Islamic History Research Articles

Шейх ал-ислам Закариййа ал-Ансари в книге «Вафиййат ал-аслаф» Ш. Марджани

The article is a study of a fragment from the Arabic manuscript source “Wafiyyat al-aslaf wa tahiy-yat al-akhlaf” from the heritage of a Tatar theologian and 19th-century historian Shihab al-Din al-Marjani (Shigabutdin Marjani). The fragment is dedicated to the biography of a Shafi’i faqih Zakar-iyya al-Ansari (d. 926/1520), the supreme judge of Egypt of the Mamluk era, awarded the honorary title “Shaykh al-Islam”. Based on the manuscript from the collection of the academic library of Ka-zan Federal University, the Arabic text of al-Ansari’s biography was restored in modern orthography and then translated into Russian with comments and a brief analysis in the historical and theological context. Tatar theologian Shihab al-Din al-Marjani provides the basic information about the life and contribution of Sheikh al-Islam Zakariyya al-Ansari to Islamic sciences and emphasizes that he was one of the renovators of the Islamic faith (mujaddid) of his era. The authors of the article, on the one hand, tried to fill a gap in domestic Islamic studies regarding information about the outstanding Shafi’i jurist Zakariyya al-Ansari; on the other hand, they pointed out the importance of studying and translating a unique domestic manuscript source on the history of Islam – the biographical dic-tionary “Wafiyyat al-aslaf wa tahiyyat al-akhlaf” by Shihab al-Din al-Marjani, which has not yet been published or translated in full. For the first time, a fragment from this source with translation is introduced into scholarly discourse.

Хадисы и высказывания исламских деятелей в арабских надписях Ахтынского района Дагестана

Among the sources on the history of Islam in Dagestan, an important place is occupied by numerous epigraphic monuments of the region, the vast majority thereof being compiled in Arabic. During field studies of Arabic-language epigraphy in the villages of Akhtynski district of Dagestan, we identified inscriptions of various genres, whose texts included hadiths and utterances by prominent Islamic fig-ures and scholars of theology. Inscriptions consisting entirely of utterances by authoritative Muslim figures of the early era of Islam have been recorded. Such epigraphic monuments had not previously been the subject of a separate study. It has been established that the inclusion of texts of some hadiths is typical only of certain genres of epigraphy. For example, the texts of construction inscriptions re-garding the construction or repair of Islamic religious buildings, as a rule, contained the same hadith, its content being directly related to construction activities. The study demonstrated that educated people who had acquired knowledge in Islamic sciences and were familiar with authoritative collections of hadiths were among the compilers and calligraphers of inscriptions. The epigraphic materials presented are novel for the scholarly discourse.

Penanaman Nilai-Nilai Islam dalam Upaya Pembentukan Karakter Melalui Pendidikan Agama Islam

This writing will discus the role of islamic religious education in schools in shaping students’personalities. PAI’s islamic religious education is one of the important pillars in character education. Character education will develop well if it it starts with instilling a religious spirit in children. Therefore PAI material in schools is a means of character education. Through studying PAI, students learn akidah as the basis of their religion, the Holy Qur’an and hadist as a guide to life, fiqh as a legal guide to worship, islamic history as a guide to life and examples, moral as a guide to human behavior, both good and bad. Therefore the main aim of PAI learning is to shape students’personalities which are realized through their behavior and thoughts in everyday life. Apart from that, PAI’s academic success at school is also determined by the application of appropriate learning methods.

A Critical Exploration to Godfrey Higgins's Apology from the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)

In the book, “An Apology for the Life and Character of the Celebrated Prophet of Arabia, Called Mohamed, or The Illustrious,” Godfrey Higgins (1772-1833) presents “Persian empire and the oriental part of the Roman empire at the beginning of the seventh century,” “the emergence of Islam,” “the Prophet Muhammad’s (Sallallahu Alayhi Wa Sallam [SAW]) character, and mission,” “there is no god but Allah,” and “Muhammad (SAW) is the messenger of Allah.” He also compared Christianity (Bible) and Islam (Quran) in detailed. Higgins noted that the object of the book is to abate the spirit of intolerance that existed between Christians and Muslims. The review emphasizes the book's contribution to fostering a rational understanding of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islam for researchers interested in Islamic history and those who are curious about the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) and Islam.

