Institutional History Research Articles

The arrival of Ukrainian refugees as an opportunity to advance migrant integration policy

ABSTRACT The Czech Republic has received the largest number of Ukrainian refugees per capita. An underdeveloped migrant integration policy and limited experience with large numbers of refugees hampered the Czechs’ willingness to help. The reception phase relied heavily on crisis teams, volunteers, and civil society organizations. Accommodating structural measures became necessary. This article takes a closer look at these changes and explains how the large number of Ukrainian refugees constitutes an “external shock” that has shaped Czech migrant integration policy in several key aspects. We also examine the role of international organizations in shaping migrant integration policy. We use the research framework of historical institutionalism, applying retrograde analysis, desk research and deep semi-structured interviews. Our results show that migration policy has been skewed in the short-term towards better acceptance of migrants, but we can identify a tendency towards a return to the original trajectory. We also find that international organizations have not had a substantial influence on recent changes in migrant integration policy; domestic actors have had a much greater influence.

Is the COVID-19 Pandemic a Critical Juncture? Insight from the Study of “New” Multilingual Governance Techniques

AbstractIs the COVID-19 pandemic a critical juncture? An emerging social scientific scholarship on the COVID-19 pandemic has set out to study its effects on a range of social, political, and economic phenomena. Some of this scholarship theorizes that the COVID-19 pandemic is one of those rarest and most impactful moments in time, what historical institutionalists would call a “critical juncture”. This article tests a COVID-19 critical juncture hypothesis by conducting a theory-infirming case study of recent multilingual developments in the United States. Process tracing of federal and state multilingual trajectories reveal that two of the hypothesis’ observable implications are absent: there is no evidence of radical institutional change and ostensibly “new” multilingual pathways were in fact established prior to the pandemic. In light of this evidence, the article concludes by discussing alternative understandings of COVID-19’s effects and this might mean for the study of the pandemic moving forward.

(Re)imagining giving societies: The case study of Moravian University

In this paper, the authors describe Moravian University's efforts to create and enhance several giving societies over the past three years. The COVID-19 pandemic provided an opportunity to reach out to the university's supporters with new ideas to engage and cultivate them in novel ways. For the three newly created giving societies — for families, women and lifetime giving — the authors provide the underlying reasoning for their creation, how they were named and built and how members are recruited and stewarded. The reasons for enhancing two existing societies — for leadership giving and planned giving — is also described, with specific details provided on the changes and how they were implemented. The authors offer several key takeaways from their experience, from conducting research and finding a champion to using institutional history or points of pride and being patient.

Osnovnye tendencii razvitiya rossijskoj istoriografii arheologii

The purpose of this work is to identify the main areas of research on the history of archaeology in Russia. We have identified such historiographical blocks as the personalities of archaeologists, the history of archaeological institutions, the study of individual periods and the history of archaeological science as a whole. A steady trend in recent years is the appeal of historiographers to archival materials, the expansion of the range of sources, which ultimately requires the formation of a new type of scientist as an archaeologist-historiographer.

Urban intensification and land value capture in Toronto: Conjunctural analysis, critical junctures, and developmental pathways in urban planning.

Toronto has for 70 years been one of the fastest growing city-regions in North America, and over the last two decades has seen booming high-rise intensification. A distinctive land value capture (LVC) system and practice has emerged. This paper traces the contested evolution of Toronto LVC since 1946, including recent major changes to the rules, and makes three main contributions: First is the suggestion that at its core, LVC is an attempt to purposefully alter the distribution of the costs and benefits of urban property development between public and private actors, and should be considered a key metric to evaluate the social equity of property development processes. Second, conjunctural analysis has recently emerged as an approach to reading the intersection of political, economic, social, and ideological processes that come together to produce historical changes in specific cases. I argue that Historical Institutionalism (HI) is a valuable complement to the conjunctural analysis approach in its focus on the genesis of and contestation over specific sets of institutions. HI provides a set of midlevel conceptual frameworks and research methods to identify major institutions, the actors involved, and institutional change mechanisms, processes, and patterns. I bring together two hitherto separate traditions of thought about conjunctures, that arising from Gramsci through Stuart Hall, and that developed in HI, arguing that HI brings analytical clarity to the comparative analysis of conjunctures. Third, the Toronto case is revealing of processes of institutional change, mechanisms supporting path dependence, and the urban impacts of globally hegemonic ideological conjunctures.

