application of the "Chinese style" in British interiors, which makes this article a valuable study for designers and lovers of interior art.

Patchy Anthropocoasts: A transdisciplinary perspective on dunes, plants, rabbits, and humans in the United Kingdom

In recent years, there has been increasing societal awareness of the crucial role that coastal dunes play in protecting against rising sea levels, mitigating climate change impacts, promoting biodiversity, and providing recreational opportunities. In some regions, dune management has been particularly focused on biodiversity and ecosystem restoration and the presence of alien species on dunes raises concerns about how these species become 'native,' 'invasive,' or 'hybrids' and whether they belong in their new ecosystems. These concerns illustrate how certain animals and plants assume different statuses according to normative categories associated with varying objectives. This article explores how perceptions of coastal dunes in the UK have transformed over time, from marginal resource frontiers to highly valued environments shaped by multispecies relations. In addition, this work explores how dunes around the UK emerge as ‘patchy anthropocoasts,’ that is, uneven landscapes designed by human purposes linked to economic activities, conservation, rabbit populations, unwanted vegetation, and the control of unpredictable sand movements. Bringing together diverse historical materials and scientific literature, this article links human and nonhuman histories with present debates on dune restoration from a transdisciplinary perspective rooted in anthropology, environmental history, and the natural sciences.

RASMI: Global ranges of building material intensities differentiated by region, structure, and function

The construction materials used in buildings have large and growing implications for global material flows and emissions. Material Intensity (MI) is a metric that measures the mass of construction materials per unit of a building’s floor area. MIs are used to model buildings’ materials and assess their resource use and environmental performance, critical to global climate commitments. However, MI data availability and quality are inconsistent, incomparable, and limited, especially for regions in the Global South. To address these challenges, we present the Regional Assessment of buildings’ Material Intensities (RASMI), a new dataset and accompanying method of comprehensive and consistent representative MI value ranges that embody the variability inherent in buildings. RASMI consists of 3072 MI ranges for 8 construction materials in 12 building structure and function types across 32 regions covering the entire world. The dataset is reproducible, traceable, and updatable, using synthetic data when required. It can be used for estimating historical and future material flows and emissions, assessing demolition waste and at-risk stocks, and evaluating urban mining potentials.

Perceptions and Controversies on Cholera in Traditional Chinese Medicine Field in Late Qing Dynasty

Abstract At the beginning of the initial cholera outbreak in China, Wang Qingren (王清任), after years of clinical trials, became an early representative who discovered the infectious characteristics and observed the course of cholera in the field of traditional Chinesse medicine (TCM). Later, Kou Langao (寇兰皋) and Xu Zimo (徐子默), both medical practitioners, constructed a diagnosis and treatment system for cholera with cold patterns under the theory of typhoid. They represented "School of Cholera with Cold Patterns" (SCCP). In the 1860s, with the influence of Wang Shixiong’s (王士雄) studies on the nature of cholera under the theory of epidemic febrile disease, the "School of Cholera with Heated Patterns" (SCHP) prevailed thereafter. The two schools complemented each other in theories and contributed to the integrity of TCM in cholera diagnosis and treatment. By reviewing previous literature, books, clinical cases, and historical materials in medical field, this article aims 1) to summarise the influence TCM on the perception development towards cholera in the late Qing dynasty; 2) to explore the origin of the controversy between SCCP and SCHP from historical evidence; 3) to summarize the historical lessons from the debate over cholera in TCM based on the principle of treatment based on pattern identification, and offer suggestions for the current prevention and treatment of new diseases using TCM.

The implications of handwritten text recognition for accessing the past at scale

PurposeThis paper focuses on image-to-text manuscript processing through Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR), a Machine Learning (ML) approach enabled by Artificial Intelligence (AI). With HTR now achieving high levels of accuracy, we consider its potential impact on our near-future information environment and knowledge of the past.Design/methodology/approachIn undertaking a more constructivist analysis, we identified gaps in the current literature through a Grounded Theory Method (GTM). This guided an iterative process of concept mapping through writing sprints in workshop settings. We identified, explored and confirmed themes through group discussion and a further interrogation of relevant literature, until reaching saturation.FindingsCatalogued as part of our GTM, 120 published texts underpin this paper. We found that HTR facilitates accurate transcription and dataset cleaning, while facilitating access to a variety of historical material. HTR contributes to a virtuous cycle of dataset production and can inform the development of online cataloguing. However, current limitations include dependency on digitisation pipelines, potential archival history omission and entrenchment of bias. We also cite near-future HTR considerations. These include encouraging open access, integrating advanced AI processes and metadata extraction; legal and moral issues surrounding copyright and data ethics; crediting individuals’ transcription contributions and HTR’s environmental costs.Originality/valueOur research produces a set of best practice recommendations for researchers, data providers and memory institutions, surrounding HTR use. This forms an initial, though not comprehensive, blueprint for directing future HTR research. In pursuing this, the narrative that HTR’s speed and efficiency will simply transform scholarship in archives is deconstructed.

