Historical Links Research Articles

Edukacja domowa w okresie Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej – przypadek odnaleziony

Introduction: The article concerns home education in the People’s Republic of Poland which was cultivated by Danuta and Bartłomiej Maria Boba. They did not send their five children to school in the years 1952–1981; despite the ban, they educated them on their own. Research Aim: The aim of the study was to fill an existing gap in the knowledge about the story of home education in Poland after the Second World War. So far, there have been no known examples of homeschooling in the socialist times. It was thought that it did not take place at all and only started to emerge after the political changes. Method: The study is of a qualitative nature; it was conducted using the narrative interview method. The resulting material was subjected to analysis and interpretation. Additionally, document examination was used. Results: Despite the government’s efforts to force all citizens into participation in the education system controlled by the state, there was a case of homeschooling in Poland. The reconstruction of the Boba family’s experience gives knowledge of the motivation to raise children away from the influence of school, as well as on the methods and effects of teaching off school. It brings knowledge of the values the family attached to home education and provides a proof of determination of the parents who stood firmly in their commitment despite repressions against them. Conclusions: The case retrieved is isolated. The hardships suffered by the Boba family did not contribute to any legal changes, nor did they affect other families’ fates. Their fight against the communist regime complements the image of home education known so far and enables a better understanding of it. It shows how important it can be for parents to raise children in line with their own conscience. Freedom, reconstructed in previous studies as a core value attributed to home education both nowadays and in the distant past, turned out to be the core value in this case as well. The Boba family education is a historical link between tradition and the present day of Polish homeschooling.

Pendidikan Islam Homeschooling dalam Perspektif Pendidikan Islam Multi, Inter dan Transdisipliner

This paper examines homeschooling Islamic Education in the point of view of multi, inter and transdisciplinary Islamic education. Multidimensional Islamic education entrusts integration in each of its components so that a complete, holistic and integral understanding is formed. The linearity of science and monodisciplinary approaches in the family of religious sciences will result in the understanding and interpretation of religion losing touch with its reality and relevance to the surrounding life to the issues studied. In this context, home-based Homeschooling model education and has flexibility in the learning process provides an alternative education that is expected to be able to concoct the concept of Islamic education that is multi, inter and transdisciplinary so that the goal of Islamic education to realize the generation of Insan Kamil can be achieved in addition to that Islamic homeschooling education has a syar'I basis and has historical links in its educational methods.

The Cultural and Historical links between Turks and Afghans in the First Era of Islam

Though Turks and Afghans are located far off geographically yet it may not be perceived as a marker of friction between the two nations. The Islamic history in the middle Ages reveal that Islam has spread in the Turkish and Afghan regions amongst the indigenous tribes heralded a marked cultural and linguistic influence in the cited regions. The Turks' contact with the Islamic world started in the era of four Caliphs and the Umayyad dynasty reaching out to the western regions of the "Bab" region adjacent to Turkish territory in 22 AH. This contact resulted in the spread of Islam amongst the Turks and their men took part as part of Muslim army leading to propagation of Islam. Moreover, In the Abbasid era, the number of Turks assuming leadership positions had increased in the Muslim state. This contact sustained in the Islamic world to the East in the Turkish areas after the Muslims crossed the JIHUN River (Amu Darya) in 31 AH under the leadership of QUTAYBA Ibn Muslim. Thus Islam spread among the Turk Tribes under the rule of the SAMANI Governors where they spearheaded the extension of Muslim influence to Tirmiz, Bukhara, Samarkand and other Central Asian countries due to the simplicity of Islam. As for the Afghans' contact with Islam in the West, it began in the era of four Caliphs and the Umayyads eversince Herat was conquered in the year 23 AH; Jawzjan, Balkh and Takhar in the year 32 AH by Al-Ahnaf bin Qais from northern Afghanistan; Zabul in the year 43 AH and Kabul in 44 AH by Abd al-Rahman bin Samra. However the eastern areas of Afghanistan and the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan, although Islam reached there in the first century, did not enter the Islamic rule. They remained either under the tribal control or were ruled by the Indian kings until the Ghaznavids took over through Prince Subuktagin in Ghazni in the last decade of the 4th century.There has remained direct contact between the Turks and Afghans after the displacement of the Turkish tribes to the Gazani state in the south of the Jihun River.The state sovereignty of the Turkish majority was due to their leadership positions and a large part of the military formation included the Turks and Afghans. Hence the two nations lived with a clear linguistic and cultural influence with hundreds of basic words in common as for instance the Turkish names for Afghan men and women and dozens of Turkish names for villages and cities. There are even common tribal traditions and customs between the two peoples. This research addresses the historically direct contact between the Turkish and Afghan tribes with cultural and social impact between the Turks and Afghans.

