Historical Manuscripts Research Articles

Non-invasive imaging and spectroscopy techniques for identifying historical pigments: a case study of Iranian manuscripts from the Qajar era

In recent years, the expansion of non-invasive methods has been a trend in identifying historical pigments. Accordingly, this study aimed to identify the pigments used in three Iranian historical manuscripts from the Qajar era by utilizing a non-invasive and multi-analytical approach. A combination of various multi-band imaging methods, along with µ-XRF, Raman and FORS spectroscopy, were employed to identify pigments. The results revealed that emerald green, cochineal, ultramarine, orpiment, and red lead were used as pigments for green, red, blue, yellow, and orange colors on a golden leaf made of brass alloy. The study also demonstrated the mixtures of lead-barite white, lead white-ultramarine and lead white-red lead-indigo-cochineal in the white, light blue, and pink sections. While multi-band imaging was found to be a suitable tool for the primary classification of pigments, relying solely on this method without a complete pigment database is not advisable, as differences in underlying paint layers and mixed pigments can affect imaging results. Overall, the combination of imaging and spectroscopic techniques provides a reliable and non-invasive approach to identifying historical pigments and their alterations.

An Eco-Friendly Approach Utilizing Green Synthesized Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Leather Conservation against a Fungal Strain, Penicillium expansum AL1, Involved in the Biodeterioration of a Historical Manuscript.

The main hypothesis of the present research is investigating the efficacy of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) to prevent the growth of fungal strains when applied on leather under an experimental study. Therefore, fifteen fungal strains were isolated from a deteriorated historical manuscript (papers and leathers) and identified by traditional methods and ITS sequence analysis, including Aspergillus chevalieri (one isolate), A. nidulans (two strains), A. flavus (four strains), A. cristatus (one strain), A. niger (one strain), Paecilomyces fulvus (two strains), Penicillium expansum (two strains), and P. citrinum (two strains). The enzymes cellulase, amylase, pectinase, and gelatinase, which play a crucial role in biodegradation, were highly active in these fungal strains. TiO2-NPs were formed using the cell-free filtrate of the probiotic bacterial strain, Lactobacillus plantarum, and characterized. Data showed that the TiO2-NPs were successfully formed with a spherical shape and anatase phase with sizes of 2-8 nm. Moreover, the EDX analysis revealed that the Ti and O ions occupied the main component with weight percentages of 41.66 and 31.76%, respectively. The in vitro cytotoxicity of TiO2-NPs toward two normal cell lines, WI38 and HFB4, showed a low toxicity effect against normal cells (IC50 = 114.1 ± 8.1µg mL-1 for Wi38, and 237.5 ± 3.5µg mL-1 for HFB4). Therefore, concentrations of 100 μg mL-1 were used to load on prepared leather samples before inoculation with fungal strain P. expansum AL1. The experimental study revealed that the loaded TiO2-NPs have the efficacy to inhibit fungal growth with percentages of 73.2 ± 2.5%, 84.2 ± 1.8%, and 88.8 ± 0.6% after 7, 14, and 21 days, respectively. Also, the analyses including SEM, FTIR-ART, color change, and mechanical properties for leather inoculated with fungal strain AL1 in the absence of NPs showed high damage aspects compared to those inoculated with fungal strains in the presence of TiO2-NPs.

Handwritten Text Recognition from Image

Abstract: A computer vision program called Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) attempts to recognize and translate handwritten text from scanned or photographed images. In this project, we suggest implementing an HTR system using Tesseract and OpenCV. English, Chinese, and Arabic are all supported by the popular open-source optical character recognition (OCR) engine known as Tesseract. It is employed to find and identify printed text within photographs. On the other hand, OpenCV is a well-liked computer vision library that offers several tools for processing and analyzing images. The pre-processing step of the proposed system uses OpenCV to increase the input image's quality and OCR accuracy. After that, Tesseract receives the pre-processed image for text recognition. The extracted text is then saved in a text file after being identified. To enhance the quality of the input image, the project will use several pre-processing techniques, including deskewing, noise removal, and binarization. With the help of a sizable dataset of handwritten photographs, the Tesseract OCR engine is taught to recognize handwritten text more accurately. The HTR system can be used in a variety of fields, including document analysis, historical manuscript digitalization, and postal automation. It can also be applied in academic settings to help students translate their notes and assignments. Therefore, it is anticipated that the proposed HTR system employing Tesseract and OpenCV will offer a reliable and effective method for identifying and transcribing handwritten text from photographs.