Museum genomics reveals the hybrid origin of an extinct crater lake endemic.

Crater lake fishes are common evolutionary model systems, with recent studies suggesting a key role for gene flow in promoting rapid adaptation and speciation. However, the study of these young lakes can be complicated by human-mediated extinctions. Museum genomics approaches integrating genetic data from recently extinct species are therefore critical to understanding the complex evolutionary histories of these fragile systems. Here, we examine the evolutionary history of an extinct Southern Hemisphere crater lake endemic, the rainbowfish Melanotaenia eachamensis. We undertook comprehensive sampling of extant rainbowfish populations of the Atherton Tablelands of Australia alongside historical museum material to understand the evolutionary origins of the extinct crater lake population and the dynamics of gene flow across the ecoregion. The extinct crater lake species is genetically distinct from all other nearby populations due to historic introgression between two proximate riverine lineages, similar to other prominent crater lake speciation systems, but this historic gene flow has not been sufficient to induce a species flock. Our results suggest that museum genomics approaches can be successfully combined with extant sampling to unravel complex speciation dynamics involving recently extinct species.

Written directives and ministerial tenure in China: a novel gauge for political performance?

ABSTRACT While prior research on Chinese political elites has predominantly centred on local officials, assessing the performance of ministers may pose significant challenges. This paper uses written directives (WDs), a pivotal form of elite communication, as a metric for evaluating ministers’ political performance. We posit that a higher frequency of WDs received by ministers from top leaders signifies increased attention and enhanced political success, potentially bolstering their longevity in office and career advancement. To test this hypothesis, we analyse ministerial tenure in China from 1949 to 1976, a period characterized by the unparalleled influence of Chairman Mao Zedong, which facilitated the measurement of WDs. Our findings indicate that ministers who received a greater number of WDs, on average, enjoyed longer tenures, while those with a shared historical background with Mao did not. These results align with previous historical analyses demonstrating Mao’s adept consolidation of power within political elites. Moreover, the recent release of historical Chinese materials has unveiled a wealth of political communication among Chinese political elites, with WDs offering a novel avenue for gauging political performance. This research contributes empirical insights from China to the global literature on ministerial tenure, enriching the landscape of contemporary Chinese bureaucratic studies.

Systematic revision of the eastern Queensland land snail genus Figuladra Köhler and Bouchet, 2020 based on mitochondrial phylogenetics and comparative morpho-anatomy (Eupulmonata, Camaenidae)

ABSTRACT The current study revises the systematic taxonomy of Figuladra, a genus of camaenid land snails endemic to eastern Queensland, based on the investigation of many recently collected ethanol-preserved samples as well as historic museum material, including types. We employed comparative analyses to investigate the variation in morphological features (shell, penial anatomy) and performed phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial 16S rDNA sequences to test species hypotheses. Phylogenetic analyses recovered three principal mitochondrial clades, one occurring in mid-east Queensland, one in south-east Queensland, and another in the upland areas of south-east Queensland. We recognise altogether 15 accepted species, including four that are newly described herein (i.e., Figuladra finlaysoni sp. nov., F. robertirwini sp. nov., F. bromileyorum sp. nov. and F. vidulus sp. nov.). The status of 11 previously described species has been assessed and revised diagnoses are provided for each of these. Species of the south-east Queensland clade revealed comparatively low levels of genetic and morphological differentiation and may represent examples of more recent, conceivably ongoing, speciation. Figuladra species have allopatric distributions with their ranges being separated by altitudinal or riverine barriers. Particularly the St Lawrence Gap dry corridor has been identified as a major biogeographic barrier separating two principal clades of Figuladra.

Development of art journalism in Kazakhstan through the introduction of the experience of American art media

ABSTRACT In the modern world, art and culture occupy a special place in the formation of personality and public opinion, determining the importance of the development of art journalism as an integral part of the media. The purpose of the study is to analyse Kazakh and American media materials on the topic of culture and art, taking into account the use of various creative tools and digital approaches. To achieve research goals, the following methods were used: generalization, survey, content analysis, comparative analysis, as well as various works of researchers studying cultural journalism in its various aspects and interpretations. The results of the work determined that the translation of international art journalism experience into the Kazakh media industry plays an important role in enriching the country’s cultural environment and increasing the quality of art historical materials. According to a survey of art-journalistic experts, it was found that, on average, for 90% of respondents, this area has positive development trends and is the basis for the introduction of technological and digital capabilities. However, for the effective functioning of arts journalism, it is worth taking into account a number of challenges that journalists face in the course of their professional activities.