유럽 우주정책 거버넌스 연구

The aim of this study is to analyse the historical processes and institutional features of European space policy governance in order to understand its unique governance characteristics, which are designed to ensure that horizontal cooperation at the European level between the ESA and the EU and vertical cooperation between the ESA and Member States' national space agencies are complementary. To this end, this study first examines the historical process of the development of European space policy from the perspective of the history of European integration and the history of legal institutions, in order to understand the nature of the parallel development of European space policy centred on ESA, independent of the evolution of European integration from the ECSC to the EU. On this basis, it will analyse the multi-layered governance of European space policy today, focusing on the two characteristics of 'hybridity' and 'integrity' in order to contribute to a more accurate understanding of European space policy.

Multi‐Level Governance Feedback and Health Care in Italy in the Aftermath of Covid‐19

At the crossroads of EU studies and public policy analysis, a vast literature identifies global crises as one of the main triggers of change. The present article provides a test of this hypothesis in the case of health care in the aftermath of the pandemic crisis that hit Europe between 2020 and 2022. We use Italy as an extreme case, where both the magnitude of the Covid-19 outbreak and the effect of the pre-existent domestic cost-cutting strategy potentially opened a large window of opportunity for change. Through the lenses of historical institutionalism, we aim to shed light on policy change in multi-level health governance systems. Evidence collected through semi-structured interviews, triangulated with secondary sources, proves that the governance of health care in Italy has experienced no paradigmatic change. We show that “governance feedbacks” have reinforced pre-existing dynamics and inhibited more radical forms of change.

Die erste »Erez-Israelische Oper« in »Altneuland«

Abstract »Ha-opera ha-erez israelit«, also known in English as the »Palestine Opera«, was founded in 1923 in the still nascent city of Tel Aviv. There was no stately opera house, no large stage for grand performances, not even a professional orchestra. The financial budget was extremely modest – and yet, over the course of only four seasons (1923–1927) no fewer than 17 operas were performed, all of them in Hebrew translation. This article takes the centenary of the first Hebrew opera as a point of departure to probe the history of this important cultural institution in pre-state Israel. The initiative for this ambitious undertaking came from Mordechai Golinkin (1875–1963), a seasoned conductor and passionate Zionist. Like Golinkin, most of the singers were of Russian origin. Remarkably, all libretti were in Hebrew with a synopsis in English and Arabic, so as to cater to a particularly broad audience. The article pays special attention to the four ›Hebrew/Jewish‹ operas which Golinkin selected during those years (one each season). This in turn raises the question as to how these categories were understood and debated at the time.

Heritage, resistance and dissonance: reconstructing Pentridge in a prison tourism theme park

ABSTRACT Pentridge Prison was established in 1851 in the Melbourne outer suburb of Coburg in the state of Victoria, Australia. Decommissioned in 1999, the site is marked by 150 years of white colonial violence, trauma, incarceration and death. Twenty-four years on, it has been repurposed to include a mix of residential and commercial developments. More recently, Art Processors have been contracted by the developers to curate new Pentridge tours and visitor experiences. This article will observe how the institutional histories of Pentridge have been curated and represented through the on-site redevelopments and tours. Autoethnographic methods are deployed to document representations of social memory at the site. The framework of hauntology assists to elucidate the affective consequences of erasing landscapes marked by trauma and state-sanctioned violence. The result is a site defined by a deep sense of dissonance, where attempts to memorialise traumatic events, violence and death, are undermined by proximity to what can only be characterised as a prison tourism theme park. Ultimately, Pentridge Prison highlights the highly political process of repurposing penal sites and memorialising difficult histories carry profound implications for addressing contemporary injustices associated with imprisonment.

Colonial education and the world market: The cotton school experiment in German Togo (1900–1914)

Critical research on colonial education should not only include the intentions of colonial actors, but also an awareness of possible learning outcomes that were intended or not intended by “the colonial masters”. The case study presented here explores the fate of an agricultural school located in Notsé (Togo) from its first ideas in 1900 until about 1914 (the end of German colonial rule in Togo). The main reason for setting up the “cotton school experiment” was to find ways of formalising the transfer of knowledge, competences and attitudes which were deemed necessary for the transformation of the local economy and society from a subsistence or household economy to capitalist modes of production. The history of this agricultural institution transcends colonial history between Germany and Togo, opening up a broader view of entanglements between the regional histories of Africa, Germany and the southern United States. The story begins with African Americans from Tuskegee in Alabama under the leadership of the African-American educationist Booker T. Washington, who were despatched to German Togo in 1900 in order to enhance local cash-crop style cotton production for the sake of the German cotton industry in Germany. It ends with the colonial government in Togo appointing German regional agricultural officers to consult and instruct local Togolese communities in cash-crop production as itinerant teachers.