Analytical methods for evaluating the state of preservation of a historical manuscript dating back to the 15th century AD in Al-Azhar Library – Egypt

Purpose This study aims to evaluate the state of preservation of one of the most famous manuscripts dated back to the 15th century using some analytical techniques to identify the manuscript components, explain its deterioration mechanisms and produce some solutions for conservation processes in future studies. Design/methodology/approach The analytical techniques used were visual assessment, digital microscope, scanning electron microscope (SEM) with EDX, pH measurement, attenuated total reflection – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR/FTIR) and cellulose crystallinity. Findings Stains, missed parts and scratching were the most common aspects of deterioration. Some insects were observed by digital microscope. The SEM showed that linen fibers and goat skin were used to manufacture paper sheets and leather binding. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis proved that niobium and tantalum were added during the manufacture of paper sheets. Carbon black ink was the main writing material. The other pigments used were cinnabar in red ink, gold color from brass and blue color from lapis lazuli. FTIR analysis proved that some chemical changes were noticed. Low crystallinity of the historical paper was obtained. There was a reduction in the pH value of the historical bookbinding. Originality/value The importance of the analytical techniques used to detect the main components, forms and mechanism of deterioration of the studied manuscript. The elements of niobium and tantalum were added to paper sheets, which protected them from deterioration. The insects such as house flies and Sitophilus granarius were found in the manuscripts.

Open set classification of untranscribed handwritten text image documents

Content-based classification of manuscripts is an important task that is generally carried out by expert archivists. Nevertheless, many historical manuscript collections are so vast that in most cases this task is hardly feasible, even for large, well staffed archives. Nowadays, manuscripts are generally preserved in the form of sets of digital images. Therefore, the technical problem we are interested in is automatic classification of “‘image documents”, each consisting of a set of untranscribed handwritten text images, by the textual contents of the images. The traditional Pattern Recognition classification paradigm does provide the basic tools to deal with this problem. However, in practice, the set of relevant classes of a large documental series is seldom known in advance. Therefore, a classifier trained with a predefined set of classes will systematically fail when new image documents arrive which do not belong to any of the classes assumed in training. Here we adopt the “Open Set Classification” framework to extend and consolidate our previous work on image document classification in order to adequately handle new documents from unknown classes. The proposed approaches are based on a relatively novel technology for text image representation known as “probabilistic indexing”, which proves very effective to characterise the intrinsic word-level uncertainty exhibited by historical handwritten text images. We assess the performance of this approach on a moderately sized but representative dataset extracted from a huge series of complex notarial manuscripts from the Spanish Archivo Histórico Provincial de Cádiz, with good results.

A shadow of ink: Test papers soaked in 4:7-diphenyl-1:10-phenanthroline as a carrier of elemental information for spectrochemical investigations of manuscripts by XRF, LA-ICP-MS and SIMS

In this study, X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF), Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) have been used to assess the transfer of ions between iron-gall inks and indicator papers soaked in 4:7-diphenyl-1:10-phenanthroline. Such indicators are commonly used in the conservation practice to detect Fe(II) ions and diagnose a presence of ink corrosion phenomena in historical manuscripts. For this purpose four different model inks with variable Fe:Cu proportions were prepared on the basis of gall nuts extract mixed with FeSO4.7H2O, CuSO4.5H2O and Gum Arabic. Obtained results indicate that apart from the main components of inks (S, Fe and Cu) also other elements can migrate to indicator test papers. Collected XRF and LA-ICP-MS data were consistent in their potential for reconstructing major elemental composition of model inks on the basis of indirect analysis with indicator test papers. LA-ICP-MS extended the range of learning into the trace elemental composition, while SIMS allowed observations of structurally significant fragment ions (ML2+, ML+, M+) where L = 4:7-diphenyl-1:10-phenanthroline and M = Fe or Cu ions.

