Historical Frame Research Articles

Arabic Vocabulary And Its Cultural Influences On The Colloquial Tamil Language: Special Reference To South Tamil Nadu India/ المفردات العربية وتأثيراتها الثقافية في اللغة التاميلية العامية : جنوب ولاية تاميل نادو في الهند أنموذجا

Language is vital for exchanging opinions and ideas, expressing feelings, and fulfilling daily needs. Arabic stands out among other languages due to its various advantages and features. Tamil Nadu, one of the states in India, is known as the historical frame of the Dravidian civilization, one of India's oldest. It is situated in the southernmost part of Asia. Tamil Nadu's residents speak Tamil, an ancient and expressive language celebrated for its rich literature and esteemed position among Indian languages. Tamil Nadu's global prominence stems from its historical oceanic and commercial connections. Centuries ago, the state actively traded with China, Babylonia, Rome, the Levant, the Turks, and, notably, the Arabs. These trade interactions facilitated vigorous import-export activities and improved cultural exchange and integration among diverse peoples. This study focuses on the influence of the Arabic language on Tamil, particularly in contemporary usage, where many Arabic words have been integrated into Tamil vocabulary. This research emphasizes the everyday use of Arabic terms, especially in fields such as law, exemplified by terms like amal, asal, bark, taraf, waterish, wakeel, and wayeetha, etc. It examines the linguistic and cultural similarities and shared usage of words between these two distinct languages. The methodology adopted is qualitative. The primary data was collected through personal interviews and original texts. Secondary data were obtained from related books, and scholarly works and data were analyzed. This study concluded that Arabic influence in colloquial Tamil, especially in southern Tamil Nadu, needs more extensive research. The persistent Arabic influence on Tamil civilization and cultural practices is frequently mistaken for indigenous Tamil elements in academic and administrative contexts. Arabic words used in Tamil have their roots and origins, emphasizing their originality in the Arabic language rather than being borrowed from Tamil.

Search region updating with hierarchical feature fusion for accurate thermal infrared tracking

Due to their resilience against lighting variations, thermal infrared (TIR) images demonstrate robust adaptability in diverse environments, enabling effective object tracking even in intricate scenarios. Nevertheless, TIR target tracking encounters challenges such as fast target motion and interference from visually similar objects, substantially compromising the tracking precision of TIR trackers. To surmount these challenges, we propose a method grounded in the strategy of search region updating and hierarchical feature fusion, tailored for the precise TIR target-tracking task. Specifically, to address the issue of fast motion causing the target to depart from the search region, we propose to update the current search region by leveraging historical frame information. Additionally, we employ a hierarchical feature fusion strategy to contend with interference from visually similar objects in the tracking scenario. This strategy enhances the ability to model and represent the target more accurately, thereby elevating the tracker’s capacity to discriminate between the target and similar objects. Furthermore, to tackle the challenge of inaccurate estimation of target bounding boxes, we introduce an enhanced Intersection over Union (IoU) loss function, which improvement facilitates a more precise prediction of target bounding boxes, resulting in superior target localization. Extensive experiments substantiate that our tracker exhibits a commendable level of competitiveness when compared to other trackers.

“Livability” and “Ungratefulness”: A Refugee Critique of the Law and Humanitarianism

Critical refugee studies (CRS) conceptualizes refugees’ lived experience as a site of theory‐making and knowledge production with and for refugees. As co‐founders of the Critical Refugee Studies Collective (CRSC), and as scholars with refugee backgrounds, we theorize alongside our refugee partners to offer a refugee critique of refugee law and humanitarianism. Departing from the 1951 Refugee Convention definition of “refugee,” whose restrictive legal and historical framing cannot account for the complex conditions that displace human beings, we offer the concept of “livability” to name the mundane, creative, and fearless possibilities of living that undergird refugees’ claims to move audaciously. Furthermore, departing from humanitarian narratives that expect refugees to be forever thankful for having been rescued, we propose the concept of “ungratefulness” to describe refugee refusal to exhibit gratitude and deference for the space they have been allowed. Our critique emerged from sustained engagement with refugee partners through in‐person and virtual gatherings organized by the CRSC. Together, we argue that livability and ungratefulness constitute examples of “epistemic disobedience” of the colonial and unilateral knowledge production about refugees, as they call attention to distinctly discernible refugee agency and epistemology that break with the historically appointed role of refugees as seen entirely through a lens of precarity and gratitude.