The Secularisation of Conscience: A Natural Law Critique

The modern conception of a ‘secular conscience’ is at one time, both paradoxical and reductive. This phenomenon is attributable to two main factors. In the formal sense, the problem stems from a facile or partial invocation of the term, a result of the fragmentation of its multiple referents. In a substantive sense, the loss of conscience’s explanatory power is a direct result of removing moral structures that underpin traditional formulations of the concept. Historically, conscience has been a necessary component of moral epistemologies. As the innate mechanism for moral discernment, conscience existed as a core part of practical reasoning. In this backdrop, one of secularism’s most profound implications has been to shift conscience’s emphasis away from notions of ‘higher responsibility’ to ‘individual authenticity’. To make sense of this shift, the present article begins by considering the process of ‘secularisation’. Harold Berman defines ‘secularisation’ as the steady displacement of existing normative foundations. The article goes on to trace the etymological development of conscience as a concept and its historical link to moral agency. An examination of traditional normative structures follows, as represented by two seminal accounts of conscience in Western natural law tradition, namely those of Thomas Aquinas and John Calvin. Notwithstanding the variations in emphases due to denominational differences, both these natural law accounts offer a coherent normative outlook, adequate to sustain an integrated concept of conscience. The article ultimately seeks to critique the explanatory potential of modern accounts of conscience by exposing the ontological predicates of secular-rational modalities from the natural law perspective.

Forecasting Prices for Components of the Medical Cost Index

Abstract A new method is proposed to project future costs for medical components of a life care plan. The technique estimates the historical link between inflation in medical components of the CPI and overall inflation. This linkage for each component can then be applied to a CPI forecast to project inflation in that underlying component. Estimates are made for 17 separate medical cost components of the CPI. Root mean square errors show that our proposed method for forecasting component inflation performs better than more commonly used forecast methods. Our method incorporates the best parts of both historical and forecasting methods; it utilizes information from the financial markets and professional surveys to form the baseline inflation forecast, then adjusts the value using historical data, thereby leveraging both expert opinion and empirical observation.

K’ui tii ‘Don’t speak!’ – Morphology and syntax of commands in Ts’ixa (Kalahari Khoe) and beyond

The Khoe-Kwadi language family makes up part of the typological unit “Southern African Khoisan” and is currently distributed across Botswana, Namibia, Angola, Zimbabwe and South Africa. Despite a recent surge of new data from a broad range of languages, no descriptive or comparative study on the expression of commands has been undertaken. In this article, I show that the Kalahari Khoe language Ts’ixa spoken in northeastern Botswana possesses a dedicated imperative clause type characterized by lack of tam marking. Ts’ixa imperatives make use of a special kind of morphology encompassing a prohibitive marker, conjunction and subordination morpheme which appear with canonical (2nd person) and extended (1st and 3rd person) imperatives. In the domain of politeness, Ts’ixa imperatives may combine with interrogative and vocative morphology. When considered within a cross-Khoe-Kwadi framework taking into account languages from all major subgroups, it further becomes evident that many aspects of Ts’ixa imperatives can be generalized for the family as a whole. In addition, the comparative viewpoint not only reveals a historical link between interrogative and imperative morphology, but also opens up new perspectives for both genealogical and areal approaches to imperatives in Khoe-Kwadi.