Erratum: Inequitable Exposures to U.S. Coal Power Plant–Related PM2.5: 22 Years and Counting

Vol. 131, No. 5 ErratumOpen AccessErratum: Inequitable Exposures to U.S. Coal Power Plant–Related PM2.5: 22 Years and Countingis correction ofInequitable Exposures to U.S. Coal Power Plant–Related PM2.5: 22 Years and Counting Lucas R.F. Henneman, Munshi Md Rasel, Christine Choirat, Susan C. Anenberg, and Corwin Zigler Lucas R.F. Henneman https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-8761 Search for more papers by this author , Munshi Md Rasel Search for more papers by this author , Christine Choirat Search for more papers by this author , Susan C. Anenberg Search for more papers by this author , and Corwin Zigler Search for more papers by this author Published:15 May 2023CID: 059002https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13191AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Table 1 incorrectly labeled low-operation year population-weighted exposure as “High-operation years” in the “Avoided: reduced operation after scrubber” naming convention. In addition, Figure 2 was presented in poor quality in the pdf version (not the html).FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesInequitable Exposures to U.S. Coal Power Plant–Related PM2.5: 22 Years and Counting8 March 2023Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 131, No. 5 May 2023Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Manuscript received20 April 2023Manuscript accepted21 April 2023Originally published15 May 2023 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Erratum: Examining the Relationship between Climate Change and Vibriosis in the United States: Projected Health and Economic Impacts for the 21st Century

Vol. 131, No. 5 ErratumOpen AccessErratum: Examining the Relationship between Climate Change and Vibriosis in the United States: Projected Health and Economic Impacts for the 21st Centuryis correction ofExamining the Relationship between Climate Change and Vibriosis in the United States: Projected Health and Economic Impacts for the 21st Century Megan Sheahan, Caitlin A. Gould, James E. Neumann, Patrick L. Kinney, Sandra Hoffmann, Charles Fant, Xinyue Wang, and Michael Kolian Megan Sheahan Search for more papers by this author , Caitlin A. Gould Search for more papers by this author , James E. Neumann Search for more papers by this author , Patrick L. Kinney Search for more papers by this author , Sandra Hoffmann Search for more papers by this author , Charles Fant Search for more papers by this author , Xinyue Wang Search for more papers by this author , and Michael Kolian https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7134-8317 Search for more papers by this author Published:15 May 2023CID: 059001https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13087AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit A comma was misplaced in Table 1. In the last column (OTHER [Equation 4]), the value for Observations (n) should be 46,512 rather than the reported 4,6512.Several values in Table 4 of the main manuscript were incorrectly reported. The corrected table is shown below.EHP regrets these errors.Table 4 Total cost of vibriosis in the United States projected for the years 2030, 2050, 2070, and 2090 (2018 U.S. dollars, millions).Direct medical costsIndirect productivityMortalityTotalEraRCP4.5RCP8.5RCP4.5RCP8.5RCP4.5RCP8.5RCP4.5RCP8.5PAR Baseline10.8010.8010.9010.9095.5095.50117.20117.20 203014.0014.3019.3019.70140.00143.00173.30177.00 205015.7017.2029.1031.90177.00194.00221.80243.10 207017.0021.3041.0051.20213.00266.00271.00338.50 209017.7025.8054.0078.90244.00356.00315.70460.70VUL Baseline30.5030.500.410.411,140.001,140.001,170.911,170.91 203039.7040.400.730.741,680.001,710.001,720.431,751.14 205044.1048.001.091.192,100.002,290.002,145.192,339.19 207047.3058.301.521.872,500.003,080.002,548.823,140.17 209049.0070.402.002.872,850.004,100.002,901.004,173.27ALG Baseline5.965.963.803.80162.00162.00171.76171.76 20307.467.606.486.60229.00233.00242.95247.19 20508.278.989.6510.50287.00311.00304.92330.48 20708.8910.7013.5016.30341.00412.00363.39439.00 20909.1612.7017.6024.40387.00537.00413.76574.10OTHER Baseline25.3025.3016.1016.10687.00687.00728.40728.40 203030.4030.8026.4026.80935.00947.00991.801,004.60 205032.9035.1038.4041.001,140.001,220.001,211.301,296.10 207034.8040.6052.7061.401,330.001,560.001,417.501,662.00 209035.7046.7068.6089.801,510.001,970.001,614.302,106.50TOTAL Baseline72.5672.5631.2131.212,084.502,084.502,188.272,188.27 203091.5693.1052.9153.842,984.003,033.003,128.483,179.94 2050100.97109.2878.2484.593,704.004,015.003,883.224,208.87 2070107.99130.90108.72130.774,384.005,318.004,600.715,579.67 2090111.56155.60142.20195.974,991.006,963.005,244.767,314.57Note: Table presents the total cost of vibriosis in the United States in the baseline period and in future eras. The total number of cases are derived from the mean values presented in Table 2 and are divided into their health outcomes per the percentage breakdowns in Table 3. The unit costs applied to these cases are also presented in Table 3 and described in Section “Estimate Economic Impact of Future Vibriosis.” Baseline is 1995 era and projected using a statistical model (not actual observed cases) using 2018 as the base year from the regression model results (new testing era). ALG, V. algionolyticus; OTHER, other non V. cholerae Vibrio species, including V. cholerae non-O1 and non-O139, V. cincinnatiensis, V. damsela, V. fluvialis, V. furnissii, V. hollisae, V. metschnikovii, V. mimicus, V. species not identified, multiple V. species, and other; PAR, V. parahaemolyticus; RCP, Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP 4.5 refers to a lower emissions scenario, whereas RCP8.5 refers to a higher emissions scenario); VUL, V. vulnificus.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesExamining the Relationship between Climate Change and Vibriosis in the United States: Projected Health and Economic Impacts for the 21st Century19 August 2022Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 131, No. 5 May 2023Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Manuscript received29 March 2023Manuscript accepted31 March 2023Originally published15 May 2023 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