Mullā Ḳābıż & the Question of Prophetic Superiority

Abstract Ibn Kamāl Pāshā (d. 940/1534) played a key role in defending key doctrinal positions in his capacity as Ottoman Shaykh al-Islām, the most famous of which is undoubtedly his refutation of Mullā Qābiḍ (d. 933/1527). Qābiḍ (tr. Kabız), whose credentials are as unknown as Ibn Kamāl’s are known, is said to have propagated the superiority of Jesus over Muhammad, an obscure notion rarely found in the intellectual history of Islam. His ideas were eventually brought to the attention of scholarly circles, leading to him being tried before the Imperial Council by Caliph Suleymān I (d. 973/1566). Noting the inability of some scholars to defend the orthodox position regarding the superiority of Muhammad, Suleymān I called upon Ibn Kamāl to provide a robust defence on behalf of the Empire. Although unable to respond to Ibn Kamāl’s reasoning, Qābiḍ nevertheless maintained his position and thus sealed his fate for good. Only a handful of studies have been carried out on Qābiḍ. This article intends to contribute to the discussion he and his trial have sparked by translating a key epistle written by Ibn Kamāl after the trial and entitled: Risāla fī ʾAfḍaliyyat Muḥammad. Knowing that the details of the controversy between him and Mullā Qābiḍ escape us, this treatise by Ibn Kamāl gives an insight into his thinking on prophetology and his implementation of scriptural, canonical and exegetical sources. It also provides a convenient overview of the exchange he probably had with Qābiḍ.

Efforts to Reform Islamic Law: An Analytical of Muhammad Abduh's Thought

This research explores the role of tasyri' during the era of imitation and decline and the period of tasyri renewal. In this context, taser serves as a key to understanding the dynamics of change within Islamic legal frameworks. During the era of imitation, an in-depth examination was conducted on how taser was implemented and potentially distorted in practice. The focus then shifts to the decline period, identifying factors contributing to deviations from tasyri's principles. Subsequently, the research scrutinizes the era of easy renewal, tracing efforts to restore the integrity and relevance of Syria in the context of the modern age. The findings of this research provide profound insights into the evolution of tasyri' and its contribution to social and legal changes in Islamic history

Embedding higher order thinking skills in Islamic history (Sirah) education in Malaysia

<span lang="EN-US">The promotion of integrating higher order thinking skills (HOTS) in the Malaysian education system is pivotal to producing analytical thinkers to keep up with the rapid globalization of this era. Thus, the implementation of HOTS in learning and facilitation (PdPc) has been emphasized. However, little is known about the integration of HOTS in Islamic history and civilization (</span><em><span lang="EN-US">Sirah</span></em><span lang="EN-US">) lessons. Furthermore, teachers continue to use traditional methods and disregard incorporating HOTS in PdPc. Therefore, the current study conducted an in-depth investigation into the components of </span><em><span lang="EN-US">Sirah</span></em><span lang="EN-US"> lessons to support the implementation of the Malaysian education development plan (PPPM) 2013-2015 by strengthening teaching techniques through the use of HOTS for a better understanding of </span><em><span lang="EN-US">Sirah</span></em><span lang="EN-US"> lessons. Using an explanatory sequential mixed method design, the findings reveal that the teaching components of </span><em><span lang="EN-US">Sirah</span></em><span lang="EN-US"> lessons with the integration of HOTS are at a moderate level in the conclusion stage of a lesson. Therefore, the current study proposes a model that integrates HOTS, i.e., the element of attitude, preparation and planning, teaching aids with relevant aspects of PAK21, knowledge of HOTS, mastery of the subject content, teaching techniques and approach, assessment, and evaluation.</span>

