Historical Gap Research Articles

A Survey Evaluating Extent of Undergraduate Medical Education Regarding Sex-Based Differences in Pathophysiology

Introduction A historical gap in research on sex differences in health outcomes has led to a lack of education on sex-based differences in pathophysiology. The primary objective of this research study was to survey pathophysiology professors of medical schools in the United States (US) to understand the current extent to which the impact of sex on disease is included in the pre-clinical curricula of undergraduate medical institutions in the US. Methods A survey tool was created via literature review to assess the extent of education on sex-based differences in pathophysiology. This survey was distributed using the Qualtrics electronic platform to the head professor of pathophysiology at each of the 141 Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) accredited medical schools in the United States. Results The survey response rate was 14.9%. The most taught topics were epidemiology of most common cancers affecting each sex and risk factors for development of osteoporosis between different sexes. Sex-based differences in zolpidem dosing, smoking cessation, and the physiologic mechanism of narcotic addiction had the least curricular coverage. 28.57% of faculty and 38.10% of faculty agree and somewhat agree, respectively, their institution provides faculty development for teaching about topics relating to sex differences in pathophysiology. Medical students are primarily evaluated on their knowledge of sex pathophysiology in the form of written examination, followed by evaluation by standardized patients, and lastly faculty observed patient interactions. Discussion Curricular topics relating to sex-based differences in pathophysiology are taught to varying degrees in medical school preclinical curricula. Improved efforts can be made to increase instruction on specific topics and to support faculty development in teaching about sex-based differences in disease evaluation and management, enhancing the education of the next generation of physicians and facilitating better care for patients.

Flu vaccination coverage in Italy in the COVID-19 era: A fuzzy functional k-means (FFKM) approach

BackgroundIn Europe, flu vaccination coverage has decreased, and there are complex barriers to overcome to vaccinate against flu. Many studies have been conducted to estimate vaccination coverage. The COVID-19 pandemic threatens to disrupt immunization programs in many countries, including Italy, where vaccination against the flu is recommended but not mandatory. This paper aims to understand changes in flu vaccine uptake in Italian regions. MethodsUsing functional data analysis and fuzzy functional k-means clustering, we investigated changes in flu vaccine coverage in Italian regions before (2010–2019) and after (2020–2022) the COVID-19 vaccination period. ResultsThe period of COVID-19 pandemic brought an increase in vaccine coverage globally. Elbow's method determined that the optimal number of clusters in vaccination uptake is 2. Apulia, Basilicata, Emilia Romagna, Liguria, Molise, Tuscany, and Umbria in 2019 belong less to the group with low flu vaccination uptake (G1) but increase their tendency to belong to this group over time: they decrease their propensity to be vaccinated for flu. For others, it seems that COVID-19 served as a push to increase flu vaccination coverage rates. Sicily appears to be the region that has responded best to the pandemic, changing its membership value from 2019 to 2022. ConclusionThe present study highlights that the COVID-19 era has resulted in a higher flu vaccination coverage rate. Moreover, the regional level's improvement or worsening in flu vaccination coverage rate is not affected by the historical gap and socio-cultural and economic differences prevailing among Italian regions.

Draft Regulation on the Train Traffic on Russian Railways (Steam Locomotives’ Railways) Open for Public Use (1892)

This issue reprints extracts from the preliminary draft of one of the core regulations on railway operations which was the regulation on train traffic. It was compiled more than 130 years ago. Probably, the entire document is less of interest regarding engineering aspects but is of much greater interest as far as jobs are concerned or, in modern terms, human resources. Many aspects are quite relevant regardless the historical gap. We can quote requirement addressed to the employees when they work at the positions that combine two qualifications to possess all the skills necessary for each of them.Publication keeps intact as much as possible the style, punctuation and lexis of the time.

A Role for Genetic Modifiers in Tubulointerstitial Kidney Diseases.