STRUCTURAL APPROACH TO THE FORMATION OF THE BANK'S INDUSTRIAL LOAN PORTFOLIO ON THE BASIS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

In bank-centred economies, banks are the leading financial institutions, and therefore the implementation of the principles of sustainable development through the instruments of "green" and "sustainable" finance depends on them. Given the historical links between banks and industrial capital, and the modern role of banks in the development of industrial enterprises, the question of taking into account the principles of sustainable development in bank lending to industrial enterprises as subjects causing catastrophic damage to the environment becomes particularly relevant. The purpose of the article is to provide a methodological substantiation of the peculiarities of taking into account the principles of sustainable development in the formation of a bank's industrial loan portfolio. To achieve this goal, the following tasks were solved: to clarify the criteria for taking into account the principles of sustainable development in the formation of the bank's industrial loan portfolio; to propose a structural approach to the formation of the bank's industrial loan portfolio on the basis of sustainable development. The methodological basis of the study is a synthesis of theoretical and practical research in the field of green and sustainable finance. Practical implications. The results of the study show that it is expedient to deepen the development of sustainable lending to industrial enterprises, since the concept of sustainable development is broader than green financing and includes all aspects of sustainable development – environmental, economic and social. Value/ Originality. The article clarifies scientific approaches to the definition of the concept of "sustainable development", identifies key principles of sustainable development, reveals financial aspects of implementation of the principles of sustainable development in the socio-economic life of society and substantiates the expediency of introducing the principles of sustainable development in bank lending to industrial enterprises. The criteria for taking into account the principles and goals of sustainable development in the formation of the bank's industrial loan portfolio are clarified and a structural approach to the formation of the industrial loan portfolio on the basis of sustainable development is proposed.

Hemispheric-scale heavy metal pollution from South American and Australian mining and metallurgy during the Common Era

Records from polar and alpine ice reflect past changes in background and industrial toxic heavy metal emissions. While Northern Hemisphere records have been used to evaluate environmental effects and linkages to historical events such as foreign conquests, plagues, economic downturns, and technological developments during the past three millennia, little is known about the magnitude and environmental effects of such emissions in the Southern Hemisphere or their historical linkages, especially prior to late 19th century industrialization. Here we used detailed measurements of the toxic heavy metals lead, cadmium, and thallium, as well as non-toxic bismuth, cerium, and sulfur in an array of five East Antarctic ice cores to investigate hemispheric-scale pollution during the Common Era. While thallium showed no anthropogenic increases, the other three metals increased by orders of magnitude in recent centuries after accounting for crustal and volcanic components. These first detailed records indicate that East Antarctic lead pollution started in the 13th century coincident with Late Intermediate Period metallurgy in the Andes and was pervasive during the Spanish Colonial period in parallel with large-scale exploitation of Andean silver and other ore deposits. Lead isotopic variations suggest that 19th-century increases in lead, cadmium, and bismuth resulted from Australian lead and Bolivian tin mining emissions, with 20th century pollution largely the result of the latter. As in the Northern Hemisphere, variations in heavy metal pollution coincided with plagues, cultural and technological developments, as well as global economic and political events including the Great Depression and the World Wars. Estimated atmospheric heavy metal emissions from Spanish Colonial-era mining and smelting during the late 16th and early 17th century were comparable to estimated European emissions during the 1st-century apex of the Roman Empire, with atmospheric model simulations suggesting hemispheric-scale toxic heavy metal pollution during the past five centuries as a result.

Conduct politeness versus etiquette politeness: a terminological distinction

Abstract This paper argues for a distinction between “conduct politeness” and “etiquette politeness”, where the former refers to the propriety of what people do and the latter to the decorum of how people do things. In everyday discourse, the distinction is often fuzzy, but as a second order distinction the terminology provides a useful analytical tool. In the history of politeness in English, a bifurcation into the two types of politeness can be observed in the eighteenth century, and today the distinction provides additional conceptual clarity of the changing theoretical focus during the three waves of politeness theory. After a review of the historical link between morals and manners, a brief case study focuses on their separation in the eighteenth century. A final discussion applies the distinction to the paradox that politeness is often seen as a positive thing that, unfortunately, is on the decline and as a negative thing because it is insincere, superficial and hypocritical.