Busybodies and Quietists, Yesterday and Today: Discovering Debates about Phronēsis in Nicomachean Ethics 6.8

Abstract Nicomachean Ethics 6.8 has been interpreted in a variety of ways. One dispute involves Aristotle’s remarks about the relationship of phronēsis to politics: does Aristotle claim that phronēsis is foremost applicable to an individual’s private life, to the political realm, or to some combination of the two? Two features of this dispute make it worthy of closer attention. First, the conflict of interpretations has not been documented as such. Second, I argue this contemporary conflict is a repetition of an ancient conflict about phronēsis that was being waged in 5th/4th century Athens. Phronēsis was a contested term alongside two related terms, apragmosynē (quietism) and polypragmosynē (meddlesomeness), and the construction of lines 1141b23–1142a12 enters into this historical debate to create a productive tension between two rival views. Aristotle heightens the tension between views represented by quietists and busybodies for his own purposes. In section 1, I surface the neglected historical frame of Nicomachean Ethics 6.8. In section 2, I turn to the contemporary conflict of interpretations, showing how it repeats the historical frame in many ways, and I provide a basic taxonomy of the views typically offered. In section 3, I bring the two debates – historical and contemporary – together and offer my own view of what Aristotle is up to in the passage. I argue that centering the historical frame in this passage highlights Aristotle’s use of Isocratean-style phronēsis, while also transforming the concept by connecting it to a series of questions that go beyond Isocrates’ view, thus preparing for a later exploration of the best forms of human living.

TS-BEV: BEV object detection algorithm based on temporal-spatial feature fusion

In order to accurately identify occluding targets and infer the motion state of objects, we propose a Bird’s-Eye View Object Detection Network based on Temporal-Spatial feature fusion (TS-BEV), which replaces the previous multi-frame sampling method by using the cyclic propagation mode of historical frame instance information. We design a new Temporal-Spatial feature fusion attention module, which fully integrates temporal information and spatial features, and improves the inference and training speed. In response to realize multi-frame feature fusion across multiple scales and views, we propose an efficient Temporal-Spatial deformable aggregation module, which performs feature sampling and weighted summation from multiple feature maps of historical frames and current frames, and makes full use of the parallel computing capabilities of GPUs and AI chips to further improve efficiency. Furthermore, in order to solve the lack of global inference in the context of temporal-spatial fusion BEV features and the inability of instance features distributed in different locations to fully interact, we further design the BEV self-attention mechanism module to perform global operation of features, enhance global inference ability and fully interact with instance features. We have carried out extensive experimental experiments on the challenging BEV object detection nuScenes dataset, quantitative results show that our method achieves excellent performance of 61.5% mAP and 68.5% NDS in camera-only 3D object detection tasks, and qualitative results show that TS-BEV can effectively solve the problem of 3D object detection in complex traffic background with lack of light at night, with good robustness and scalability.

FQTrack:Object Tracking Method Based on a Feature-Enhanced Memory Network and Memory Quality Selection Mechanism

