Journal Of History Research Articles

Erich Langer, Wolfram Sterry and the Journal of the German Society of Dermatology – the eventful history of a dermatological journal

Erich Langer, Wolfram Sterry and the Journal of the German Society of Dermatology – the eventful history of a dermatological journal

Restless Pilgrim: Andrew Jenson's Quest for Latter-day Saint History

Restless Pilgrim: Andrew Jenson's Quest for Latter-day Saint History

Two Danish Artists—Two Not So Divergent Paths: C. C. A. Christensen, Carl Bloch, and the Evolution of Latter-day Saint Art and Aesthetics

Two Danish Artists—Two Not So Divergent Paths: C. C. A. Christensen, Carl Bloch, and the Evolution of Latter-day Saint Art and Aesthetics

The Historical Film as a Field, a Mode of Thought (Historying) and a Pack of Tricks We Play Upon the Dead, History is . . . a pack of tricks which we play upon the dead” – Voltaire

Some forty years ago I wrote my first essay on historical (history) film. At the time, the field of history almost totally ignored the visual media. In the early eighties of the last century, the few historians who wrote about film did so as part of a traditional topic -- such as the history, or economics, or cultural impact of the motion picture industry. Historical journals did not review history films, and any historian who considered a dramatic feature as a possible way of understanding the past would have been considered not to be a serious member of the profession.

The Historical Film as a Field, a Mode of Thought (Historying) and a Pack of Tricks We Play Upon the Dead, History is . . . a pack of tricks which we play upon the dead” – Voltaire

Some forty years ago I wrote my first essay on historical (history) film. At the time, the field of history almost totally ignored the visual media. In the early eighties of the last century, the few historians who wrote about film did so as part of a traditional topic -- such as the history, or economics, or cultural impact of the motion picture industry. Historical journals did not review history films, and any historian who considered a dramatic feature as a possible way of understanding the past would have been considered not to be a serious member of the profession.

The Translator’s Responsibilities and Roles within the Analysis-Synthesis Translation Mode


 Concerning analysis-synthesis translation mode, this paper discusses the translator’s responsibilities and roles as the subject in the translation practice based on the mistranslations of Ge Gongzhen's History of Chinese Journalism. Missionary J. S. Roberts believed that translation was the logical combination of two processes—— analysis and synthesis. The analysis process is characterized by understanding. It emphasizes translators’ accurate understanding and professional analysis of the source text, while the synthesis process focuses on the transformation of language and culture. The two processes are dependent, forming the whole process of translation altogether. As the indisputable subject of translation, the translator should assume his own responsibilities in the two processes and conform to the certain principles to produce accurate and professional translation texts. The translator should be responsible for the facts and professional academics in the analysis process, and language and culture and translation itself in the synthesis process, playing the role of a reviewer, communicator and translator to realize the value of himself and the translation practice.

The Life of a Russian Newspaper: From Its Origin to the Digital Age

The article is a review of the monograph by A.A. Grabelnikova and T.S. Rodionova “Russian newspaper, digital environment and audience”. On the basis of the statistically used analysis in the literature, a conclusion was made about the broadest theoretical and practical basis for a monographic study. The main thesis of the book: newspapers develop where and when civil rights of the audience develop. The authors consistently and extensively show the process of the emergence and functioning of Russian newspapers, at each stage of which they trace the role of the audience and the transformations that subject-subject relations were subjected to in the media-audience system. The monograph is of theoretical and methodological significance for further media research both in the field of media history and in general theoretical research. In practical terms, the monograph is extremely useful for teachers of the history of Russian journalism.