Russian Aggression against Ukraine from the Perspective of Russia’s Political-Strategic Culture

When analyzing the root causes of Putin’s military aggression in Ukraine, the influence of Moscow’s historical experiences should be taken into account. Ever since the formation of the first Russian state (Kievan Rus’), the political elite paid significant attention to holding a strategic presence in the Dnieper, Sea of Azov and the Black Sea regions. Most importantly, the historic linkage between the strong center periphery at home and the activity in the named regions is profound. Putin’s policies at home and abroad reveal the traditional intermestic nature of the policies established for pursuing Moscow’s national security interests. The central argument underpinning this article concerns the impact of the historical influences of Putin’s domestic and foreign policy approach to Ukraine. I attempt to advance an understanding that Putin’s illiberal agenda, both at home and abroad, has been the manifestation of the values and interests articulated by past Russian ruling elites. I argue that Putin’s political decisions in Ukraine and the strengthening of the power vertical style of rule at home are strategically interlinked choices that reflect the Russian leader’s understanding of the lessons bequeathed by previous ruling elites for promoting Russia’s great power aspirations in the context of the internal and external other.

“The Translator’s False Friends” in the Financial and Economic Lexicon (Based on the Material of English and Russian Languages).

This article discusses the category of words that have received the definition of “the translator’s false friends” and can cause deceptive associations with the units of the native language and, accordingly, lead to numerous errors in the translation process. Along with the term “the translator’s false friends”, the widely used term “interlanguage homonyms” is also applied to denote words that coincide or are similar in sounding and the way they look, but differ partially or completely in their meaning. The aim of the research is to identify the translation specifics of interlanguage homonyms from the financial and economic sphere on the material of English and Russian languages. The structural-semantic and comparative analysis of “the translator’s false friends” in modern business terminology is carried out. The topicality of the chosen subject is explained by the fact that interlanguage homonyms, resulting from the mutual influence of languages and historical links or pure coincidences, often lead to serious errors in translation and disrupt the process of communication.

Ecologies of violence: Cultural memory (studies) and the genocide–ecocide nexus

Ecocide and large-scale ecological degradation raise critical questions regarding guilt, justice, and responsibility. The complexity and scale of ecological violence present a singular challenge for memory studies, especially when it comes to understanding how we are implicated in this violence. Often, the way ecological violence is framed as violence relies on repertoires, forms and conventions for representing and commemorating genocides and other acts of large-scale violence against humans. Moreover, cultural forms are able to reveal the historical, structural and discursive links between crimes against humanity and crimes against nature. To explore the implications of these ‘ecologies of violence’ for memory studies, this essay brings together two major strands in the field that have so far not intersected in a substantial way: the turn towards the figure of the perpetrator and to questions of guilt, complicity/implication on the one hand, and on the other, the turn towards the environment and the non-human. The increased interest in the question of perpetration and complicity has gone hand in hand with a critical interrogation of the perpetrator–victim–bystander triad and a shift towards more relational and dynamic conceptions of violence. The environmental turn in memory studies is beginning to rethink memory in terms of more-than-human temporalities or scales, as well as developing new conceptualizations of trauma and victimhood. The aim of this essay is twofold: first, it will briefly sketch each of these developments, bringing out possible points of convergence and divergence. Second, it will explore the potential for memory studies in bringing these two strands together, taking the re-emergence of tribunal theatre as a key example of the cultural imaginary of the genocide–ecocide nexus.

Memory in action: Reflections on multidirectionality’s possibilities in the classroom

Our essay examines the use of multidirectional memory in three different classrooms and institutions. It reflects on the possibilities and challenges of a multidirectional framework for Europeanists seeking to teach students how to identify and/or commemorate historical linkages between minoritized groups, encourage students to develop bonds of solidarity among themselves, and diversify and globalize their syllabi. Reading authors such as W.E.B Du Bois, Amié Césaire, and William Gardener Smith through a multidirectional lens helped students place events such as the Holocaust, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Algerian Revolution in conversation with one another while staying attuned to the spaces between particularist and universalist readings of the past. Discussing media sources such as films La Haine and Battle of Algiers within this larger multidirectional context give students a frame with which to imagine alternative trajectories of memory and solidarity in Europe. Finally, by applying their understanding of multidirectional memory to a real-life scenario in a commemorative proposal, students attempt to grasp the never-finished complexities of creating liberatory, solidarity-based historical commemorations. We argue that the concept of multidirectional memory helps students to develop a stronger sense of investment in learning about the complex historical legacies of persecution of violence and to engage more critically with the competitive memory frameworks that remain dominant in contemporary political discourse about antisemitism and racism.