Derek Denny-Brown: His Life in New Zealand and England 1901–1941 (P4-3.008)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To describe Denny-Brown’s early life and education in New Zealand, Oxford and London, and how they influenced his career in neurology <h3>Background:</h3> Denny-Brown is remembered for his career at Harvard University and Boston City Hospital (1941–1967), but less is known about his life before 1941. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Review of archives and historical manuscripts. <h3>Results:</h3> Denny-Brown was born in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1901, where his father worked for a life insurance company. His secondary schooling was in an isolated town on the west coast of New Zealand. He studied medicine at University of Otago where his interest in the nervous system was stimulated by the Professor of Anatomy, Percy Gowland. After graduating in 1924 he spent a year studying the tuatara brain. With Gowland’s encouragement, Denny-Brown secured a Beit Fellowship, which allowed him to study neurophysiology with Sherrington at Oxford. This resulted in publication of 15 papers, a D.Phil. and co-authorship of “Reflex Activity of the Spinal Cord”. Following his successful early career in basic neurophysiology, Denny-Brown trained in neurology at the National Hospital, Queen Square. He was appointed as neurologist at Queen Square and St. Bartholomew’s Hospital. In 1936 he worked with Fulton at Yale. His most significant publications in the 1930s were on fibrillation, fasciculation and myotonia and his self-experimentation on micturition and defecation. He was frustrated by lack of time available for research and in 1939 he applied successfully for appointment as Professor of Neurology at Harvard. His commitment to the British Army meant he was unable to take up that position until 1941. From 1939–1941 he conducted experimental research on head injury at St Hugh’s Military Hospital, Oxford. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Denny-Brown’s career in neurology was shaped by his studies in neuroanatomy in New Zealand and neurophysiology in Oxford, and by Gowland, Sherrington and several British neurologists. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Anderson has nothing to disclose. Dr. Gilman has nothing to disclose.

Antifungal Activity of Cell-Free Filtrate of Probiotic Bacteria Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC-7469 against Fungal Strains Isolated from a Historical Manuscript.

Herein, twelve fungal strains were isolated from a deteriorated historical manuscript dated back to the 18th century. The obtained fungal strains were identified, using the traditional method and ITS sequence analysis, as Cladosporium herbarum (two strains), Aspergillus fumigatus (five strains), A. ustus (one strain), A. flavus (two strains), A. niger (one strain), and Penicillium chrysogenum (one strain). The ability of these fungal strains to degrade the main components of the paper was investigated by their activity to secrete extracellular enzymes including cellulase, amylase, gelatinase, and pectinase. The cell-free filtrate (CFF) ability of the probiotic bacterial strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC-7469 to inhibit fungal growth was investigated. The metabolic profile of CFF was detected by GC-MS analysis, which confirmed the low and high molecular weight of various active chemical compounds. The safe dose to be used for the biocontrol of fungal growth was selected by investigating the biocompatibility of CFF and two normal cell lines, Wi38 (normal lung tissue) and HFB4 (normal human skin melanocyte). Data showed that the CFF has a cytotoxic effect against the two normal cell lines at high concentrations, with IC50 values of 525.2 ± 9.8 and 329.1 ± 4.2 µg mL-1 for Wi38 and HFB4, respectively. The antifungal activity showed that the CFF has promising activity against all fungal strains in a concentration-dependent manner. The highest antifungal activity (100%) was recorded for a concentration of 300 µg mL-1 with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) in the ranges of 21.3 ± 0.6 to 17.7 ± 0.5 mm. At a concentration of 100 µg mL-1, the activity of CFF remained effective against all fungal strains (100%), but its effectiveness decreased to only inhibit the growth of eight strains (66%) out of the total at 50 µg mL-1. In general, probiotic bacterial strains containing CFF are safe and can be considered as a potential option for inhibiting the growth of various fungal strains. It is recommended that they be used in the preservation of degraded historical papers.