Visual object tracking technology is widely used in intelligent security, automatic driving and other fields, and also plays an important role in frontier fields such as human–computer interactions and virtual reality. The memory network improves the stability and accuracy of tracking by using historical frame information to assist in the positioning of the current frame in object tracking. However, the memory network is still insufficient in feature mining and the accuracy and robustness of the model may be reduced when using noisy observation samples to update it. In view of the above problems, we propose a new tracking framework, which uses the attention mechanism to establish a feature-enhanced memory network and combines cross-attention to aggregate the spatial and temporal context information of the target. The former introduces spatio-temporal adaptive attention and cross-spatial attention, embeds spatial location information into channels, realizes multi-scale feature fusion, dynamically emphasizes target location information, and obtains richer feature maps. The latter guides the tracker to focus on the area with the largest amount of information in the current frame to better distinguish the foreground and background. In addition, through the memory quality selection mechanism, the accuracy and richness of the feature samples are improved, thereby enhancing the adaptability and discrimination ability of the tracking model. Experiments on benchmark test sets such as OTB2015, TrackingNet, GOT-10k, LaSOT and UAV 123 show that this method achieves comparable performance with advanced trackers.

Historical Framing in The New York Times: A Plant's Tale

This longitudinal content analysis examines 128 articles containing the words hemp, hashish or marijuana appearing in the New York Times from 1851-1939, which starts at the publication’s inception and concludes with the decade of the Marijuana Tax Act’s passage. The research locates master framing of contentious issues by adapting previous computerized content analysis research to address historical documents unavailable for digital analysis. This study paints a more complete picture of one plant.

Cyclic Refiner: Object-Aware Temporal Representation Learning for Multi-view 3D Detection and Tracking

AbstractWe propose a unified object-aware temporal learning framework for multi-view 3D detection and tracking tasks. Having observed that the efficacy of the temporal fusion strategy in recent multi-view perception methods may be weakened by distractors and background clutters in historical frames, we propose a cyclic learning mechanism to improve the robustness of multi-view representation learning. The essence is constructing a backward bridge to propagate information from model predictions (e.g., object locations and sizes) to image and BEV features, which forms a circle with regular inference. After backward refinement, the responses of target-irrelevant regions in historical frames would be suppressed, decreasing the risk of polluting future frames and improving the object awareness ability of temporal fusion. We further tailor an object-aware association strategy for tracking based on the cyclic learning model. The cyclic learning model not only provides refined features, but also delivers finer clues (e.g., scale level) for tracklet association. The proposed cycle learning method and association module together contribute a novel and unified multi-task framework. Experiments on nuScenes show that the proposed model achieves consistent performance gains over baselines of different designs (i.e., dense query-based BEVFormer, sparse query-based SparseBEV and LSS-based BEVDet4D) on both detection and tracking evaluation. Codes and models will be released.

Video object segmentation based on dynamic perception update and feature fusion

The current popular video object segmentation algorithms based on memory network indiscriminately update the frame information to the memory pool, fails to make reasonable use of the historical frame information, causing frame information redundancy in the memory pool, resulting in the increase of the computation amount. At the same time, the mask refinement method is relatively rough, resulting in blurred edges of the generated mask. To solve these problems, This paper proposes a video object segmentation algorithm based on dynamic perception update and feature fusion. In order to reasonably utilize the historical frame information, a dynamic perception update module is proposed to selectively update the segmentation frame mask. Meanwhile, a mask refinement module is established to enhance the detail information of the shallow features of the backbone network. This module uses a double kernels fusion block to fuse the different scale information of the features, and finally uses the Laplacian operator to sharpen the edges of the mask. The experimental results show that on the public datasets DAVIS2016, DAVIS2017 and YouTube-VOS18, the comprehensive performance of the algorithm in this paper reaches 86.9%, 79.3% and 71.6%, respectively, and the segmentation speed reaches 15FPS on the DAVIS2016 dataset. Compared with many mainstream algorithms in recent years, it has obvious advantages in performance.

The Rise of Poor Richard: Franklinian Fictionality, Republican Circumspection

This essay reconsiders Benjamin Franklin’s pre-Revolutionary writings and his later Autobiography (1771–90) within the historical frame of the rise of fictionality, as charted by Catherine Gallagher and others. Before the novel took off in America, fictionality developed in shorter, nominally non-fictional forms. In this article, Franklin’s essays, letters, and almanacs are read for their peculiar proto-fictional elements. More than simply being examples of a new brand of American humour or an emergent individualist ethos, Franklin’s wit and its absorption into a metafictional style of writing and publishing depended on readers’ assuming positions of “ironic assent,” or what this essay calls, in the context of eighteenth-century American politics and law, “republican circumspection.” This phrase names an epistemic attunement whereby subjects suspend the ontological security of the self for an empty screen or void onto which they can project character representations that straddle the line between private and public personae.

