Historical Frame Research Articles

Van Leeuwenhoek - the film: remaking memory in Dutch science cinema 1925-c.1960.

This paper examines how the production, content and reception of the film Antony van Leeuwenhoek (1924) influenced the historical framing of science. The film features microcinematography by the pioneering Dutch filmmaker Jan Cornelis Mol (1891-1954), and was part of a dynamic process of commemorating seventeenth-century microscopy and bacteriology through an early instance of visual re-creation - a new way of using scientific material heritage, and of enabling audiences to supposedly observe the world of microscopic organisms in just the same way as the Dutch scientist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) had observed them for himself. Knowledge transfer concerning material culture, around both historical and contemporary instruments, was the determining factor in the microcinematography practices applied in this film. The production and experience of the film also mirrored the seventeenth-century process of experimentation, playing with optics, and visualizing an entirely new and unknown world. Unlike other biographical science films of the 1920s, Antony van Leeuwenhoek featured abstract depictions of time and movement that allowed the audience to connect the history of science with microcinematography, contributing to the memory of Van Leeuwenhoek's work as the origins of bacteriology in the process.

Impact of climate-driven oasis evolution on human settlement in the Baiyang River Basin, northwest China, Hami, during the middle to late Holocene

Oases are major foci of human activities in arid regions. Research on the interactions between past climate change, oasis evolution, and human activities may provide an important historical frame of reference for evaluating current and future societal responses to global climate changes. Here, we use optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon (14C) dating of a sedimentary sequence, combined with analyses of various environmental proxies, to reconstruct the environmental evolution of the Baiyang River Basin, northwest China, during the middle to late Holocene. Additionally, we use a compilation of radiocarbon-dated archaeological sites from the Bronze Age to the historical period to construct a timeline of human activity in the study area. The results show that a flourishing oasis environments were concentrated during the periods of 4.14–2.41 ka BP and after 1.68 ka BP, which corresponded to increases in human settlements during the Bronze Age and after the Tang Dynasty, respectively. By contrast, increased environmental instability during 5.71–4.14 ka BP and 2.41–1.68 ka BP may have hindered human settlement in this area, and the 14C dates show that human activity in the Baiyang River Basin was reduced during those periods. A comparison with regional paleoclimatic records revealed that the evolution of oases was closely related to changes in temperature and precipitation. Higher temperatures in the middle Holocene (∼6–4 ka) caused increases in glacier meltwater production and river discharge, which resulted in a more hydrogenic environment in the downstream oases. Increased humidity in the area during the late Holocene resulted in the re-emergence of oases and therefore of human settlements. Our findings highlight the important relationship between human settlement and land surface processes. We suggest that future warming may cause increased meltwater production and extreme precipitation events, which could adversely impact human societies in arid regions due to more frequent flooding in the downstream oases.

Exploiting spatial and temporal context for online tracking with improved transformer

At present, the transformer is becoming more and more popular in computer vision tasks due to its ability to capture long-range dependencies via self-attention. In this paper, we propose a transformer-based classification regression network TrCAR utilizing the transformer to exploit deeper spatial and temporal context. Different from the classic architecture of the transformer, we introduce convolution operation into the transformer and change the calculation of features to make it suitable for the tracking task. After that, the improved transformer encoder is introduced into the regression branch of TrCAR and combined with the feature pyramid to complete multi-layer feature fusion, which is conducive to obtaining a high-quality target representation. To further enable the target model to adapt to the change of the target appearance, we bring the gradient descent to the regression branch so that it can be updated online to produce a more precise bounding box. Meanwhile, the new transformer is integrated into the classification branch of TrCAR, which as much as possible extracts the essential feature of the target across historical frames via the global computing capability, and uses it to emphasize the target position of the current frame via cross-attention. Which helps the classifier to more easily identify the correct target. Experimental results on OTB, LaSOT, VOT2018, NFS, GOT-10k, and TrackingNet benchmarks show that our TrCAR achieves comparable performance to the popular trackers.