HISTORICAL CONTEXT AND MODERN INTERPRETATION OF THE FACTORS OF THE PROFESSIONAL SPORTS DEVELOPMENT IN NORTH AMERICA AND EUROPE

Background and Study Aim. Today, professional sports are a powerful social phenomenon that is developing at a high rate both in terms of sports and in terms of business. It is natural that various factors influence this process throughout the history of its formation and development. Study Aim: to identify the key factors that influenced and influence the formation and development of professional sport in Europe and North America. Material and Methods. The main materials for the research were data from historical and modern materials regarding various factors that determined and determine now the peculiarities of professional sport development in Europe and North America. Methods: analysis and synthesis, historical method, systematic approach, theoretical interpretation and explanation. Results. Given the global phenomenon of professional sport in the modern world, it should be noted that its structure and effectiveness depend from a wide range of factors, both the external environment and those related to the construction of internal mechanisms of professional sports organizations. Among them: globalization, geopolitical and economic trends, transformation of information and communication technologies, crisis social factors, sports migration, population and demographic ratios in the country, monopoly and competition in the professional sports arena in relation to the coexistence of different organizations in one sport, the focus of professional leagues on higher efficiency. Among the factors that have a negative impact on the development of professional sport today should be noted corruption aspects of professional sports activities. Conclusions. The nature of the influence of these factors is determined by the territorial affiliation of professional sport organizations, as there are certain traditions and legal frameworks of their operation in the United States and various European countries, which have significant differences. At the same time, today the North American remains a more effective model of professional sport development in terms of organizational and economic efficiency.

Characterizing low-grade refractory gold ores using automated mineralogy coupled with LA ICP-MS

Researchers have made notable progress in quantifying refractory components causing gold losses in traditional extraction methods. The potential for improving gold recoveries lies in targeted re-treatment of the 'invisible' gold fraction hosted within various ore minerals, even at low concentrations. This study presents a methodology for analysing the refractory components that cause gold losses in traditional extraction methods. The approach utilizes automated mineralogical techniques in conjunction with in-situ laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA ICP-MS) to characterize low-grade refractory ores and assess gold deportment. The methodology combines pre-concentration gravity separation, traditional chemical and mineral techniques, and LA ICP-MS to generate comprehensive datasets. To demonstrate the practical application of the methodology, a case study was conducted on historical tailings material from Witwatersrand's Evander Goldfield in South Africa. The case study aimed to determine the mineralogical distribution of gold that cannot be extracted through cyanidation. The results indicated that invisible gold is primarily hosted in pyrite (with an average concentration of 10.21 ppm representing 32 % of total gold), other sulphides (with an average concentration of 1.29 ppm representing 0.42 % of total gold), and oxides (with an average concentration of 0.50 ppm representing 1 % of total gold). The remaining gold is present in discrete fine cyanide amenable phases (with 28 % deportment) and silicate-hosted phases (with 39 % deportment). Environmental monitoring of the Witwatersrand tailings material revealed a net “acid-producing” nature, with high concentrations of heavy metals (such as As, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, and Ni) associated with sulphides (with over 78 % deportment). The deportment information obtained through this approach can optimize ore processing strategies and provide valuable insights for future remediation plans. By characterizing the refractory components causing gold losses and understanding the distribution of gold within the ore, this methodology offers the potential to enhance gold recovery and improve the efficiency of ore processing operations.

REFLECTING THE LIFE AND ACTIVITIES OF THE STUDENT YOUTH ON THE PAGES OF THE REPUBLICAN NEWSPAPER «SOVETSKAYA CHUVASHIA» (2000–2023)