DISSERTATION FORMS OF APPOINTMENT OF SUCCESSORS (RULE) FROM THE RASHIDUN ERA UP TO THE LATE ERA OF MUAWIYAH BIN ABI SUFYAN (11-56 AH / 632-676 AD): DESCRIPTIVE STUDY

Following the death of the Prophet - May the blessings of Allah be upon him - the Companions and Muslims community turned into a new state, for which they were not prepared. The nation became without its leader – Allah’s blessing and peace be upon him; which resulted in several independent opinions (Ijtihaad). The Ansar considered themselves as the most deserving of the caliphate, and the Muhajireen considered themselves as the most deserving of the same, where each party had justifications for the same. During that period, the famous incident known in Islamic history as Saqifat Bani Sa`idah incident occurred, ending with unanimous agreement on the first Caliph, Abu Bakr al-Siddiq - May Allah be pleased with him. Just less than two years from his caliphate commencement, he recommended the person to succeed him, declaring his name explicitly, so he announced Omar bin Al-Khattab - may Allah be pleased with him - as his successor. Years later, the second Caliph Omar bin AlKhattab determined six candidates – i.e., for selecting one who would succeed him – from among the companions of the Prophet - May the blessings of Allah be upon him - who were also from among the ten companions promised Paradise. This new form ended with the announcement of Uthman bin Affan as the third caliph. Thus, each Caliph adopted a method different from that adopted by his predecessor, until the caliphate was vested in Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan - may Allah be pleased with him - who set an established means for the caliphate – the rule – which was binding on his successors, i.e., the appointment a crown prince. For 45 years, the Muslims community has been exposed to the forms of appointment of successors in multiple methods and different approaches. None of these means was binding on the successors of its owner. By observing these forms, we recognize the potential for adopting independent opinions (Ijtihaad) and change in the forms of appointment of successors – rule - in Islamic history, whereby this we know that Muawiyah bin Abi Sufyan did not bring anything new regarding the succession of his son Yazid

Recruiting and Selection during the Era of Umar Bin Khattab Administration

The Era of Umar Ibnul Khattab is considered as the golden age in the history of Islam, The public treasury (Baitul mal), Army bureau, department of Records (Diwan), Hisba were all initiated in his time which led to signifying recruitment. This comprehensive paper�explores the subject of recruitment and selection during the reign of Umar ibn Khattab, the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. The reign of Umar bin Khattab from 634 to 644 AD saw notable progress in administrative structures, such as the implementation of a well-organized recruiting and selection procedure. This study examines the strategies used by Umar bin Khattab to find and choose persons for important roles within the Islamic state. Utilizing reputable print encyclopedias, nonfiction books, academic journals, and dictionaries, this study offers a comprehensive examination of the historical backdrop, selection criteria, and the influence of Umar bin Khattab's approach on the governance of the caliphate.This paper further describes and analyzes job recruitment and selection in this era. The method used in this research is a descriptive approach, the recruitment policy, and its process were described. And the data were collected from secondary sources. The research found that his employment of experts regardless of closeness or any other factor was the main characteristic of his era, his policies and procedures in recruiting can be used to establish an Islamic recruitment policy and structure.�

Western indicators in the thought of Dr. Ali Shariati

Dr. Ali Shariati is rightfully considered one of the most prominent pioneers of the Islamic movement and its thinkers. His tremendous efforts had a significant impact on various social groups of the Iranian people, including the youth. His intellectual and political mobilization paved the way for the Islamic Revolution in 1979, earning him the title “Teacher of the Revolution” among the Iranian popular circles of that time. Shariati focused his efforts on awakening consciousness and returning to the self, opposing forms of alienation, imitation, and submission to foreign domination. He fought for human welfare, freedom, democracy, criticism of history and self, revolution against traditional institutions and structures, debunking of old and contemporary superstitions, and combating backwardness and tyranny… All these terms and expressions are what filled Shariati’s writings, which became his concern, the focus of his short life, and the goal of his vast intellectual effort. Shariati presented bold and profound treatments for certain phenomena, such as sectarian fanaticism, which he considered a product of periods of fragmentation and decline in Islamic history. He believed that Muslims must overcome it if they wanted renaissance and unity. He also fought against backwardness and superstition, which he criticized sarcastically, holding the clergy responsible for spreading and entrenching them. He also attempted to revive nationalism as an antithesis to Islamic belonging, the traditional and rigid religious institution, and many other issues he criticized and addressed with Western remedies based on his social studies in Western Europe, which lasted for more than five years. Alongside his intellectual struggle against Western intellectual currents and ideologies, Shariati worked on purifying and sifting cultural sources, reviving Islam as a vibrant and pulsating ideology in contrast to other ideologies, cleansing the religion from impurities, and separating the clear truths from the habits and illusions that were prevalent among the simple people. Thus, he worked on clarifying and polishing the face of Islam, showing its true image.

Sejarah Islamisasi dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kebudayaan Masyarakat Jambi

The Islamization process that occurred in Jambi coincided with the growth and development of the Islamic kingdom of Jambi around the 15th century AD. This article explains the history of Islamization which has had an influence on the culture of the Jambi people to this day. The method used in this research is a historical research method which is divided into four parts, namely Heuristics, Source Criticism, Interpretation and Historiography. The entry of Islam into the Jambi community was brought by adherents of the Islamic faith who came from Arab ethnicity, through trade that passed through waterways by sailing along the Batanghari river. The Islamization process in Jambi has had a big influence on the cultural development of the local community. The influence of Islamization on culture in Jambi can be seen from religious ceremonies commemorating Islamic holidays, marriage practices, art, social systems and architectural styles.

Strategies of Religious Teachers to Overcome Students' Difficulties in Learning Islamic History

Learning Islamic history at the school level is important, because learning Islamic history, students can take lessons from past events. Learning Islamic history at this time has not gone well, so students feel bored and bored. This is inseparable from the strategy of religion teachers in teaching. This research is intended to examine the strategy of religion teachers to overcome students' difficulties in learning Islamic history. The method used in this research is a quantitative method, with surveys and in-depth interviews. The research concluded that many religion teachers, especially in teaching Islamic history, cannot control the conditions in the classroom so that many of the students feel bored. There have been efforts made by religious teachers. The efforts made are varying learning methods according to students' learning styles in the classroom and providing interesting teaching materials. The limitation in this study is that researchers only conducted research in one place, researchers hope that future researchers can conduct research on religious teacher strategies to overcome student difficulties in learning Islamic history and develop other strategies.

ظاھرۃ الوضع في الحدیث: دراسۃ تاریخیۃ

In Islamic Studies, the status of Hadith comes next to the Holy Quran. The teachings of Quran are interpreted in the light of Hadith. Moreover, all commandments and queries of Shariah have come through Hadith. In the beginning of Islam, the Muslims considered the Hadith as the most important source of knowledge. In this regard, Muhaddiseen offered such services and wrote such books as ever exemplified in the history of the world. It is fact that the concoction of Hadith started in the Nabvi Era and continued till the period of followers (Tabeen). There were multi-dimensional motives behind this evil like lust, atheism, religious biasness, sectarian indifferences, fame and obedience of kings and rulers etc. Muhadditheen face this evil’s challenge with zeal and zest in every era of the Islamic history. They framed the best principles to overcome the situation for the safeguard the Hadith. In this regard, the Muhadditheen of the Sub-continent played an unforgettable and historical role. So that I have discussed the concocted the Hadith in this article. The article is so informative and enlightening that the reader feels it useful in this field. Particularly, the Sub-continent has always played a vital role in this regard, for the most authentic books of Hadith have come from this part of the world.