Disputed Translations from The Life and Struggles of Our Mother Walatta Petros (2015) Reconsidered: Some Notes on Gǝʿǝz Philology

The present article was prompted by Yirga Gelaw Woldeyes’s ‘Colonial Rewriting of African History: Misinterpretations and Distortions in Belcher and Kleiner’s Life and Struggles of Walatta Petros’ as published in a special issue of the Journal of Afroasiatic Languages, History and Culture in the fall of 2020. Yirga’s text of more than eighty pages is a wide-ranging and often acrimonious critique of Wendy Laura Belcher’s and my scholarship in our 2015 annotated translation of the Gädlä Wälättä Ṗeṭros. This reply does not attempt to address all the philological and non-philological issues Yirga raises. Rather, it focuses on refuting Yirga’s allegations of sexualizing mistranslations on our part. As these alleged mistranslations form the virtually exclusive basis for Yirga’s more far-reaching accusations against our scholarship, refuting them also collapses his broader case.

ПРОПАГАНДА ТА МЕДІАРЕАЛЬНІСТЬ ЯК ІНСТРУМЕНТИ ВЕДЕННЯ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНОЇ ВІЙНИ: ЛОКАЛЬНИЙ ВИМІР

<p><strong><em>The purpose</em></strong><em> of the study is to </em><em>to consider the local dimension of propaganda as a component of media reality in modern public discourse and to clarify its functions and role in conducting information warfare.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology</em></strong><em>.</em> <em>The following methods were used in the research process: systematization, analysis and synthesis, comparison. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> </em><em>The analyzed source base reveals that the toolkit for constructing media reality in Russian propaganda materials includes the following elements: stereotypes, framing, selection method, manipulation of opinions, use of conflicts, storytelling, use of actions/actors, emphasis on violation of norms, propaganda methods, preferences, genre specificity, reporting elements, visual tools, etc. The study indicates that, unfortunately, there are many elements of Russian propaganda in the modern local dimension of media discourse. On the one hand, the messages of these propaganda materials are aimed at an audience with a lack of critical thinking and a low level of media literacy. However, the toxic content in the distribution of such messages in the temporarily occupied territories of the Zaporizhzhia region is also realized to a wider audience, since the residents of these cities and villages have no or almost no access to Ukrainian sources of information, have unstable communication, and are in an information vacuum. All these are favorable conditions for the effective spread of Russian messages in the minds of our fellow citizens.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical significance</em></strong><em>. </em><em>The results of the research can be used during courses related to the topics of propaganda, construction of media reality, modern history of Ukraine, journalism and social communications, in particular, for the specialties «Journalism», «Advertising and public relations», «Information business». In addition, they can be used as materials of informational and educational significance, a source base for further scientific and practical developments, as well as in the work of media workers to counter enemy propaganda in conditions of information warfare. Equally important is that they can form the basis of the formation of Ukraine’s strategic narrative.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words</em></strong><em>:</em><em> propaganda, media reality, fakes, narratives, information war, media literacy, key messages, temporarily occupied territories of Zaporizhzhia region, manipulation, fact-checking.</em></p>

Between Concealment and Disclosure: Approaches to the History of Privacy in Knowledge-Making

Between Concealment and Disclosure: Approaches to the History of Privacy in Knowledge-Making

Living Under Aboriginal Exemption: Negotiating State Governments' Policies and Practices

This volume of the Australian Journal of Politics and History presents an edited collection of papers delivered by emerging and established researchers at the Second Rethinking & Researching 20th Century Aboriginal Exemption Symposium, co‐hosted by the University of the Sunshine Coast with La Trobe University in October 2021. The papers reveal the human costs, hardships and legacies of the state policies of Aboriginal Exemption last century which supposedly offered the promise of freedom to Indigenous Australians confined to reserves and missions. Equally, the papers explore innovative and culturally safe ways to investigate and further understand Aboriginal exemption that ensure Ancestors and Elders, who actively negotiated, resisted and subverted its use, are recognised and honoured.