Electronic music as music heritage

In the past, many institutions of electroacoustic music positioned electroacoustic music as being the ‘music of the future’; in the first two decades of the 21st century, however, a focus on electroacoustic music’s past has grown, in particular with the aim to preserve this past. If pastness could once make electroacoustic music obsolete, it can now be valuable for electroacoustic music. Therefore, this article investigates how the view of electroacoustic music as music heritage has influenced the present understanding of this kind of music at Elektronmusikstudion (EMS) in Stockholm, Sweden. By analyzing the stages through which electroacoustic music at EMS has become heritage and by conducting and analysing qualitative interviews with composers/sound artists working at EMS, this article explores electroacoustic music as heritage. Furthermore, it investigates the possible effects this understanding of electroacoustic music has on artists’ practices and reflections. The main conclusion is that the institutional history of electroacoustic music influences how it is regarded as music heritage. Furthermore, understanding electroacoustic music as heritage allows various people involved at EMS to reflect on its past, and it becomes clear that this past can influence artistic choices. At the same time, these reflections contribute to creating a many-faceted history of electronic music rather than maintaining a history with a single grand narrative.

Naples: a city away from water

ABSTRACT Over time, a large number of stakeholders have affected the Italian port city of Naples. The millenary history of Naples reveals a port that has been strongly intertwined with the city. Yet, recent history shows a different story. The historical investigation analysed in this article points out a conflict between several different authorities that led the port. As these developed into separate entities they detached people from the water. This article offers an institutional history. Using the concept of path dependence it argues that a past system of decision-making concerning the development of the port city reinforced the separation of land from water in Naples. Path dependence is understood as a resistance by institutions (rules) and actors (decision makers) to changes in patterns of behaviour and a tendency to repeat previous decisions and practices. This article analyses a series of critical junctures so as to analyse the constellation of actors and decisions which have prevented the city from living with water. The article concludes by arguing that understanding the articulated system of past decision-making is a key to (re)conceptualizing the current state of the city and (re)imagining ways by which the city might be reunited with its waters.

Sejarah dan Dinamika Lembaga Pendidikan Islam di Nusantara: Surau, Meunasah, Pesantren, dan Madrasah

Islamic educational institutions have existed since the time of the sultanates in the archipelago, which at that time were very popular among Indonesian people, and the most popular at that time were Islamic boarding schools. surau, dayah, meunasah, pesantren and madrasah. The history of educational institutions in the archipelago is very long, so the purpose of this research is to describe the history and dynamics of Islamic educational institutions in the archipelago, starting from surau, maunasah, pesantren and madrasah. The development of Islamic educational institutions is the impact of changes in people's behavior. Are Islamic institutions, one of which are Islamic Boarding Schools and Madrasas, becoming Islamic educational institutions that continue to exist or are there other models of educational institutions that are more accommodating to the civilization and culture of the Islamic world.

The Logic of Change in China’s New Energy Vehicle Fiscal Subsidy Policy

The vigorous development of new energy vehicles as a representative of emerging industries is inseparable from government financial subsidies. In recent years, with the continuous expansion of the new energy vehicle industry and the transformation of the national economy into an innovation-driven one, the centralized financial subsidy policy for new energy vehicles has undergone tremendous adjustments marked by the withdrawal of the "national subsidy". Using the historical institutionalism analysis framework, we systematically review the history of China's new energy vehicle subsidy policy, and divide it into four stages: the creation of the pilot stage, rapid expansion, comprehensive promotion, and adjustment and change. From the structural viewpoint, factors such as national economic development, global industrial competition, and changes in the concept of development have, to varying degrees, contributed to the change in the financial subsidy policy for new energy vehicles. From the historical point of view, the financial subsidy policy has been continuously self-reinforcing under the learning effect, coordination effect and adaptive expectation, but also due to the negative incentives for market players to take malicious subsidy fraud to make the contradictions gather and explode, which constitutes a key node of policy change. The current new energy vehicle subsidy policy is in the stage of adjustment and change, the future should be strengthened technology research and development incentives to regulate at the same time to avoid the formation of subsidy dependence of enterprises, and strengthen the subsidy of infrastructure facilities.