Manuscripts Character Recognition Using Machine Learning and Deep Learning

The automatic character recognition of historic documents gained more attention from scholars recently, due to the big improvements in computer vision, image processing, and digitization. While Neural Networks, the current state-of-the-art models used for image recognition, are very performant, they typically suffer from using large amounts of training data. In our study we manually built our own relatively small dataset of 404 characters by cropping letter images from a popular historic manuscript, the Electronic Beowulf. To compensate for the small dataset we use ImageDataGenerator, a Python library was used to augment our Beowulf manuscript’s dataset. The training dataset was augmented once, twice, and thrice, which we call resampling 1, resampling 2, and resampling 3, respectively. To classify the manuscript’s character images efficiently, we developed a customized Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model. We conducted a comparative analysis of the results achieved by our proposed model with other machine learning (ML) models such as support vector machine (SVM), K-nearest neighbor (KNN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and XGBoost. We used pretrained models such as VGG16, MobileNet, and ResNet50 to extract features from character images. We then trained and tested the above ML models and recorded the results. Moreover, we validated our proposed CNN model against the well-established MNIST dataset. Our proposed CNN model achieves very good recognition accuracies of 88.67%, 90.91%, and 98.86% in the cases of resampling 1, resampling 2, and resampling 3, respectively, for the Beowulf manuscript’s data. Additionally, our CNN model achieves the benchmark recognition accuracy of 99.03% for the MNIST dataset.

Synthetic antioxidants as iron gall ink corrosion inhibitors in historical manuscripts

Synthetic antioxidants as iron gall ink corrosion inhibitors in historical manuscripts

Making Christian History: Eusebius of Caesarea and His Readers by Michael J. Hollerich