Intertextual Continuities: Intergenerational, Multimodal, and Translingual Knowledge Production in Literature by Black German-speaking Authors

Intertextual Continuities:Intergenerational, Multimodal, and Translingual Knowledge Production in Literature by Black German-speaking Authors Andrea Dawn Bryant (bio) In her 1997 article "The Challenge of 'Missing Contents' for Canon Formation in German Studies," literature scholar Elke Frederikson commences a well-versed and intertextual reckoning with the power of the canon to limit and exclude large portions of the human experience1 by recalling a comment by Paul Lauter listing multiculturalism and feminism as something requiring one "to learn new texts, new histories, new conceptions of culture" in ways that open, rather than close, one's mind.2 In my book project, I grapple with issues of canonization, community, and humanity as Frederikson and Gross3 did three decades prior. I thus encounter a reckoning with many of the same complicities contained in canonization of literary texts. More specifically, I traverse within and across varied mellifluous texts by German-speaking writers of the African diaspora. I accomplish these aims by underscoring the continuity of literary production and through visiting four sites of epistemic literary production: intertextuality as a writerly gesture; intergenerational continuums as manifestations of (a) dynamic literary tradition(s); multimodality and translinguality as sites of literary and epistemic resistance(s); and a return to intertextuality as a readerly manifestation. Commencing, as Elke Frederikson did in 1997, through the voices of previous scholars, I observe the ongoing exchange and dynamic dialogue taken on by the nuances of intertextuality, which is understood to mean the conscious amplification of messages produced by previous authors through written, gestural, and spoken repetition. I argue that the intertextual amplification of knowledge production and literary products provides a sustainable and generative continuum that exhibits literariness and contributes to the creation of an adhesive body of work. As I show, the same is true with the cultural, knowledge, and literary production of Black German-speaking writers and authors, which remains anchored in rich literary and epistemic traditions. In the second site of epistemic and literary production, I approach the topic from an intergenerational point of view and recognize the texts as exhibiting additional nuance and depth. My considerations in this realm highlight the generative continuum of works across several generations. Cyclical rather than linear, ongoing dialogues additionally underscore that the literary narrative cannot be bound to one historical framing of identity or belonging;4 rather, they span across generations and demonstrate the dynamic and living presence of individual voices pronouncing them. Indeed, they remain in constant communication across expanses of time, space, language, and place, and transcend those borders of existence and belonging where human limits of bias, location, and oppression refuse them this possibility. These intergenerational [End Page 139] enunciations of canon confirm that the epistemic literary production in works by Black German-speaking writers is full of variation, richness, and nuance. My considerations of border crossings, although limited by the weights of structural oppressions and systemic racisms, progress through several encounters of translingual and multimodal productions of language and sound. These interrelated sites go against the grain to inscribe belonging in canon and existence.5 In this nexus, I link translinguality with transnationalism and multimodality with intergenerationality. I underscore the influence of diasporic resources6 and the affective bonds present in the Black German movement7 and subsequently highlight the possibility of translingual modes of existence8 to push for social justice and activism9. Coming full circle to my position as a reader, I consider how my stance has influenced my experiences and perceptions of the chosen sites of production and literary texts. I additionally grapple with my readerly positionality as a white middle-aged settler woman from the United States who has academic training in the colonial language of German. It is against this backdrop that I further engage with broader questions related to white supremacy and our predispositions to canonize. Throughout the project, I question what a dominant fixation on the written as opposed to the spoken word suggests about the nature of which epistemologies are valued. I highlight those texts by Black German-speaking women and blend literary genres throughout the project. While these aspects have been incorporated in previous scholarship, few combine them in monographs on literary texts and even...