Termessos’taki Pamphyliarkhlar ve Pamphylia’daki Roma Valileri İçin Epigramlar. Öncelik ve Onurlar

The use of epigrams on stone during the Late Empire to honour important individuals, whether Roman officials or local benefactors, is a well-known phenomenon, although little explored to elucidate questions of political and institutional history, especially tricky due to the poetic nature of the material. In this field of study, the present work is focused on two epigrams from the Pisidian city of Termessos honouring Pamphyliarchs with the expressions ψῆφος Παμφύλων and γῆς κάρα Παμφύλων. After briefly reviewing the historical links of Termessos with Pamphylia, the main objective is to analyse these expressions as poetic allusions to the honorific title πρῶτος, used in the epigraphy of Asia Minor during the Roman period to designate individual primacy. The last section highlights similarities with two other epigrams from the cities of Perge and Attaleia in Pamphylia in honour of Roman governors, while discussing their identity and the title πιστή of the city of Side.

The European Investment Bank to the rescue? COVID-related lending as incremental change

ABSTRACT The European Investment Bank (EIB) was officially part of a coordinated European Union (EU) strategy to address the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, we argue that despite the worst socio-economic crisis to hit most European countries since the Second World War, the EIB failed to deviate from a set path that delimited acceptable forms of lending. We apply a historical institutionalist analysis to explain how and why the EIB continued to engage in principally low risk lending activities via the commercial banking sector, and failed to significantly increase lending to the public health sector.

Historical institution and corporate Innovation: Evidence from China’s Civil-service Examination

Previous research indicates that historical institutions are crucial to the functioning and development of an economy. However, little is known about whether and how a historical institution affects current entrepreneurial activities. In ancient China, the Civil-service Examination (CSE), also known as keju, was the most important institution for selecting scholar-officials and had long-lasting effects. Using the variation in the historical success in keju across prefectures, this paper empirically examines the impact of the CSE on local corporate innovation. We find that the density of jinshi, which is the highest achievement in keju, is positively correlated with the innovation productivity of local firms as measured by patent applications and citations. To determine causality, we employ an instrumental variable and a quasi-experiment in early Qing period. Further tests suggest that the CSE promotes corporate innovation by fostering a forward-looking stance in firms, enhancing firms’ human capital level, and increasing local social capital. Overall, our results indicate that the CSE has a real and long-lasting impact on today’s firm innovation.

Using historical institutionalism as a guidepost to understanding policy change in Rust Belt cities

Using historical institutionalism as a guidepost to understanding policy change in Rust Belt cities

The Sources of Rwandan Military Effectiveness: State Building, Security Assistance and the Cabo Delgado Campaign

Rwanda’s mid 2021 military intervention meaningfully degraded the capability of the jihadist insurgents terrorising northern Mozambique. Rwanda’s early battlefield achievements were due to a combination of factors, including a suitable operational concept and strong infantry skills and combat motivation. These qualities were more a function of institutional history and internal state building, however, than of foreign-provided equipment or training; outside aid helped make the intervention possible but did not instil the critical drivers of Rwandan combat effectiveness. Because similar circumstances do not pertain in Mozambique, the prospects that the Rwandan armed forces can transfer the capability to prosecute a successful counter-insurgency to their Mozambican counterparts are dim. The Cabo Delgado campaign provides only a qualified vindication of American security co-operation and suggests important limits for western counterterrorism strategies predicated on African proxies.

(Un)safe Spaces: The Relationship Between Slavery and Sexual Victimization of Black Women.

Research exploring the correlates of sexual victimization has found sexual victimization to be associated with both individual- and contextual-level factors, including age, gender, poverty, and size of the female population. However, to date, research has been limited in exploring how historical factors, such as slavery, may be associated with the contemporary prevalence of sexual victimization of women. Historical accounts have often suggested that enslaved women often experienced sexual victimization during their enslavement. Despite these accounts, research has been limited in empirically exploring the relationship between slavery and the sexual victimization of Black women. Using the 1860 U.S. Census and the 2019 National Incidence-Based Reporting System, multilevel logistic regression analyses are employed to explore whether slavery is consequential for contemporary instances of Black female sexual victimization. In line with the "legacy effect" framework, the findings from the current study suggest that Black women are significantly more likely to be sexually victimized in counties characterized by larger enslaved populations in 1860. These findings illuminate how historical institutions, despite being outlawed, have contemporary consequences, particularly for Black women. These findings, discussions, avenues for future research, and policy implications are discussed below.