Toward a humanist health and medicine education in Indonesia by reintegration of religion and science

Medical and health education in Indonesia has not been brave to put religion as a concept and principle in actualizing its scholarship. While the profession of social science background (health and medicine) will generate a scientists who come directly contact with human, the creatures of Allah Almighty who is the highest degree in the appeal of His other creatures. After finish their education, both professions will be a leaders in the table of counseling and action. Where they will inspect, palpate and auscult varied complaints. How to integrate religion with applying health and medical education? How does the history of Islam integrate religion with health and medicine education? Is religion as a metaphysical can be integrated health and medical education as a physic? The reintegration of religion and science in health and medicine is one of the methods to restore universal health and medical education. The application of religious and logic in medical and medical theories is the answer to the birth of a generation of health and medicine professions with logical, theological and humanist expertise. Azyumardi (Azra: 1999) states the difference of teaching and education lies in the emphasis of education in shaping the awareness and personality of students in addition to transmitting knowledge and expertise. Azra mentions the process of putting forward this form will produce nations and countries that inherit their generation of cultural values, thought and expertise so that they are ready to welcome life. (Hafhuddin: 2004) states the educational paradigm should row on two corals: namely spirituality and modernity because of the cruel social crisis lately. In the Qur'an An-Nisa Surah 65 is affirmed about education with Islamic principles of bringing people who have the skills and attitudes to be a person capable of realizing Divine skill. This paper describes the urgency of integrating religion with health and medicine education which is a balanced science between physical and metaphysical. The analysis will use Hegel's dialectics of the process to arrive at a truth. Religious science is represented by tawheed, tasawwuf and Islamic philosophy integrated with the science of health and medicine. The approach of religious integration with health and medicine education is one of the methods to balance people and nature. The separation of religion and science in education of health and medicine will only leave a generation who is materialism, anthropomorphism, secularism, exclusivism and other radicalism traits. Islam generate scientists to be the protector and sustainer of human beings, nature and His creatures.

Incorporating Islamic Environmentalism in Approaches to Conservation in the Trans-Himalaya

Conservationists increasingly acknowledge the value of co-productive conservation efforts that incorporate the Indigenous perspective. In the Trans-Himalayan context, they have begun to incorporate the Buddhist perspective in recent interventions; yet, there is an omission of Islamic environmentalism in these conversations. This omission is even more glaring when one considers that Muslims make up a significant percentage of the Indigenous population of the Trans-Himalaya. A review of the literature reveals a considerable body of Islamic scholarship on sustainable resource management in extremely harsh climates. In fact, co-productive conservation efforts in collaboration with local Muslim communities elsewhere in the world have been very impactful. While scholarship on the history of Islam in the Trans-Himalaya is limited, historians agree that, rather than being forced upon a passive Indigenous population, the widespread adoption of Islam was an active choice by a population that had plenty of exposure to different ideas and belief systems via trade. Supplementing these findings with qualitative research at the grassroots level among the Dard-Shin Scheduled Tribe in the Trans-Himalaya, the authors find further evidence of the syncretic blending of Indigenous and Islamic beliefs, deployed in service of effective natural resource management. It is, thus, proposed that future conservation efforts in this region would be well advised to adopt a more expansive approach to the Indigenous perspective.

IMPROVING SKI LEARNING OUTCOMES BASED ON CLASS MANAGEMENT USING A WHOLE GROUP DISCUSSION APPROACH

Teacher competence in implementing classroom management functions based on student activity, as well as student interest and active participation in the learning process, is one of the factors that can influence the achievement of learning objectives and improve student learning outcomes, so innovative learning management is needed. The purpose of this study is to examine how classroom management using the whole group discussion technique and increasing the History of Islam (SKI) learning achievement of class V students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) Attaqwa 19 Bogor sero Bekasi. This research used an experimental method with a classroom action research (PTK) approach applied to 80 students in class V MI 19 Bogor Sero Bekasi, who were divided into two classes, through the use of Simple Random Sampling Techniques. Shows that there is an increase in SKI learning results after conducting experiments using a classroom management approach based on the use of whole group discussion techniques, and the results of rxy and t calculations show t-count is 4.352 while t-table is 1.685954; this shows t-count is greater than t-table, meaning there is a significant influence So, classroom management using the Whole Group Discussion Technique has a significant influence on student learning outcomes in SKI subjects with a Gain Score of 63.6, meaning there is a significant increase between the experimental class and the control class. This research can be used as a reference for teachers to improve student learning outcomes.