Studying the activities of youth organizations is an important problem in the historiography of Russian social policy. Such associations, created on the basis of young people’s interests, affect a wide variety of fields of their activities. As a result, addressing youth policy and students, which is a priority task of the state in modern conditions, becomes the most relevant area of research. An attentive attitude of the authorities to this aspect of the political and socio-economic life of the Russian Federation is characteristic of both the Center and the country’s regions, since its manifestation is associated with the functioning of various youth platforms and associations throughout the territory of the Russian state. The purpose of the article is to study the main activities of student youth based on publications in the republican newspaper «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» in 2000–2023. Materials and methods. The periodical «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» is taken as a historical source to study student youth’s activities. This choice was not made not by coincidence, since this newspaper is one of the important periodicals of the Chuvash Republic, the regional mass media, in which news information is regularly provided. When preparing the article, the author adhered to the basic approaches and methods of scientific analysis of historical material. Problem-chronological, comparative-historical methods and a systematic approach were important in clarifying the topic. Results. The newspaper «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» dates back to 1917. For many years, it has been acting as an indispensable source of information, the pages of which covered political, scientific, socio-economic, and sports life of the Chuvash Republic. The newspaper’s coverage of student youth activities is conditionally divided into four groups: student organizations and public policy; sports and leisure; youth science; creative, socially significant events and the educational system. The coverage of publications under study includes a relatively recent period of time – from 2000 to 2023. Conclusions. The information provided gives the opportunity to assess the historical sources, the value of which lies in the fact that they reflect the spirit of the times, make it possible to record individual facts and events, and convey the emotional background of the historical period. The main carrier of such pristine source information is the media. In this regard, in our opinion, «Sovetskaya Chuvashia» can certainly be considered as an informative source for revealing regional history. For more than 100 years of its existence, it includes a unique collection of articles, memoirs, interviews, excerpts from the regulatory framework, and photographic documents, which are valuable for research work. The activities of the student youth in Chuvashia and Russia as a whole should also be considered in this way.

Typification of Colletonema viridulum with the correct name for Frustulia erifuga and the description of a new Frustulia species (Amphipleuraceae, Bacillariophyta)

ABSTRACT The historic material of Colletonema viridulum from Falaise, France, has been investigated and compared with samples containing Frustulia erifuga and F. torfacea. Colletonema viridulum is considered to be the original material for F. erifuga, and comparison of both populations showed that C. viridulum is conspecific with the larger morphotype I of F. erifuga. Morphological analysis, using both LM and SEM observations of F. torfacea, described in 1853, did not reveal any morphological difference with C. viridulum. Consequently, the latter name should be accepted, in accordance with the priority rule of ICN, as the legitimate name for C. viridulum and F. erifuga. The smaller morphotype II of F. erifuga has enough morphological differences from C. viridulum to justify its recognition as a distinct species, described here as new: Frustulia subtorfacea Van de Vijver, Jüttner & Kusber, sp. nov. All populations are illustrated with LM and SEM images and their morphology is discussed.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE MENTALITY FOR MONGOLIANS’ SYMBOLISM BASED ON THE MYTH OF “KHUKHU NAMJIL”

Analyzing the symbolic mindset from an overview of the content of any myth is an expression of essence from phenomena, and it will be an important tool for determining the characteristics of the nation's mentality. Therefore, many legends of the origin of the Morin huur (Horsehead fiddle) were collected and compiled in the course of my research; then 15 selected myths which are called similar versions of Khuhu Namjil tied to the main motif with the main idea of "A young man who lost his magical flying horse to a villain was depressed and made fiddles for him” were confirmed that it’s the same version of the same myth in terms of their main content, narrative, and characters. Accordingly, this research mainly used historical material, genre division, text analysis, motif, and comparative study methods. In order to analyze the symbolic mentality of the Mongolians from the myths by using some theories of ritual, cultural studies, and aesthetics, it was analyzed and determined that "the characters of the horse with the wings of desire and the mother “Etugen” were created in their world of intellection". These characters are represented by the legendary “Jonon” black horse, flying winged horse, mermaid, and “Altai”s maiden and it was proved from the content that the abstract concept of spirit is believed to be as a winged horse, and the talisman of the owner of mountains and springs has been worshiped as a mermaid and a fairy for ages. In addition, it has been proved that the symbols of colors (such as green color representing “Lus” or the owner of Springs, black color as civilian, bravery, and splendor, and red color is as warmth and joy) and numbers (one, two, three) were created from Mongolian people's devotion and belief are reflected in the legend by using the events and the narratives in it. Basically, by deepening and expanding the scope of the study of the legend of the fiddle, which previous researchers studied, and by clarifying the meaning of the event and the ideology or mindset of the characters, it is not only innovative but also brings one step closer to the further research of the legend related to the origin of the fiddle thus, the results of this research are significant and a pioneer in the study of fiddle mythology.