Analyzing Online Reviews to Uncover Customer Satisfaction Factors in Indian Cultural Tourism Destinations.

Tourism to Indian heritage destinations has been on the rise due to the increasing demand for heritage tourism. Increasing customer satisfaction and promoting Indian culture require tourism businesses to understand factors influencing tourists' experiences and behavior towards these destinations. Therefore, this study analyzes four popular heritage tourist destinations in India by using online reviews collected from Google Travel. Data are refined, processed, and visualized using the R programming language and UCINET 6.0. Furthermore, we explore the fundamental framework and interconnections among these characteristics through the utilization of exploratory factor analysis and linear regression analysis with the assistance of the SPSS software package. Based on customer reviews obtained from Google Reviews, an analysis was conducted on 6618 reviews of four heritage tourism destinations in India. From the top 60 words, four clusters of words were created, including "Physical characteristic", "Cultural and historical link", "atmosphere", and "area". Through explanatory factor analysis and linear regression analysis, we found that Physical characteristic, Cultural and historical link, atmosphere, and area all play a significant role in customer satisfaction. This study provides heritage destination managers and Indian government with insights into which attributes impact customer satisfaction the most and offers valuable marketing insights. As a result of this study, we are able to gain a greater understanding of the Indian heritage tourism market, and in doing so, we provide businesses with implications on how to enhance customer service.

Termessos’taki Pamphyliarkhlar ve Pamphylia’daki Roma Valileri İçin Epigramlar. Öncelik ve Onurlar

The use of epigrams on stone during the Late Empire to honour important individuals, whether Roman officials or local benefactors, is a well-known phenomenon, although little explored to elucidate questions of political and institutional history, especially tricky due to the poetic nature of the material. In this field of study, the present work is focused on two epigrams from the Pisidian city of Termessos honouring Pamphyliarchs with the expressions ψῆφος Παμφύλων and γῆς κάρα Παμφύλων. After briefly reviewing the historical links of Termessos with Pamphylia, the main objective is to analyse these expressions as poetic allusions to the honorific title πρῶτος, used in the epigraphy of Asia Minor during the Roman period to designate individual primacy. The last section highlights similarities with two other epigrams from the cities of Perge and Attaleia in Pamphylia in honour of Roman governors, while discussing their identity and the title πιστή of the city of Side.

Commonalities and Differences of the Language Policy in Russian-speaking Countries along “The Belt and Road”

"Bel and Road Initiative"， which is also known as the “Silk Road Economic Belt” or the "21st Century Maritime Silk Road", is a new model of national cooperation advocated by China and is considered to be the economic cooperation zone with the widest coverage in the world today. The Russian-speaking countries along "Belt and Road Initiative" refer to the countries where "Russian" is recognized by the constitution as the national language, official language, interracial common language, or exists in the form of mother tongue, minority language, etc., thus forming a "language – state – group" with Russian as its link. Due to limited length, this paper mainly studies the "three East Slavic Countries", namely Russia, Ukraine, Belarus and the "Five Central Asian Countries", namely Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Russian-speaking countries along the "Belt and Road" have complicated historical, ethnic, political, religious, linguistic and other links. This also leads to the complexity of language governance in various countries under the background of global governance and shows commonalities and differences in the basic direction of language policy in various countries. The commonalities are mainly manifested in the hierarchy of forms of language policy, the stages in history, the politics of function and the multiplicity of objectives. The differences are mainly manifested in the language abilities of countries, the degree of national language policy and the guidance of dealing with the relationship with Russian on the premise of language policy. The commonalities and differences can help us fully understand the function of language in boosting economic exchanges, the positive and negative energy contained in language, the relationship between language and national security, and the relationship between language and cultural discourse power in the context of the "Belt and Road Initiative".The extraction of the commonalities and differences of language policy in Russian-speaking countries along the "Belt and Road "is conducive to promoting the transformation of language research from a Chinese perspective to a global perspective. The cooperation in the era of globalization is always multiple and non-unitary. In the context of the "Belt and Road Initiative", under the cooperation framework of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and in the process of the "Belt and Road Alliance", that is, the alliance of "Belt and Road" and the "Eurasian Economic Union", these Russian-speaking countries are not only important nodes along the "Belt and Road", but also important partners of China’s cooperation and exchanges in different frameworks of exchanges.The current prominent problems of Russian-speaking countries along the "Belt and Road" include the status of the national language and interracial common languages within the country, as well as the issues of language independence, cultural independence, and language sovereignty between countries. All these issues have essentially surpassed the basic function of language itself. In the vision of a community of shared future for mankind, the highest level of communication between sovereign countries is mutual communication and mutual learning based on mutual respect for culture. Only when we have a clear understanding of the rule of law in the countries along “the Belt and Road”, including their language policies, language plannings and language strategies, can the implementation of the "Belt and Road Initiative" be better and comprehensively supported.