Reviewed by: Making Christian History: Eusebius of Caesarea and His Readers by Michael J. Hollerich Carson Bay Michael J. Hollerich Making Christian History: Eusebius of Caesarea and His Readers Berkeley: University of California Press, 2021 Pp. xi + 316. HB/E-Book $95.00. This book is a pleasure to read. A prominent Eusebius scholar details an expansive account of Eusebius’s foundational place in the history of Christian-history writing. While selective and diffuse in subject matter, the information distilled herein encapsulates the most important aspects of Eusebius’s Historia Ecclesiastica (HE) and its legacy. Chapter One proffers an expert, up-to-date, expeditious introduction to Eusebiana: a survey of Eusebius’s life and works and his literary predecessors: Hegesippus, Julius Africanus, and Flavius Josephus. Most important here are 1) Hollerich’s four-part framework for defining Eusebius’s “theo-political vision,” the intellectual lifeblood of Eusebian literature, and 2) in-depth introductions to the HE and Chronicle. One problem: Hollerich tacitly affirms Momigliano’s statement (“Pagan and Christian Historiography in the Fourth Century A.D.” in Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography [Middltown, CN: Wesleyan University Press, 1975]) that Christians invented new historiographies in the fourth century (ecclesiastical history, saint biography) and completely failed to reproduce “ordinary military, political, or diplomatic history in Christian terms” (32). At least one history from the generation after Eusebius directly contradicts this: Pseudo-Hegesippus’s On the Destruction of Jerusalem—a minor issue for a book on Eusebius, however. Chapter Two approaches HE’s Greek reception, first reading its manuscript history as reception, following approaches by Aaron Butts (for Syriac) and Rosamind McKitterick (for Latin). This survey is based on Matthieu Cassin’s recent work. Next Hollerich summarizes Rufinus’s translation-continuation of HE and the fifth-century Greek church historians that followed in Eusebius’s footsteps: Philostorgius, Socrates Scholasticus, Sozomen, Theodoret, and Evagrius Scholasticus. Hollerich’s treatment of this Eusebian historiographical “canon” is excellent, lightly reflecting on the reception of Eusebius’s “theo-political vision” and relying much on Peter Van Nuffelen, then Annick Martin, then Michael Whitby. This chapter clarifies this book as that of a historian: historical contents and contexts—as opposed to literature, philology, or theory—remain the clear object of inquiry. Hollerich dedicates Chapter Three to the HE’s reception in the “Non-Greek East”—a sign of the times, in which the study of Syriac, Coptic, and Armenian traditions is trending upwards. Hollerich provides a readable, thorough, illuminating romp exploring Eusebius’s influence on these three regional/linguistic Christian historiographical traditions. Relying again upon various experts, he shows how Eusebius’ Chronicle and HE supported a Syriac church history tradition that gave way around the sixth century to chronicling, and how West Syrian writers revived ecclesiastical history modeled on Eusebius’s HE. A special case is Eusebius’s Abgar legend (HE 1.13, 2.1.6–7), transformed into the Doctrina Addai, a purported correspondence between Jesus and the king of Edessa resulting in the [End Page 111] evangelization of that city by the apostle Thomas’s envoy Thaddeus (=Addai). Hollerich next summarizes how Armenian “church histories,” epitomized by the History of Armenia atttributed to Movsēs Xorenac’I, cribbed off the Chronicle and HE, along with Syriac traditions, in producing a more nationalistic Christian historiography (for example, an embellished Doctrina Addai connecting Armenia itself to Jesus via Thomas’s evangelist). Finally, Hollerich frames Eusebius’s work within the intricate Coptic church history tradition, working backwards from the Arabic History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria to the fragmentary “Coptic church history” embedded in the former, which is rendered in problematic Coptic Books 1–7 of Eusebius’s HE. The fourth- and fifth-century doctrinal disputes that alienated the Syriac, Armenian, and Coptic ecclesial traditions from Constantinople and the West left pockmarks on each of these traditions. Chapter Four deals with Eusebius’s afterlife within Latin Christendom. Rufinus translated and emended the HE, and Jerome translated and extended (part of) the Chronicle. Also in play are Bede and the regional, national, and/or contemporary Christian historiographies that sourced Eusebius. Hollerich mentions Cassiodorus’s importance in cementing Eusebius’s authority within his Institutions of Divine and Secular Learning. There Eusebius...

Erratum: Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don't We Know More?

Vol. 131, No. 3 ErratumOpen AccessErratum: Current Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More?is correction ofCurrent Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More? Judy S. LaKind, Marc-André Verner, Rachel D. Rogers, Helen Goeden, Daniel Q. Naiman, Satori A. Marchitti, Geniece M. Lehmann, Erin P. Hines, and Suzanne E. Fenton Judy S. LaKind Search for more papers by this author , Marc-André Verner Search for more papers by this author , Rachel D. Rogers Search for more papers by this author , Helen Goeden Search for more papers by this author , Daniel Q. Naiman Search for more papers by this author , Satori A. Marchitti Search for more papers by this author , Geniece M. Lehmann Search for more papers by this author , Erin P. Hines Search for more papers by this author , and Suzanne E. Fenton https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8956-398X Search for more papers by this author Published:17 March 2023CID: 039001https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12915AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit During the paper editing process, two values in Table 2 were mistakenly modified. Milk:serum concentration ratios from the “Kärrman et al. 2007” study should be 0.01 for PFOS and 0.01 PFNA. This error affects values in Table 2 only. All calculations were performed with the correct values.The authors regret the error.Table 2 Published milk:serum concentration ratios for PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA.StudyCountryPFOAPFOSPFHxSPFNACariou et al. 2015France0.038 (lowercase italic n equals 10n=10)0.011 (lowercase italic n equals 19n=19)0.012 (lowercase italic n equals 8n=8)—Kärrman et al. 2007Sweden0.12 (lowercase italic n equals 1n=1)0.01 (lowercase italic n equals 12n=12)0.02 (lowercase italic n equals 12n=12)0.01 (lowercase italic n equals 2n=2)Kim et al. 2011Korea0.025 (lowercase italic n equals 17n=17)0.011 (lowercase italic n equals 17n=17)0.008 (lowercase italic n equals 17n=17)—Liu et al. 2011China0.11 (lowercase italic n equals 50n=50)0.02 (lowercase italic n equals 50n=50)—0.05 (lowercase italic n equals 50n=50)Mean0.07330.01300.01330.030Note: lowercase italic n equalsn=number of samples with measured milk and serum concentrations within individual studies. —, no data; PFHxS, perfluorohexane sulfonate; PFNA, perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA, perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesCurrent Breast Milk PFAS Levels in the United States and Canada: After All This Time, Why Don’t We Know More?23 February 2022Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 131, No. 3 March 2023Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Manuscript received17 February 2023Manuscript accepted23 February 2023Originally published17 March 2023 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