The Humanistic Process and Spatial Practice of Chinese Zhenshan 鎮山 Worship

The “Zhenshan” 鎮山 (which means a mountain that guards a certain territory) system is based on the traditional Chinese view of nature, which formed and developed through a long period of Confucian humanistic construction. It is the typical representation of China’s nature-oriented worship space, and it has unique spatial order and spatial significance in the world’s sacred mountain worship. The excavation of the spatial characteristics of Zhenshan worship and its network of humanistic meanings is an important part of research that aims to discover the traditional Chinese values of nature, religious views, and Chinese worship space. Based on the analysis of graphic historical materials and a digital chronicle literature review, this paper quantitatively analyzes the historical information of Zhenshan and summarizes the process of change from the birth of the concept of Zhenshan in the Zhou dynasty to the formation of the sacrificial system in the Han dynasty and its gradual localization after the Tang and Song dynasties with an analysis of its spatial pattern and characteristics of worship. The results show that Zhenshan is one of the typical cultural symbols of the transformation of Chinese mountain worship into the unity of government and religion. And it is a typical product of Confucianism, in which the worship of nature in China is integrated into the political system, and its worship space is rooted in the national, regional, and urban spaces at multiple levels. The Zhenshan system, in the course of its dynamic development, has formed two types of worship space: temple sacrificial and metaphorical constraint, constructing a Chinese worship space based on the order of nature, which is distinctly different from the inward-looking religious space of the West and the sacred mountain worship space formed around the religion of the “supreme god”.

Mean values in historical studies

The article examines the possibilities of using averages in historical researches. The basic principles of the application of these mathematical indicators are considered, the main errors of researchers arising from non-compliance with these rules are identified. On the basis of historical material, such averages as arithmetic mean, mode and median are analyzed in detail, their calculation in simple and non-standard cases (if statistical indicators are presented in the form of groupings, closed or open intervals). The possibilities of the «Microsoft Excel» program for calculating averages are demonstrated. Finally, the indicators of variation are characterized, allowing to reflect the individual values of the units of the statistical population.

REMOVAL OF PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPES FROM VINTAGE SILVER GELATIN PRINTS USING SELECTED GEL-BASED SYSTEMS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Historical photographs play a significant role as records, documenting the various stages of the history of Egypt and reflecting our identity and social, cultural, and religious values. Silver gelatin prints were the dominant positive printing processes in the 20th century. One of the most common forms of damage found among photographic collections is tears, which may result from improper handling and misuse, inappropriate storage, disasters, and other factors. In the past, tears were mended using pressure-sensitive tapes by amateurs and conservators. Over time, these tapes caused damage to the photographic surfaces since they oxidised, forming stains that are difficult and sometimes impossible to remove. Recently, many gel-based systems have been developed for use in the conservation of different cultural and historical materials, particularly paper artifacts. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of Klucel G and agar, as gel systems that are favoured by conservation specialists, in removing pressure-sensitive tapes from the surfaces of silver gelatin prints, as well as to study their effect on the photographs themselves. Organic solvents were added to the gel systems, and invaluable old photographs were used for this study. After treatment, samples were subjected to artificial ageing at a temperature of 80°C and 65% RH. Evaluation of the selected treatments was carried out through visual inspection, microscopic examination, colorimetric measurements, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that both gel-based systems with mixed organic solvents gave great results compared to the conventional methods in terms of tape removal. However, colour change was detected in the case of agar gel-treated samples. Agarose gel may be a more proper option.

Bridging State and Society: College Students’ Collaborative Participation in Rural Construction in China

Collaborative participation of college students is an emerging trend in mitigating the brain drain from rural communities. However, the impact of the collaboration on community capacity building and the roles of these students have remained unclear. This article gives some theoretical concerns on collaborative planning in the specific context of China. It employs historical materials and illustrative cases to demonstrate that rural construction in China is an interactive process between state and society, with college students, exerting a mediating role. Cases indicate that during collaborative participation, expert knowledge and local knowledge are integrated.

Beyond Heritage Science: A Review

Heritage science is an established and thriving field of enquiry. Initially considered as inherently cross-disciplinary, encompassing both the needs of conservators and practitioners and the high-quality evidence produced by scientists, heritage science has, through its expansion in recent years, formed a discipline in its own right. Here, we examine how heritage science can, and to an extent has, moved beyond the straightforward scientific analysis of historical materials and artefacts through an exploration of heritage science’s interactions with four key themes: (i) historical and archival research, (ii) conservation practice, (iii) policy at governmental, organisational and institutional levels, and (iv) a view to how new technologies, such as machine learning and artificial intelligence, can shape the future of heritage science. Much of the review narrative is framed via the analysis of UK-based case studies; however, they deal with issues that are international in nature (universal) and therefore transcend the UK context. Taken together, we demonstrate that heritage science as a discipline is capable of directly instigating or (re-)framing new areas or avenues of research, as well as enhancing and feeding into existing research questions, and has adapted and evolved along with emerging technologies and funding opportunities.