With the increased availability of genomic sequencing technologies, the molecular bases for kidney diseases such as nephronophthisis and mitochondrially inherited and autosomal-dominant tubulointerstitial kidney diseases (ADTKD) has become increasingly apparent. These tubulointerstitial kidney diseases (TKD) are monogenic diseases of the tubulointerstitium and result in interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA). However, monogenic inheritance alone does not adequately explain the highly variable onset of kidney failure and extra-renal manifestations. Phenotypes vary considerably between individuals harbouring the same pathogenic variant in the same putative monogenic gene, even within families sharing common environmental factors. While the extreme end of the disease spectrum may have dramatic syndromic manifestations typically diagnosed in childhood, many patients present a more subtle phenotype with little to differentiate them from many other common forms of non-proteinuric chronic kidney disease (CKD). This review summarises the expanding repertoire of genes underpinning TKD and their known phenotypic manifestations. Furthermore, we collate the growing evidence for a role of modifier genes and discuss the extent to which these data bridge the historical gap between apparently rare monogenic TKD and polygenic non-proteinuric CKD (excluding polycystic kidney disease).

Existing Hypotheses about the Emergence of Nonsense Syllables in the Chant Tradition of Teretismata and Kratēmata in Byzantine Music

In the present essay, I review and evaluate the three main hypotheses about the historical background and emergence of the nonsense syllables in the chant tradition of teretismata and kratēmata in Byzantine music. The different historical hypotheses as to the historical roots and development of this singing practice are examined and analyzed thoroughly, namely those of Gregorios Stathis (1979, 2014), Diane Touliatos (1989), and Grigorios Anastasiou (2005). The aim of the analysis is to summarise and discuss the contribution of the up-to-date historical hypotheses to the theoretical approaches of the topic, including the identification of potential flaws, lacunae and inadequacies of their explanatory power. Touliatos takes antiquity as a starting point for her hypothesis and posits the roots of nonsense syllables in the music of Ancient Greece. After a historical gap of several centuries, those syllables reappear in the Byzantine music during the 14th c. Stathis and Anastasiou examine the phenomenon exclusively within the boundaries of Byzantine music. Before reviewing the three hypotheses concerning the historical development of nonsense syllables in Byzantine music, we must consider the sources on which the theories are postulated.

The current four volumes of Michel Foucault’s Histoire de la sexualité: a review of the state of research, 2022

By providing a review of the present state of research regarding French historian of ideas Michel Foucault’s (1926-1984) current four-volume series Histoire de la sexualité, this essay highlights an acceleration in tempo after the publication of an edited fourth volume (Les aveux de la chair) in 2018. After providing an overview of the manuscript development of Les aveux de la chair, and the emergence of a pattern regarding the structural and chronological composition of Histoire de la sexualité, namely that the series should effectively be read backward from the first volume La volonté de savoir to the thematically last volume L’usage des plaisirs, several developing themes in the most recent scholarship on Histoire de la sexualité are noted and annotated. The report concludes with a presentation of two notable features of the current four volumes, namely its unconventional composition and existing historical gaps, regarding the Carolingian and post-Carolingian periods, later Middle Ages, Renaissance, Reformation, and Counter-Reformation.

Aircraft and satellite observations reveal historical gap between top-down and bottom-up CO2 emissions from Canadian oil sands.

Measurement-based estimates of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from complex industrial operations are challenging to obtain, but serve as an important, independent check on inventory-reported emissions. Such top-down estimates, while important for oil and gas (O&G) emissions globally, are particularly relevant for Canadian oil sands (OS) operations, which represent the largest O&G contributor to national GHG emissions. We present a multifaceted top-down approach for estimating CO2 emissions that combines aircraft-measured CO2/NOx emission ratios (ERs) with inventory and satellite-derived NOx emissions from Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) and TROPOspheric Ozone Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) and apply it to the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) in Alberta, Canada. Historical CO2 emissions were reconstructed for the surface mining region, and average top-down estimates were found to be >65% higher than facility-reported, bottom-up estimates from 2005 to 2020. Higher top-down vs. bottom-up emissions estimates were also consistently obtained for individual surface mining and in situ extraction facilities, which represent a growing category of energy-intensive OS operations. Although the magnitudes of the measured discrepancies vary between facilities, they combine such that the observed reporting gap for total AOSR emissions is ≥(31 ± 8) Mt for each of the last 3 years (2018-2020). This potential underestimation is large and broadly highlights the importance of continued review and refinement of bottom-up estimation methodologies and inventories. The ER method herein offers a powerful approach for upscaling measured facility-level or regional fossil fuel CO2 emissions by taking advantage of satellite remote sensing observations.