The American Newsroom: A History, 1920–1960

The American newsroom was a major force and institution in the United States throughout the twentieth century and part of any journalist's daily life. But most civilians have seldom been in a newsroom, and the only reference most have comes from popular culture, primarily film and television. Will Mari's fascinating book gives anyone a definitive glimpse into not only the physical environment so important to any news operation but also the emotional, professional, and strategic aspects of a “storied gathering spot for news workers … where journalists gathered together, fostering a relational newsroom culture, where values and routines were learned from peers and the terms of work negotiated with superiors” (p. 3). Even if this book was just a recitation of the work in a newsroom from 1920 to 1960, it would still be an interesting addition to the history of journalism. But Mari does much more than that. He paints a picture of the newsroom as far more than a physical workplace by illustrating, through diligent research and a variety of examples, how the newsroom was a complex and aspirational “context, within which American journalism formed” (p. 235). He chronicles the “web of relationships—the centering place for those relationships, a place where a confusing mass of reality was condensed into processed, produced news and distributed to the reading public” (ibid.). His book is filled with stories about the various news workers living in communities collaborating and competing to produce the news: copyboys, copygirls, photographers, reporters, and their junior and senior peers as well as their editors. In chapters about technology and unionization, he shows how both influenced the American newsroom and brought the United States into the twenty-first-century information economy. His material on how the newsroom changed from a blue-collar to a white-collar environment explains a good deal about the kind of news citizens heard about from 1920 to 1960. And Mari's comments on the racism of the century, which permeated any American institution, including the newsroom, do not go unnoticed.

Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment

In 2019 Professor Ahmet Kuru published his acclaimed Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison. I say ‘acclaimed’ not as an endorsement but merely to point to accolades it received, such as the jointly awarded and prestigious 2020 American Political Science Association’s Jervis-Schroeder Book Award. Moreover, it was keenly promoted by Kuru and publishers via a global book tour including Harvard, on top of receiving reviews in Foreign Affairs and numerous political science and history journals. More recently, its arguments featured in a widely reported op-ed penned by former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair in the wake of the Taliban reconquest of Afghanistan, where he characteristically decries ‘Islamism’ as “a first-order security threat to the west”.

Ekspansi Islam dan Kebijakan Pemerintahan pada Masa Khalifah Umar bin Khattab

This article describes the time of the caliph Umar bin Khatab in the expansion and spread of Islam outside the Arabian peninsula, as well as the policies taken during his reign. Based on literature studies from various books on the history of Islamic civilization and the journal History of Islamic Civilization, especially those discussing the Caliph Umar bin Khattab, it was found that there was a very rapid expansion of Islam during the time Umar bin Khattab served as caliph. The results of this research first found that the Islamic expansion carried out by Umar expanded not only in the Arabian peninsula, but also extended to various regions such as Damascus, Ajnadain, Palestine, Egypt, Iraq, Persia, Syria, and Nahawand. This expansion is28 very beneficial for Muslims, namely for the development of Islam, as well as upholding Islamic politics and upholding Islamic law. Second, the policies carried out by Umar were ijtihad policies and political policies. Ijtihad policy by changing systems that do not yet exist in the Koran, as well as improving regulations that need to be revised or changed based on the needs and developments of the times. While the political policy is to renew the government structure and state administration structure.

Teaching and learning method of History of Communication and Journalism, with research and data sharing with the market, the scientific field and society

Teaching and learning method of History of Communication and Journalism, with research and data sharing with the market, the scientific field and society

Some features of censorship policy during the Crimean War of 1853–1856

The article is devoted to the analysis of new sources found in the National Archives of the Republic of Tatarstan in Kazan, which clarify the picture of the censorship policy of the tsarist government during the war years. The study was carried out based on the modernization concept of Russian history, in which the printed word appears as one of the main engines of modernization, as well as on the methods of intellectual history, in which book publishing and the press are studied in close connection with issues of censorship policy. The modern historiography of the Crimean (Eastern) War continues to be enriched with new works devoted to Russian public life and connected with the history of the press and censorship. А rich literature is devoted to the history of Russian periodicals and journalism, but not to the censorship policy of the Russian Empire. The article considers a number of circulars of the Ministry of Public Education, which was the leading state body in the implementation of the censorship policy, but in war conditions it carefully took into account the requirements of the Military Censorship Committee under the General Staff. The emperor actively intervened in censorship issues, especially in publicizing literary works in the press. For example, the newspaper Samarskiye Gubernskiye Vedomosti shows, that the provincial press reprinted notes and reports about the war from the capital news that had already passed the censorship check. Despite the selection of information, these reports did not hide information about the losses of Russian troops