Quality-aware pattern diffusion for video object segmentation

Recently, great progresses have been achieved under the support of memory mechanism when dealing with video object segmentation (VOS) problem. Despite its achievements, existing VOS approaches still suffer from abnormal samples, which derive from intrinsic video artifacts such as occlusion and motion blur. To mitigate the above issue, in this paper, we propose a quality-aware pattern diffusion (QPD) framework to boost the VOS performance. To achieve quality-aware pattern diffusion, a quality alignment mechanism is proposed, and it aims to promote the contributions of those normal samples while suppressing those abnormal ones during the feature propagation/diffusion processes. With our proposed quality alignment mechanism, the diffused instance features could be kept staying in the normal feature space, keeping from feature contamination caused by those low-quality samples. We first introduce a learnable quality evaluator to assess the sample qualities in both the temporal domain (i.e., across the historical frames), as well as the spatial domain (i.e., within the current frame). To achieve adaptive historical feature propagation into the current instance, a quality-aware long-term context propagation module is proposed, with which more stable instance representations could be achieved through the established quality-aware feature propagation process. A quality-aware pattern diffusion module is further introduced to address the spatial-domain abnormal samples, resulting in effective decoder feature refinement through building the quality-aware correspondence weights. Extensive experiments have demonstrated that our proposed quality alignment mechanism could boost the performance by a great margin over a strong baseline while achieving state-of-the-art performances on public VOS benchmarks.

Blurring Boundaries and Realizing Just Potential: How Diverse California Schools Enact Sustainability-in-Place

Abstract: Green schools can reduce negative environmental impacts, promote positive human and ecological health and wellbeing, and promote learning and action competencies for local and global sustainability. This research sought to understand how sustainability practices take shape and unfold in historically excluded schools in California that had received sustainability awards. Using a multiple case study approach, this research highlights ways schools extended their educational practices into three domains of a sustainability-in-place model—community, compassion, and creativity—and also explores barriers to implementing these practices. Some teachers distinguished ideas of care and compassion for student wellbeing as distinct from the practice of sustainability, highlighting the persistence of mainstream, historical framing of sustainability systems. Research implications address opportunities to expand and strengthen green school research and practice.

Efficient and Robust Video Object Segmentation Through Isogenous Memory Sampling and Frame Relation Mining.

Recently, memory-based methods have achieved remarkable progress in video object segmentation. However, the segmentation performance is still limited by error accumulation and redundant memory, primarily because of 1) the semantic gap caused by similarity matching and memory reading via heterogeneous key-value encoding; 2) the continuously growing and inaccurate memory through directly storing unreliable predictions of all previous frames. To address these issues, we propose an efficient, effective, and robust segmentation method based on Isogenous Memory Sampling and Frame-Relation mining (IMSFR). Specifically, by utilizing an isogenous memory sampling module, IMSFR consistently conducts memory matching and reading between sampled historical frames and the current frame in an isogenous space, minimizing the semantic gap while speeding up the model through an efficient random sampling. Furthermore, to avoid key information loss during the sampling process, we further design a frame-relation temporal memory module to mine inter-frame relations, thereby effectively preserving contextual information from the video sequence and alleviating error accumulation. Extensive experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed IMSFR method. In particular, our IMSFR achieves state-of-the-art performance on six commonly used benchmarks in terms of region similarity & contour accuracy and speed. Our model also exhibits strong robustness against frame sampling due to its large receptive field.