Historical evolution of public relations psychology in Europe and the United States

The study provides a chronological review of public relations (PR) analysed from the perspective of psychology, highlighting milestones, concepts, theories and models. It offers a synthesis of its origins in Europe and how it was imported to the United States, where it was strongly implemented at the academic, political and business levels. The foundations of the emergence and development of PR have psychology as a fundamental pillar (Bernays, 1928) in understanding the propagandistic effects on people’s social behaviour. Therefore, it seems that it would be practically impossible to understand and apply this construct throughout history without this joint interdisciplinary work, both in explaining individual and collective response and in diachronically changing behaviour in organizations (Grunig, 1976). An in-depth exploration is carried out of the international manuscripts published to date which highlight the interactions of PR with psychology in terms of public behaviour, leadership and behaviour within organizations. The results bring to light an international perspective of basic contributions and some historic gaps along the way. The identification of several key events from the past helps to understand better the general conceptual framework that connects PR and psychology. The research reveals that there is still a gap regarding the existence of a general theory to explain the history of PR psychology. Nevertheless, from a PR perspective, its psychological influence on the behaviours of the population and the persuasion of stakeholders seems indisputable.

Rapid Response Collecting and the Irish Abortion Referendum

The last decade in Ireland has seen rapid societal change, including the enshrining of equal marriage and women’s right to bodily autonomy in the constitution via public referendum. In response, the National Museum of Ireland enacted a programme of collecting the material culture of such significant contemporary events in Ireland, which led to the formal establishment of the Contemporary Ireland Collection. The material culture of the referendum on the abolishment of the 8th Amendment of the Irish Constitution (Repeal the 8th) to allow for the legal termination of pregnancy formed the nucleus of the collection, and the rationale behind the identification of the representative themes and subsequent object choices has become the template on which further contemporary collecting is now based. This has enabled the institution and its curators to work collaboratively with the public in the expansion of its collections to fill the historic gaps and become more inclusive and representative of Ireland’s varied and difficult history.

Forgotten Pioneers of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery During the Medieval Period.

Sushruta who lived in India sometime between 1000 and 800 BC is traditionally recognized for being the "Father of Plastic Surgery." However, "plastic surgery" has been performed much earlier in antiquity, with the earliest origins of primitive procedures dating back to 1600 BC in Ancient Egypt on the southeastern shores of the Mediterranean. Some centuries later, simple plastic cosmetic surgeries were performed, as well on the Northern Mediterranean shores in ancient Greece and Rome to repair damaged parts caused by war mutilation, punishment, or humiliation. Afterward, there has been a historical gap moving rapidly from the Greco-Roman period to the European Renaissance. Ignoring valuable contributions made by surgeons of the Medieval period, like Albucasis and Avicenna, has denied scholars of the Arabic Golden Age that bridged the eastern and western cultures recognition. In fact, all Mediterranean populations, albeit not together or simultaneously, have participated in the development of plastic and reconstructive surgery art and science. All have made valuable innovations, together with others, which cumulatively have resulted in progressive buildup of knowledge and technical skills.

Physical violence against women in Brazil: Findings from the 3rd Brazilian household survey on substance use

ABSTRACT Brazil has a historical gap regarding information on violence against women. Herein we aimed to evaluate the association of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics with physical violence against women in Brazil, as well as the possible escalation of violence to severe patterns of violence. We analysed data from the 3rd Brazilian Household Survey on Substance Use, in 2015. The main outcomes were reporting any physical violence and being stabbed/shot in the last 12-months. Logistic regressions were fitted to assess the association between socioeconomic and demographic variables with the outcomes. We estimated 3.8 million women reported any physical violence (5.52%): 3.79% reported threats to beat/ push/kick, 1.87% threats with knife/gun, 2.49% were beaten/pushed/kicked, 0.63% were spanked/ choked, and 0.21% were stabbed/shot. The higher the severity of violence, the higher the number of types of violence experienced. The likelihood of reporting any violence was higher among women 18–24 years, without a stable partner, who were at an informal job or unemployed, and who live in urban areas. The sociodemographic characteristics associated with reporting any violence reinforce the importance of addressing gender inequalities. Evidence of escalation violence reinforces the need to protect and care for women who report any type of violence.