HISTORY of The APOSTLES of IBN AL - JAWHARI

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; After the realization of manuscripts of important topics in the field of Islamic history and the purpose of it is to flick the old texts and redraft them in an attempt to retrieve Islamic history which submitted for types of increase and deletion, distortion and desertification in different time. It was honored to take out this manuscript history of the maded of the prophets sheikh Mohammed bin Ahmed bin Hassan bin Abdul Karim AL Khalidi AL Shafei the famous (Ibn AL Jawhary).&#x0D; The time of author , may God have mercy on him some of the biography of the prophets on the whole, and dealt with the difference in their prophecy. As well as in the statement of their origin and who entered Egypt and who was born a circumcision and I have stood for a unique copy of this letter so I copied it and commented on it and present introduction and head lights as shown in the letter.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; And I make several recommendation, including interest in the achievement of heritage books .

A new method for writer identification based on historical documents

Abstract Identifying the writer of a handwritten document has remained an interesting pattern classification problem for document examiners, forensic experts, and paleographers. While mature identification systems have been developed for handwriting in contemporary documents, the problem remains challenging from the viewpoint of historical manuscripts. Design and development of expert systems that can identify the writer of a questioned manuscript or retrieve samples belonging to a given writer can greatly help the paleographers in their practices. In this context, the current study exploits the textural information in handwriting to characterize writer from historical documents. More specifically, we employ oBIF(oriented Basic Image Features) and hinge features and introduce a novel moment-based matching method to compare the feature vectors extracted from writing samples. Classification is based on minimization of a similarity criterion using the proposed moment distance. A comprehensive series of experiments using the International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition 2017 historical writer identification dataset reported promising results and validated the ideas put forward in this study.

Handwritten Multi-Scale Chinese Character Detector with Blended Region Attention Features and Light-Weighted Learning.

Character-level detection in historical manuscripts is one of the challenging and valuable tasks in the computer vision field, related directly and effectively to the recognition task. Most of the existing techniques, though promising, seem not powerful and insufficiently accurate to locate characters precisely. In this paper, we present a novel algorithm called free-candidate multiscale Chinese character detection FC-MSCCD, which is based on lateral and fusion connections between multiple feature layers, to successfully predict Chinese characters of different sizes more accurately in old documents. Moreover, cheap training is exploited using cheaper parameters by incorporating a free-candidate detection technique. A bottom-up architecture with connections and concatenations between various dimension feature maps is employed to attain high-quality information that satisfies the positioning criteria of characters, and the implementation of a proposal-free algorithm presents a computation-friendly model. Owing to a lack of handwritten Chinese character datasets from old documents, experiments on newly collected benchmark train and validate FC-MSCCD to show that the proposed detection approach outperforms roughly all other SOTA detection algorithms.

Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using probiotic strain Lactobacillus gasseri and their activity against fungal strains isolated from historical manuscripts

Green synthesis of magnesium oxide nanoparticles using probiotic strain Lactobacillus gasseri and their activity against fungal strains isolated from historical manuscripts

Erratum: Exposure to Air Pollution during Pre-Hypertension and Subsequent Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death: A Trajectory Analysis of the UK Biobank Cohort.