Sallust and Jean Bodin

One of the most recognizable thinkers of the 16th century France, Jean Bodin, wrote what is perhaps the first methodological treatise of instructions and guidelines on how to not only read and write but also understand history. With his universal interest in all things human, Bodin predated Marc Bloch’s postulate that historians should ideally be interested in all forms of life if they were to perform their task as dutifully as possible. In 1566 Bodin published one of the most frequently reprinted works, the Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem – “The Method for the Easy Understanding of History”. Although he expressed keen interest and good knowledge of a score of ancient historians, listing them in the fourth chapter of his work (De historicorum delectu – “On the Choice of Historians”), one of them was particularly close to his heart. The Roman historian Gaius Sallustius Crispus who is, according to Bodin, “a most honest author [who] possessed experience of important affairs”, provided Bodin and many of his colleagues with a model (stasis) narrative for discussing a changing world in turmoil – something Bodin was no stranger to in the time of the French religious wars. However, the explanation that it was the rhetorically efficient model narrative that inspired Bodin to copy Sallust’s argument seems unsatisfactory and biographically superficial. Instead, this paper closely analyses the Sallustian chapters that purportedly motivated Bodin’s thinking and proposes that there are little grounds in Sallust for Bodin’s legal and historical framing of absolutist sovereignty.

Power Despite Precarity: Strategies for the Contingent Faculty Movement in Higher Education

Power Despite Precarity: Strategies for the Contingent Faculty Movement in Higher Education

Adaptive Multiview Graph Difference Analysis for Video Summarization

Adapting detection to different shot types is a significant challenge for video summarization methods based on shot boundary detection. In our recent work, a new graph model was introduced in the feature modelling of frames and analysed for changes in graph structure to improve the detection of shot boundaries. In this paper, we further explore the potential of graph models and propose a more general framework for online, real-time automatic video summarization. The framework develops a novel adaptive multiview graph difference analysis method to improve the algorithm’s robustness in detecting different shot transitions. Previous fusion methods typically used a priori knowledge to assign weights to the various feature differences from videos. In contrast, our framework can weigh and fuse the resulting differences by learning the importance of various video features from the structural changes of the corresponding multiview graphs. Additionally, we propose a new threshold-based adaptive decision method which can dynamically select the most accurate shot boundary decision threshold by analysing a small number of historical frames and learning the tolerance factor in the current shot. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms state-of-the-art methods in terms of precision and F-score on the VSUMM and YouTube datasets.

Inclusion and exclusion in later life learning

ABSTRACT The concept and practices associated with learning in later life provide a broad context for understanding the articles published in the IJLE. The main aim of this review is to identify dominant aspects in discourses on older learners in the IJLE and how they have changed over the decades. Hence, we identify and briefly discuss historical trends in the lifelong learning/education literature before focusing on emergent themes from IJLE articles from 1982 to 2020. In the first part, we present an overview on the development of research on later life learning to provide a historical frame for the contributions dedicated to that topic. In comparison with the international development of research on later life learning, this topic has been somewhat delayed in the IJLE. Selected articles are discussed in the second section to illustrate and analyse the different approaches to learning in later life, as represented in the IJLE. The analysis shows that aspects of inclusion and exclusion – social marginalisation, exclusion from paid work, health resources, digitisation – are very central in many contributions. Thus, we identify different aspects of inclusion and exclusion in later life and discuss the role of education and learning in this context within the IJLE contributions.

Gated Attention Recurrent Neural Network: A Deeping Learning Approach for Radar-Based Precipitation Nowcasting

Precipitation nowcasting predicts the future rainfall intensity in local areas in a brief time that impacts directly on human life. In this paper, we express the precipitation nowcasting as a spatiotemporal sequence prediction problem. Predictive learning for a spatiotemporal sequence aims to construct a model of natural spatiotemporal processes to predict the future frames based on historical frames. The spatiotemporal process is an abstraction of some of the spatial things in nature that change with time, and they usually do not change very dramatically. To simplify the model and facilitate the training, we considered that the spatiotemporal process satisfies the generalized Markov properties. The natural spatiotemporal processes are nonlinear and non-stationary in many aspects. The processes are not satisfied with the first-order Markov properties when making predictions, such as the nonlinear movement, expansion, dissipation, and intensity enhancement of echoes. To describe such complex spatiotemporal variations, higher-order Markov models need to be used for the modeling. However, many of the previous models for spatiotemporal prediction constructed were based on first-order Markov properties, losing information on the higher-order variations. Thus, we propose a recurrent neural network which satisfies the multi-order Markov properties to create more accurate spatiotemporal predictions. In this network, the core component is the memory cell structure of the gated attention mechanism, which combines the current input information, extracts the historical state that best matches the existing input from the historical multi-period memory information, and then predicts the future. Through this principle of the gated attention, we could extract the historical state information that is richer and deeper to predict the future and more accurately describe the changing characteristics of motion. The experiments show that our GARNN network captures the spatiotemporal characteristics better and obtains excellent results in the precipitation forecasting with radar echoes.