Uma ponte entre colonialismo e ambientalismo

Abstract Dr. Malcolm Ferdinand’s book “Decolonial Ecology: thinking from the Caribbean World” comes at an opportune time and fills a historical gap in the literature on colonialism and ecology. Provocative and daring, the sections masterfully address the themes of ethnic-racial relations, gender, and vulnerabilities. The book is a vital invitation to understand the interrelationships of gender, race, and class in the pursuit of justice and how these interrelationships manifest themselves. The compendium of information provided strengthens the multidimensional coalition of interests to better understand environmental injustice and widespread social inequality associated with a colonial ecology.

Всеобщее военное обучение в Казахской ССР в годы Великой Отечественной войны 1941-1945 гг.

The article attempts to eliminate historical gaps in the organization of universal military training in Kazakh SSR in the days of the Great Patriotic War. The Soviet historiography covered this problem insufficiently. The modern historiography draws on materials, which became available to researchers in the last decade. The source studies method has been used. As the Great Patriotic War began, the Red Army military reserve training became of mass proportions. The command staff was trained in military schools, junior officers were trained in reserve military units; there were schools of junior aviation specialists. Military departments of higher educational institutions trained officers, sergeants, and privates, while public organizations (Osoaviakhim, physical education societies, Red Cross) trained privates of their profile. There were certain requirements (entrance exams, schooling, health, etc.) for training in the above-mentioned fields. For training of the private corps in the Vsevobuch (general training program) only age mattered. The age requirement was from 16 for youth and up to 50 for reservists. Within the frameworks for implementation of the State Defense Committee resolution “On General Compulsory Military Training for Soviet Citizens” of September 1941, the organization of Vsevobuch in the Kazakh SSR during the Great Patriotic War is assessed. In the headquarters of the Central Asian, Ural, and South Ural military districts, responsible for the territory of the republic, there were established Vsevobuch departments for training of citizens under military commissariats of the Kazakh SSR. Vsevobuch was based on military training stations. In the initial period of the Great Patriotic War, it faced acute problems due to lack of combat experienced personnel to fill the posts of instructors and due to poor equipment. The study has permitted to assess the results of the Vsevobuch in the Kazash SSR. The studied materials prompt conclusions on coordinated work of the leadership of the Kazakh SSR, Kazvoenkomt, and military districts in the organization of the Vsevobuch. In total, about two million Kazakhs were trained for the Red Army, which was a significant contribution of the republic to Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War.

The Afro-European Energy Diplomacy, a Historical Reconstruction from 1973 to 2007

The history of international relations has as its main source diplomatic documents, among them treaties and international agreements. As Mario Toscano stated, (Mario Toscano, 1963) diplomatic documents are written statements of facts (actions or simple expressions of thought) coming from institutional bodies acting in inter-state relations. Inside the framework of diplomacy, recently emerged a new branch: energy diplomacy. This latter is a complex topic in the broad framework of the Afro- European diplomatic relations and, over the years, has continuously evolved due to endogenous and exogenous factors. Since up to now, there's no historical rebuilding of how Afro- European diplomatic representors have acted to build energy diplomacy, to start analyzing it, the time-space considered in this research is the following: from the 1973 oil crisis to the 2007 Lisbon Treaty (Joint Africa-EU Strategy). The relevance of this research consists of filling the historical gaps that we have about this topic between the area studies and those in the European Integration, trying to have a more super partes and complete vision as possible.This research even if now in its first stage, will contribute to providing a logical combination of data to rebuild and comprehend the evolution of Afro- European energy diplomatic relations. For this purpose, the literary review indicated may help to define the broad framework in which Africa and Europe started to cooperate in scientific terms and, also give suggestions on how to act also in these times of energy crises.

Российская Православная Урмийская Духовная Миссия (обзор исследовательской литературы)