Vol. 131, No. 2 ErratumOpen AccessErratum: Exposure to Air Pollution during Pre-Hypertension and Subsequent Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death: A Trajectory Analysis of the UK Biobank Cohortis correction ofExposure to Air Pollution during Pre-Hypertension and Subsequent Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death: A Trajectory Analysis of the UK Biobank Cohort Shiyu Zhang, Zhengmin Min Qian, Lan Chen, Xing Zhao, Miao Cai, Chongjian Wang, Hongtao Zou, Yinglin Wu, Zilong Zhang, Haitao Li, and Hualiang Lin Shiyu Zhang Search for more papers by this author , Zhengmin Min Qian Search for more papers by this author , Lan Chen Search for more papers by this author , Xing Zhao Search for more papers by this author , Miao Cai Search for more papers by this author , Chongjian Wang Search for more papers by this author , Hongtao Zou Search for more papers by this author , Yinglin Wu Search for more papers by this author , Zilong Zhang Search for more papers by this author , Haitao Li Search for more papers by this author , and Hualiang Lin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3643-9408 Search for more papers by this author Published:27 February 2023CID: 029001https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12836AboutSectionsPDF ToolsDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit The email of the corresponding author, Hualiang Lin, was incorrectly stated and should be [email protected]sysu.edu.cn. In addition, the funding recipient was incorrectly listed as H.T.L. Funding support was awarded to H.L.L. Finally, the hazard ratio (HR) listed for the association of PM2.5 with transitioning from pre-hypertensive status (HTN) to HTN in the fifth sentence of the Results, “Associations between Air Pollution and Dynamic CVD Progression Using Cox Regressions” was incorrectly reported as 1.00. This sentence should read “PM2.5 exposure was positively associated with transitioning from pre-HTN to HTN (HR=1.100; 95% CI: 1.079, 1.120)…”.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsRelated articlesExposure to Air Pollution during Pre-Hypertension and Subsequent Hypertension, Cardiovascular Disease, and Death: A Trajectory Analysis of the UK Biobank Cohort25 January 2023Environmental Health Perspectives Vol. 131, No. 2 February 2023Metrics About Article Metrics Publication History Manuscript received2 February 2023Manuscript accepted3 February 2023Originally published27 February 2023 Financial disclosuresPDF download License information EHP is an open-access journal published with support from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health. All content is public domain unless otherwise noted. Note to readers with disabilities EHP strives to ensure that all journal content is accessible to all readers. However, some figures and Supplemental Material published in EHP articles may not conform to 508 standards due to the complexity of the information being presented. If you need assistance accessing journal content, please contact [email protected]. Our staff will work with you to assess and meet your accessibility needs within 3 working days.

ЗАГАЛЬНИЙ ОГЛЯД НАЙБІЛЬШ РАННІХ АЦТЕКСЬКИХ КОДЕКСІВ

The importance of Mesoamerican codices as sources for studying the history and culture of the civilizations of this region is difficult to overestimate. More than 300 manuscripts, the origin of which is associated with the Mexica (Aztec) culture have survived to this day. Among other peoples of Mesoamerica, the conquerors from the Old World were the most interested exactly in the Aztecs. The Europeans studied indigenous language, culture and customs in order to know and understand their enemy. Traditional local books (codices) served as both a source of information and a means of influence. They were carefully studied, copied, translated and shipped to the Old World. The attitude of the colonial authorities towards such manuscripts was ambiguous. On the one hand, many codices were destroyed by the Catholic Inquisition as part of a campaign to eliminate traditional beliefs. On the other hand, the authorities actively sponsored the creation of new books, ordered them from local masters and reproduced them. Almost all surviving documents of this type were written after the conquest of the region, so only a few of the earliest manuscripts still embody the original artistic tradition. By studying them, we can trace how local customs are changing and gradually displacing under the influence of European culture. The article, based on the English- and Spanish-language scientific literature, as well as visual sources, contains basic information about the five earliest Aztec codices. Their alternative names and modern place of storage are specified, physical characteristics are given, the history of manuscripts, their content and artistic features are indicated. The work also highlights different views of modern researchers on the problem of dating those codices, the exact time of creation of which has not yet been finally established. Not a single Aztec manuscript that is unanimously recognized by scholars as pre-colonial has survived. The most ancient of them, according to the vast majority of researchers, were created either immediately before the Conquest, or in the first years after its start. On the basis of analyzed sources and literature, it was established that four of the five codices considered in this work to a greater or lesser degree contain obvious traces of European culture’s influence. The article also notes the importance of studying the Mesoamerican codices as sources on the history and culture of the region, with particular emphasis on the relevance of this problem in the Ukrainian-speaking scientific space.