The YCBA Historic Frame collection: using semantic web technology to contribute to the scholarship of British Art

Following a technical survey of its of historic frame collection, the Yale Center for British Art has catalogued its frames as extensively as its art collection, and now shares it with the world via web pages for human users as well as through machine readable formats (LIDO XML, CIDOC-CRM RDF) for data aggregators. This paper proposes a data management and dissemination strategy model that relies on data exchange protocols and Linked Open Data to ensure that our rich cultural knowledge can be reused by scholars and contributes to the study of frames and the British art in general.

The Intermediate Value Theorem and Decision-Making in Psychology and Economics: An Expositional Consolidation

On taking the intermediate value theorem (IVT) and its converse as a point of departure, this paper connects the intermediate value property (IVP) to the continuity postulate typically assumed in mathematical economics, and to the solvability axiom typically assumed in mathematical psychology. This connection takes the form of four portmanteau theorems, two for functions and the other two for binary relations, that give a synthetic and novel overview of the subject. In supplementation, the paper also surveys the antecedent literature both on the IVT itself, as well as its applications in economic and decision theory. The work underscores how a humble theorem, when viewed in a broad historical frame, bears the weight of many far-reaching consequences; and testifies to a point of view that the apparently complicated can sometimes be under-girded by a most basic and simple execution.

Toward New Beginnings: A Review of Native, White, and Black American Education Through the 19th Century

Histories of 19th-century U.S. education center White experiences, while formal education policy and practice pertaining to Black and Native Americans are treated as marginal phenomena that had little impact on schooling at a national level. Furthermore, current historical framings overwhelmingly analyze Native, White, and Black American education as separate entities, which conceals the political economic character of race as a relational phenomenon. To explore connections between race, school, and nation building, this review presents a relational analysis of scholarship on Native, White, and Black American education through the 19th century. In doing so, it outlines how formal U.S. education expressed, created, and adjusted racial hierarchies through the 19th century; and more importantly, it highlights how America’s education system developed in a context where Native, White, and Black American experiences were deeply interrelated. The review ends by identifying paths for new research on the racial dimensions of U.S. education during its foundational years and beyond.

Social Work's Role in Human Rights for Refugees: Challenges Facing Syrian Refugee Women and Girls

In looking at social work’s response to the human rights of refugees, the profession has not been historically very engaged with the social issue and there seems to have been a general lack of awareness regarding the human rights issues facing refugees (Libal & Popescu, 2018). However, by viewing social work as a human rights profession, social workers may have the opportunity to become more prepared to aid refugees globally not only in a clinical response, but also on the level of advocacy and policy implementation to advocate for and ensure the rights of refugees around the world (Karlsson & Johnsson, 2020). This paper will first engage in a historical analysis, discussing historical social work approaches, historical framing, and present-day social construction and response to the global refugee crisis. The paper will then analyze the overall mental health, wellbeing, and other challenges facing refugees, providing specific attention to the those faced by Syrian women and girl refugees, followed by an analysis of how social work can address these challenges. The paper will then highlight assumed causes and consequences of these challenges while addressing how those in power have framed the refugee crisis throughout history. The paper will then dive deeper into the prevalence of these human rights challenges and who they impact. After discussing how this issue relates to social work values, this paper will then detail potential advocacy steps social workers may implement at the micro, mezzo, and macro levels to address it.