The work is devoted to the historical study of the experience of Russian Orthodox missionaries educational activities among the Assyrian Christians of the Persian province of Urmia in the late 19th – early 20th century and includes a comprehensive review of the research literature on the topic. The review is based on the material of scientific publications of domestic and foreign authors. The study uses a comparative-historical method that allows you to compare and summarize the results of scientific research in previous scientific papers. The paper considers the historical aspects of the activities of the Russian Orthodox Spiritual Mission in Urmia at the beginning of the 20th century, due to which there was a rapprochement (in some cases, jurisdictional connection) of the Eastern (pre-Chalcedonian) Orthodox Churches (Assyrian Church of the East, Syrian/Syro-Jacobite/Orthodox Church) with the Russian Orthodox Church. The study has a fundamental scientific significance, as it actualizes the issues of cultural rapprochement and international cooperation between Iran (Persia) and Russia on the basis of moral and religious values, cultural traditions, historical ties by filling in historical gaps in the scientific study of the works of the Urmian Orthodox Mission, established in 1898. The research focus of this article is the little-known and unknown facts of interaction between our countries, related to the experience of Orthodox missionary work in Persia, the study of which has unconditional scientific novelty. The study of the activities of the Russian Orthodox Spiritual Mission in Persian Urmia is an urgent task of modern humanities. The history of the Russian presence in Persia has become the subject of a few separate studies, but so far, no work based on an analysis of the entire set of published research works on the activities of the Urmian missionaries has been carried out. Carrying out such work ensures the acquisition and dissemination in society of new fundamental scientific knowledge on the topical issue of interfaith relations of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Middle East in the historical past and present.

Derelict gear from an illegal fishery: Lessons from gear retrieval efforts in the Upper Gulf of California

The Gulf of California illegal fishery for totoaba (a CITES Appendix I-listed fish species since 1977) has led to socio-ecological degradation. Particularly, this fishery is well known for incidentally catching the critically endangered vaquita. However, its impacts on the larger ecosystem are understudied. For decades local experts and non-governmental organizations had reported large amounts of in-use and derelict fishing gear used for totoaba in the Upper Gulf of California (UGoC), but the issued remained unstudied. Six of the co-authors participated directly in gear retrieval efforts and their experience is recorded here. We also performed a literature review to collect a) information on the history, dimension, root causes and impacts of gear discarding practices, and b) lessons drawn from the inter-institutional gear recovery effort performed between 2016 and 2020. For this last objective, we used the Inter-Institutional Gap Framework (IIG). By mapping all institutions involved and their relationships, the IIG allows to identify coordination gaps among multi-level institutions. We found that the gear recovery allowed to bridge historical gaps between formal and informal institutions in the UGoC. The results of the gear recovery effort (9.3 tons of intercepted nets within a section of the UGoC) also helped illustrate the large scope of the problem, which seems to be caused by local oceanographic conditions and the fishers’ need to avoid enforcement. Our study provides a first estimation of the size of this problem and adds to a body of literature on the relationship between illegal fisheries and gear discarding.

Public History: Podcast, Documentary, Digital Resources

Research Article| November 01 2022 Public History: Podcast, Documentary, Digital Resources Bryan David, Bryan David BRYAN DAVID is a lecturer of history at Truckee Meadows Community College in Reno, Nevada. He holds a PhD in history from the University of Nevada, Reno, and an MA in history from the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. His work has been published in Clio’s Quill and H-Net Reviews. He is currently working on revising his dissertation, “Homespun Fun: Theme Parks, Suburbia, and the Postwar Child,” for publication. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Sarah Keyes Sarah Keyes Guest Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California History (2022) 99 (4): 98–100. https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.4.98 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Bryan David; Public History: Podcast, Documentary, Digital Resources. California History 1 November 2022; 99 (4): 98–100. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/ch.2022.99.4.98 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCalifornia History Search “We Are Not Strangers Here: African American Histories in Rural California” includes a series of podcast episodes as well as physical and digital exhibits. It is a collaboration between Susan D. Anderson of the California African American Museum, the California Historical Society, Amy Cohen and Exhibit Envoy, Ildi Carlisle-Cummins and the California Institute for Rural Studies (CIRS), and Caroline Collins of UC San Diego. Elsewhere in this issue of California History, Dr. Collins details the overall project’s content, creation, and reception. This review is of the podcast series only. From the outset of the first episode, “We Are Not Strangers Here”—a six-episode series on the CIRS podcast Cal Ag Roots—establishes its mission to (re)insert Black Americans into narratives of the rural West. As series producer and narrator Caroline Collins states, more than just filling a historical gap, “We Are Not Strangers Here” seeks to challenge myths about the... You do not currently have access to this content.