Wear the Blue Star: Frontier Values vs. Environmentalism in News Coverage of Colorado River Dams, 1954-1956

ABSTRACT This study examines news coverage of a federal project that resulted in the building of Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River and sparked an environmental controversy. The project pitted boosters against conservationists, and this research illustrates how western newspapers promoted growth through dams and irrigation. Acknowledging the region in which several newspapers operated, this study uses New Western History to better understand journalism history by highlighting the harsh landscape and the persistence of pioneer values in the 1950s. This research also introduces a new element of environmental journalism history by adding to understanding of such reporting in the 1950s and by approaching the dam controversy from the perspective of journalism rather than environmentalism. Whether newspapers focused on growth and prosperity or preserving natural beauty, their coverage reflected the complexity of the region and its ecosystem.

A Shot in the Arm: A Call to Broaden, Deepen, and Diversify Media History

In a meditation on the future of journalism history, this essay focuses on some positive trends, including the growth of media history academic groups and the field’s broader expansion in terms of topics and connections, as well as some challenges with an eye toward hope. It also examines exemplars—in the form of journals, organizations, and scholars—who are showing a promising way forward during an uncertain time in journalism. This contemplation concludes with specific recommendations each media historian can take to do their part in shoring up the future of media history.

Who Tells Your Story? Analyzing a Century of Utah History

Who Tells Your Story? Analyzing a Century of Utah History

К вопросу о взаимоотношениях К.П. Победоносцева и М.Н. Каткова в 1870-е гг.

The article examines the relationship between Konstantin Pobedonostsev, the chief prosecutor of the Holy Synod, and Mikhail Katkov, an authoritative conservative publicist, the editor of the influential newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti, in the 1870s. The relevance of the stated problem is due to the growing interest in the history of Russian conservative journalism and its role in the life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century. The novelty of the study consists in the introduction into scholarly discourse of little-studied material, in particular, the letters of Boleslav Markevich and Pobedonostsev. The analysis of the relations between the high-ranking official and the authoritative journalist in the years preceding the culminating period of their political careers shows the characteristic features of the political life of Russia in the 1870s, to determine the role of personal ties between representatives of the bureaucratic elite and the leaders of domestic journalism. On the basis of poorly studied archival materials, diary entries, letters and memoirs of contemporaries, the authors consider forms of interaction between Pobedonostsev and Katkov. The authors prove that, during this period, Pobedonostsev did not provide Katkov and his newspaper with significant assistance: he did not take part in finding contacts necessary for the journalist in the entourage of Alexander II and in the government, did not try to influence the decisions of the highest censorship bodies, did not provide information support, etc. On the contrary, Pobedonostsev himself needed Katkov's support during these years and could only provide moral assistance to the journalist, expressing in personal correspondence his solidarity and sympathy with his speeches in the newspaper Moskovskie Vedomosti. Katkov opposed his decisive actions, assertiveness, purposefulness, and desire to achieve the result he needed in everything to Pobedonostsev's pedantry, habit of formalism, standard, and desire to avoid significant changes. As a result, despite the closeness of views that evolved to conservatism during this period and frankness in expressing their dissatisfaction with the government course to each other, Pobedonostsev and Katkov had growing internal contradictions and misunderstandings, which eventually led to disunity between them in the 1880s, when they both began to play major roles in the entourage of Emperor Alexander III. The authors conclude that the union of Pobedonostsev and Katkov, which seemed strong and indestructible to many contemporaries, became fragile and unstable back in the 1870s, and did not contribute to the formation of a unified and clear program of Russian conservatives.