The Use and Misuse of East Asian History in IR Theorizing

Abstract The past two decades have witnessed a wave of research into the history of East Asian international relations (IR). Scholars seek to broaden the historical frames of reference in IR for both theory testing and theory generation. The article reviews this recent trend, examining its limitations and exploring future agenda. In studying historical East Asian IR, scholars have different expectations regarding whether their research would support, complement, or undermine mainstream Western IR. The spatial and temporal scope of their historical inquiries, as well as theoretical ambitions, therefore, differ significantly. Scholars no longer treat all East Asian history as simply one case, but as multiple cases with divergent patterns, and they recognize that the system consisted not solely of China but of multiple actors. In addition to contrasting East Asia with Western Europe, they explore also the similarities between East Asia and other non-Western regions. To advance the agenda, however, scholars must scrupulously navigate three tensions. They are: the tension between the “East” and “West”; the tension between the two disciplines of history and IR; and the tension between past and present. Future studies, therefore, must broaden their horizons in order to better transcend ethnocentrism and exceptionalism, refine their methodology both to avoid selection bias and conduct more sophisticated comparisons, and to maintain a proper distance from contemporary politics. Most importantly, they should combine high-quality historical research with cutting-edge IR theoretical trends to construct dynamic theories that could be applied to other regions.

Defining large‐scale arid island vegetation recovery targets through evaluating a reference ecosystem within an archipelago extent

Island ecological restoration presents challenges in establishing historical frames and reference ecosystems. Our study takes place in the Galapagos Islands and focuses on North Seymour (NS), recognized as a reference ecosystem for Baltra Island, which has suffered significant degradation. We assessed NS's arid plant community, comparing it with early twentieth‐century records. A first survey identified that dominant woody species on NS include native Bursera graveolens, Cordia lutea, Castela galapageia, Parkinsonia aculeata, and Opuntia echios, while Cleome viscosa is the only exotic species registered. A second survey divided both islands into evenly distributed plots, recording adults and juveniles of the five dominant species from the first survey. NS showed a structured community with higher species richness and density compared to Baltra. Castela galapageia prevailed in disturbed areas on Baltra. Juvenile regeneration was scarce on both islands. NS exhibited high species richness throughout, while Baltra had only two areas with similar high richness. Co‐occurrence analysis revealed significant associations between P. aculeata and B. graveolens on both islands. However, Baltra's network displayed missing links, indicating the need for restoration efforts. In conclusion, the structured plant community of NS can serve as one of the reference ecosystems needed for framing a restoration model for Baltra.

Legal Aid and Criminal Justice Reform : Advancing Fairness and Equity

This paper discusses significant contribution that legal aid and criminal justice reform makes to ensure that the legal justice system is fair and equitable. Although several improvements have been made, criminal justice system still suffers from inequalities and discrimination that mainly affect those who are considered weaker segments of society. The research paper discusses the historical frame of legal aid and outlines the development of fairness and equity in justice, while laying concern on the problems of access to the legal aid and consequences of an unfair justice system. The present review of proposed and implemented reforms including bail, sentencing and policing reforms aims to cover experiential lessons from other jurisdictions. Moreover, the functions of legal aid services with respect to criminal justice reforms will be in the spotlight, highlighting the necessity of legal representation to achieve fair outcomes. The research ends with the analysis of the societal profitability of the reform and offers some policy recommendations to be implemented in future. Through incorporation of case studies, statistics and international perception, this study is aimed at giving ideas on best ways to the most just legal system.