Ethno- Religion Cum Geo-Political Background to the Russo-Ukraine War

The paper examined and further investigated the historical, ethnical and religious links between Russia and Ukraine and the factors that led to the war. The paper relied on secondary sources. Secondary sources included literature such as books and newspapers. The documentary data were subjected to internal and external criticism for authentication and then to textual and contextual analysis The paper found out Ukraine policy direction and friendship with Europe and the United States of America.

The reconstruction of Old Common Basque accentuation: Closing open issues

In the traditional view, Basque words were stressed on their second syllable at the stage before current dialectal diversification (Mitxelena 1977). This view was questioned in Hualde (1993a), where it was proposed, instead, that, at the last common stage, most Basque words were unaccented, like in modern Western (Bizkaian) varieties. Although a considerable amount of consensus has now been reached regarding the diachronic connections among modern accentual systems, a number of issues have remained open, which I address in this paper. These include the following topics: (1) Whether the tonal contrast of Goizueta (Western Navarrese) is a dialectal development or should instead be reconstructed for Old Common Basque, (2) The exact historical link between aspiration and stress in Northeastern varieties and its consequences for determining the historical connection between the reconstructed Eastern and Western-Central systems, and (3) The origin of marked accent in a protosystem without lexical accent.

THE NATURE AND AMBIT OF THE INTIMIDATION OFFENCE S v White 2022 (2) SACR 511 (FB)

The offence of intimidation has been associated with controversy, particularly because of the historical link between the Intimidation Act (72 of 1982) and the legislative machinations of the apartheid regime. In the words of Gamble J, the Act may be regarded as “a piece of apartheid order legislation introduced at a time of increasingly repressive internal security legislation designed to criminalise conduct, largely in the field of resistance politics” (Sandlana v Minister of Police 2023 (2) SACR 84 (WCC) par 34). The nature and ambit of the intimidation offence has once again come under scrutiny in the recent case of S v White (2022 (2) SACR 511 (FB)). The decision in this case is examined here in the context of a general assessment of the offence. The offence can now only be committed by contravening section 1(1)(a) of the Act, as the Constitutional Court has struck down the section 1(1)(b) provision (as well as section 1(2)) as unconstitutional in Moyo v Minister of Police (2020 (1) SACR 373 (CC)), a development confirmed by the amendment of the Act by the Protection of Constitutional Democracy Against Terrorist and Related Activities Amendment Act (23 of 2022). (Some are of the view that the Constitutional Court could have gone further (Burchell Principles of Criminal Law 5ed (2016) 593–594).) However, for the purposes of the discussion that follows, it is useful to cite the full section 1(1) provision prior to amendment.

Türkiye-Africa Relations: A Case Study of Somalia, Nigeria and Libya from Humanitarian and Security Perspectives

This paper explores Türkiye’s relations with Africa, focusing on Somalia, Nigeria and Libya from both humanitarian and security perspectives. To do so, the study employs the concept of soft power in relation to the security and humanitarian policies that Türkiye has adopted on the African continent. Though Türkiye has no significant colonial history on the continent like other European countries, its relations with Africa in recent decades are no secret and continue to strengthen against all odds. From a relationship that stems from historical links with the Ottoman Empire to more promising and positive impacts on the continent in recent years, it is important to understand these ties amidst the increasing distaste expressed by some African nations towards the West. Using examples of Türkiye’s security and humanitarian deployment in Somalia, Nigeria and Libya, it is perhaps no surprise to perceive the relationship between Türkiye and African nations as a dichotomy between humanitarian and security.