Life and death in the production of a Factographic object

This article focuses on documents made by the Soviet military secret service detailing the arrest, interrogation, trial and execution of Sergei Tret’iakov in Moscow in 1937. The original documents were published in Russian in 1997 as part of Return my Freedom, a collection of archival records edited by Vladimir Kolyazin that details the fate of Russian and German cultural figures who fell victim to the Stalinist terror. This record of Tret’iakov’s violent death has received little attention, even in Russia or in Russian studies. The book presents facsimiles of 60 separately numbered and dated sheets containing records of Tret’iakov’s arrest and the search of his home. There are two written confessions; a first short admission of guilt and a second longer account of his supposed crimes that also claims parts of the first to be fictitious. These are followed by a transcript of his interrogation, a very brief account of his trial and the even briefer report of his execution. A historical gap separates these from documents of Tret’iakov’s official rehabilitation in 1954 which his wife, Olga Tret’iakov was instrumental in securing. Return my Freedom also contains the record of her arrest, interrogation and release in 1937. The article presents translated extracts from the official record of Tret’iakov’s interrogation and execution for the first time in English, and it explores these documents in relation to core strategies and critical commitments that shaped Tret’iakov’s influential conception of Factography.

Addressing challenges at the intersection of early intervention and child welfare

BackgroundThe Keep Children and Families Safe Act amendment to the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) of 2003 mandated children under age three who are involved with Child Welfare (CW) to receive a referral to the system for early intervention (EI). While there is strong rationale for providing developmental services to young children and families impacted by maltreatment, the early implementation of this policy brought about many challenges related to interagency coordination and readiness of providers to provide cross-systems care. Currently, as the system and providers within the system recover from the effects of Covid-19, a predicted increase in need of services may exacerbate historical gaps in the provision of services to families involved with CW. Participants and settingThis policy-focused paper explores issues impacting CW and EI providers who coordinate care between CW and EI services. MethodsThis paper provides a historical examination of these challenges and proposes an approach for improving developmental services for families referred from CW, specifically through the lens of addressing resources and supports available to providers. ResultsThe proposed approach includes an increase and reprioritization of resources to support provider readiness and well-being. ConclusionsBy focusing on support for providers, the authors propose a reduction of stress and improvement of services at each level of the “well-being” system.

Integrative Phylogenetics: Tools for Palaeontologists to Explore the Tree of Life.

Simple SummaryAll life is derived from a single common ancestor, whose descendants coevolved with the planet, shaping the structure of biodiversity and the physical processes that operate on Earth. This complex history cannot be inferred solely by studying the genomes of living organisms, nor through analysis of the fossil remains of their extinct relatives. Only a unified approach integrating living and extinct species and drawing from both genomic and anatomical evidence can achieve this aim. In this review, we highlight recent advances, challenges, and opportunities in this endeavour. These include the development of models for analysis of anatomical data; methods for combined analysis of fossil and living species, as well as anatomical and genomic data; and the combined estimation of evolutionary relationships, geographic range, and evolutionary rates. However, the application of such methods is limited by a shortage of expertise in taxonomy and comparative anatomy, which are skills required for the compilation of anatomical datasets. Whereas there is a common concern for the incompleteness of the fossil record, knowledge with respect to the comparative anatomy of living species is equally incomplete. We anticipate that the increased demand for an integrative phylogenetic approach to reconstruct the tree of life and evolutionary patterns and processes will encourage researchers to overcome these challenges with the aim of elucidating the complexities behind organismal evolution across broad taxonomic and time scales.The modern era of analytical and quantitative palaeobiology has only just begun, integrating methods such as morphological and molecular phylogenetics and divergence time estimation, as well as phenotypic and molecular rates of evolution. Calibrating the tree of life to geological time is at the nexus of many disparate disciplines, from palaeontology to molecular systematics and from geochronology to comparative genomics. Creating an evolutionary time scale of the major events that shaped biodiversity is key to all of these fields and draws from each of them. Different methodological approaches and data employed in various disciplines have traditionally made collaborative research efforts difficult among these disciplines. However, the development of new methods is bridging the historical gap between fields, providing a holistic perspective on organismal evolutionary history, integrating all of the available evidence from living and fossil species. Because phylogenies with only extant taxa do not contain enough information to either calibrate the tree of life or fully infer macroevolutionary dynamics, phylogenies should preferably include both extant and extinct taxa, which can only be achieved through the inclusion of phenotypic data. This integrative phylogenetic approach provides ample and novel opportunities for evolutionary biologists to benefit from palaeontological data to help establish an evolutionary time scale and to test core macroevolutionary hypotheses about the drivers of biological diversification across various dimensions of organisms.