Hip Hop, Social Reproduction, and the Possible Selves of Young Black Men

Twenty-seven years ago, the documentary Hoop Dreams solidified a theory—that the world of athletics was one of the few places where adolescent Black males could find success. By the late 1990s, researchers were framing athletics as the next direction in the Civil Rights Movement. In this article, I argue that the historical framing of Black boys in athletics—as a way up, a way out—is similar to the contemporary framing of Black boys in Hip Hop Based Education (HHBE). Using an ethnographic case example of the Homeboys, a group of adolescent Black males experiencing homelessness, I maintain that HHBE, without critical implementation and reflection, limits the possible selves of Black boys in socially reproductive ways. Unlike Hoop Dreams, which historically created an incentive to stay invested in formal educational settings, HHBE offers little “possible selves” development for young Black men. This research asserts that if HHBE, and the myriad ways Hip Hop is taken up in formal and informal educational settings is not dually paired with the critical process of institutional actors envisioning all the possible selves that black boys can become, then it becomes another hegemonic socially reproductive tool wielded by educators.

The Aesthetics of Rhetoric in On the Sublime of Longinus

This article localizes the treatise On the Sublime in the Hellenistic culture of the 3rd century. It is by some scholars attributed to Cassius Longinus, while others reject this attribution and cultural context completely. We argue that On the Sublime is by Longinus written and a document that is both a piece of evidence for the cultural change of a decline in the practice of rhetoric and also exemplifies the transformation and subordination of rhetoric to newly emerging concepts in the Hellenistic culture of Late Antiquity. We interpret the changing rhetorical culture its author observes as a state of rhetoric at the end of the movement of the Second Sophistic. The historical frame and the name of the author of the treatise, Longinus, is documented by the Suda and other sources. On the Sublime itself puts rhetorical devices into a new framework exceeding the limits of traditional treatises called rhetorike techne. ‘The sublime’ is present in nature, in god, in humans, and in artifices like writings of rhetoricians, philosophers, poets, and historians. With this contextualization as a universal principle, the sublime, previously used as a criterion of style and thinking, is by Longinus established as a universal concept.

M3SOT: Multi-Frame, Multi-Field, Multi-Space 3D Single Object Tracking

3D Single Object Tracking (SOT) stands a forefront task of computer vision, proving essential for applications like autonomous driving. Sparse and occluded data in scene point clouds introduce variations in the appearance of tracked objects, adding complexity to the task. In this research, we unveil M3SOT, a novel 3D SOT framework, which synergizes multiple input frames (template sets), multiple receptive fields (continuous contexts), and multiple solution spaces (distinct tasks) in ONE model. Remarkably, M3SOT pioneers in modeling temporality, contexts, and tasks directly from point clouds, revisiting a perspective on the key factors influencing SOT. To this end, we design a transformer-based network centered on point cloud targets in the search area, aggregating diverse contextual representations and propagating target cues by employing historical frames. As M3SOT spans varied processing perspectives, we've streamlined the network—trimming its depth and optimizing its structure—to ensure a lightweight and efficient deployment for SOT applications. We posit that, backed by practical construction, M3SOT sidesteps the need for complex frameworks and auxiliary components to deliver sterling results. Extensive experiments on benchmarks such as KITTI, nuScenes, and Waymo Open Dataset demonstrate that M3SOT achieves state-of-the-art performance at 38 FPS. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/ywu0912/TeamCode.git.

Anticipating Immunity: Vaccine-induced Immunity and Vaccine Safety in the Finnish News Coverage of COVID-19 Vaccines

In this article I draw on the concept of anticipation to examine Finnish news discourse on the development, licensing and administration of COVID-19 vaccines. I explore the interplay of anticipation of vaccine-induced immunity and vaccine safety concerns, and trace how ideas of protection and risk were invoked in relation to specific vaccine technologies as well as different accounts of biomedical pasts, including cases of narcolepsy associated with one of the 2009 H1N1 influenza vaccines. I demonstrate that anticipation around vaccine development during a public health emergency operates through a series of small shifts and twists that magnify affects around novel vaccines in news media discourse. I argue that even a slight shift in the biomedical knowledge about immunity or in the historical framing of specific vaccine technologies may significantly reshape vaccine-induced immunity as an object of anticipation.