DİJİTAL DÜNYADA İSLÂM TARİHİNİ BİLGİSAYAR OYUNLARI ÜZERİNDEN KEŞFETMEK: KNIGHTS OF THE LIGHT ADLI OYUN ÇERÇEVESİNDE ALANA BİR GİRİŞ

This article analyses the computer game ‘Knights of the Light: The Prologue,’ which focuses on a theme from the early periods of Islamic history, and evaluates its role in the teaching and learning Islamic history. The game centres around the Battle of Qādisiyya (15/636), a critical juncture during one of the significant milestones for Muslims in their struggle against the Sassanids, marking a pivotal moment in the early Islamic conquests. Commanders Qaʿqāʿ b. ʿAmr and his brother ʿĀṣim b. ʿAmr, who played crucial roles in the events leading up to the eradication of the Sassanids from the historical stage, are the primary figures in this game. Despite encountering some technical flaws and receiving unfavourable feedback from players, the game’s commendable effort to adhere to historical data and accurately present the conditions of that period deserves recognition. In this regard, the game becomes the focal point of this article concerning the instruction and education of Islamic history. Factors such as the prominence of learning materials through computer games, the vivid portrayal of historical events, and the encouragement of students to delve into more profound research, as exemplified by this game, suggest the effectiveness of such games as valuable tools in the education of Islamic history.

Unveiling Empowerment: Navigating Historical Roles and Contemporary Challenges for Muslim Women Leaders

Based on the insights gathered from the literature review, this historical study embarks on a multifaceted exploration with several pivotal objectives. At its core, it seeks to illuminate the intricate relationship between Islamic teachings, the historical roles of Muslim women in leadership, and their contemporary challenges within the political landscape of Pakistan. Through a thorough examination of these aspects, the research aims to provide valuable insights and actionable recommendations that can shape policy formulation, procedural refinement, and organizational culture. The primary goal is to promote gender diversity and empower Muslim women in leadership roles, particularly in Pakistan. A central objective of this study is to deeply explore Islamic teachings and principles and their implications for women's active participation and contributions to society, especially in leadership positions. By meticulously analyzing relevant literature and historical examples from Islamic history, the research intends to uncover the theological and cultural foundations that historically influenced the status of Muslim women in leadership. Moreover, it seeks to evaluate how these teachings have empowered Muslim women in leadership roles, fostering a nuanced understanding of the interplay between religion and women's leadership.

Shiʿite Rulers, Sunni Rivals, and Christians in Between: Muslim-Christian Relations in Fāṭimid Palestine and Egypt. By Steven Gertz. Islamic History and Thought 32. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2023. xii + 185 pp. $95.00 cloth.

Shiʿite Rulers, Sunni Rivals, and Christians in Between: Muslim-Christian Relations in Fāṭimid Palestine and Egypt. By Steven Gertz. Islamic History and Thought 32. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2023. xii + 185 pp. $95.00 cloth.

Dialogue as a Counterextremism Policy: Lessons from the History of Early Islam—The Kharijites vs. the Authority

precis: Governments worldwide have made it a priority to combat religious extremism, resulting in various disciplinary and soft-power policies. This study focuses on dialogue as an effective way to counter and prevent religious extremism, using the Kharijites (the first extremist faction that mutinied against the caliphal authority) as a case study. Historical methodology is used to collect data, and a critical analysis is conducted using inductive and deductive methods to draw conclusions and insights for a proposed dialogue model. The essay argues that military power is ephemeral and sometimes counterproductive, so the emphasis should be on a long-lived "mind power." Further, given the embedded nature of religious underpinnings of extremists' ideologies, the study highlights seven key terms that form the foundation of the three-level dialogue model.