Christian privilege and American higher education: A historical framing

AbstractThis introductory chapter provides a framing of non‐Christian students in higher education. It begins by providing data on the current contexts on the religious identities of college students. Additionally, the chapter examines the concept of Christian privilege and how religious discrimination is institutionalized in the organizational structures of higher education. Primarily, this chapter is a historical overview of the marginalization of non‐Christian students on colleges and universities. From the time the colleges and universities were founded, Christianity has been embedded in the function and mission of higher education. This has led to the continual marginalization of non‐Christian students throughout history. The chapter concludes with an overview of the volume.Practical Takeaways Non‐Christian students are increasing in numbers on campuses. Because of this, campus leaders must understand their unique needs and religious identities to create positive campus climates. Christianity is embedded in the organizational structures of higher education. The academic calendar, curriculum, and dining options are tangible manifestations of Christian privilege. This system of Chistian privilege can force non‐Christian students to experience feelings of powerlessness, exploitation, and marginalization that are similar to what other marginalized groups endure. The current system that favors Christianity in higher education has a long history in American higher education and non‐Christian students have encountered outright discrimination and oppression since the beginning of the first colleges and universities.

Mitigating Distractor Challenges in Video Object Segmentation through Shape and Motion Cues

The purpose of semi-supervised video object segmentation (VOS) is to predict and generate object masks in subsequent video frames after being provided with the initial frame’s object mask. Currently, mainstream methods leverage historical frame information for enhancing the network’s performance. However, this approach faces the following issues: (1) They often overlook important shape information, leading to decreased accuracy in segmenting object-edge areas. (2) They often use pixel-level motion estimation to guide the matching for addressing distractor objects. However, this brings heavy computation costs and struggle against occlusion or fast/blurry motion. For the first problem, this paper introduces an object shape extraction module that exploits both the high-level and low-level features to obtain object shape information, by which the shape information can be used to further refine the predicted masks. For the second problem, this paper introduces a novel object-level motion prediction module, in which it stores the representative motion features during the training stage, and predicts the object motion by retrieving them during the inference stage. We evaluate our method on benchmark datasets compared with recent state-of-the-art methods, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

The Resistance Narrative in Arabic Science Fiction: Azem’s The Book of Disappearance (2014)

This paper aims to analyze the mode of resistance narrative in Ibtisam Azem’s The Book of Disappearance (2014), which is read within the frame of Arabic Science Fiction. The study answers the following questions:(1) What are the Arabic Science Fiction tropes in Azem’s novel? (2) How does ASF subserve resistance narratives in Azem’s novel? (3)Why does Azem utilize the Dystopian Narrative for resistance narratives? The study examines the structure and themes of Azem’s The Book of Disappearance in terms of postcolonial and science fictional theories. The study’s methodology considers Kanafani’s resistance narrative, Morrison’s rememory, and Hochberg’s archival imagination in exploring the historical frame in Azem’s The Book of Disappearance. The analysis of Azem’s The Book of Disappearance interconnects the Palestinian resistance literature and the postcolonial writing to the ASF tropes and techniques. The alternative history closely examines the controversy between Israeli utopia and Palestinian dystopia. The study concludes that in Azem’s novel, the 1948 Nakba is recreated in the future through the imaginative incident of the Palestinian disappearance. As Palestinian novels often grapple with the complex question of identity in the face of displacement, occupation, and cultural pressures, Azem’s novel inspects the question of identity through a simulation of history in Alaa’s diary and through the gaze of Arial, the Israeli journalist. Azem’s novel confronts this trauma, giving voice to the pain and suffering of the Palestinian people through the Arabic Science Fiction frame of a dystopian narrative that dismantles the Zionist ideology and Israeli oppressive regime.