Rural mistrust of public health interventions in the United States: A call for taking the long view to improve adoption.

Rural mistrust of public health interventions in the United States: A call for taking the long view to improve adoption.

Some Arborescent Motifs in Architectural Reliefs: Augustinian Convent Heritage in Colonial America

The present study focuses on specific ornamental pictorial evidence, which has remained hidden for centuries, in a 17th-century convent complex, in Salamanca, Mexico. Thus, this research aims at describing specific contextual periods of the estate of the convent in which it is housed and estimates the influence of grotesque pictorial style and its meaning during the period of Viceroyalty of New Spain. For this purpose, we recognise specific ornaments of the style for a formal compositional analysis and uncover references to some plant species which inspired the cultural iconographic traits of the region in that historical frame. Conceptually, we reviewed the communication of ideas based on the nature of the grottesco (grotesque) aesthetics, and the adoption of this style by Hispanic friars to design the spatial environment of the New Spain convents. I adopt a qualitative methodology to describe five ornamental units, two corresponding to the nave of a temple and three dedicated to its main cloister. We identified ornamental structures that were visually motivated mainly by certain plant species. In short, this study proposes an emerging approach to artistic heritage conservation by unveiling evidence indeterminately lost in time and hidden in the changing architectural needs of an evolving society.

Seeds of Control: Japan's Empire of Forestry in Colonial Korea by David Fedman

Reviewed by: Seeds of Control: Japan's Empire of Forestry in Colonial Korea by David Fedman Robert Winstanley-Chesters Seeds of Control: Japan's Empire of Forestry in Colonial Korea by David Fedman. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2020. Pp. xvii + 292. $40.00 hardcover, $40.00 e-book. "The mountain ranges in Korea cover more than half the total area of the country. Owing to indiscriminate felling of trees without public supervision, which was practiced for a long time past, most of the mountain slopes … have become denuded of trees."1 Traditionally, academic histories of Korean forests almost inevitably start with the assertions of the Japanese colonial authorities, such as this quotation from a report published by Tokyo's famous precolonial Resident-General Itō Hirobumi 伊藤博文 in 1907. In this colonial narrative, Korean forest history, in comparison with Japan's, was not auspicious. The Chosŏn dynasty bequeathed only degraded forests and mountains, covered not in trees but in vividly red soil. Japan has a long history of appointing forest wardens (yamamori 山守) and timber magistrates (zaimokuishi bugyō 材木石奉行) to quantify and survey national, regional, and local [End Page 158] timber resources. In comparison, "the ownership of forests" in Korea was historically ambiguous.2 When it comes to environmental history, these colonial presumptions became commonsense knowledge globally; they have been both internalized by Koreans and projected onto postcolonial Korean narratives about the peninsula's own forests. This intellectual inheritance from the colonial period means that to most academic readers, Park Chung-hee's 박정희 efforts at greening South Korea, through the New Village movement (K. Saemaŭl undong 새마을운동) and other projects in the 1960s and 1970s, are a huge surprise and feel in some way counter to the grain of Korean history. The barren slopes close to population centers in North Korea, with their damaged and depleted ecologies, are what we expect when it comes to Korean forest spaces. This unbalanced narrative inherited from pre-1945 prejudices is of course not true. It was never true. But academic writing is only recently beginning to find a more nuanced and empirical direction. While Conrad Totman's masterful 1989 book outlines in beautiful, intricate detail the minutiae of pre-Meiji Japanese forestry, we have waited until now for a piece of work that does the same in Korean history in English.3 David Fedman's Seeds of Control aims for a historical frame closer to our present time than Totman's, but it shares similar ambitions. It is worth saying at the outset that Fedman's work is the first in an emergent body of work in Korean environmental history. John Lee's doctoral work on Chosŏn's "kingdom of pines" sets the tone for a complete reconfiguration of Korea's forest history: Lee illuminates the reality that Korea had a long history of coherent forest management revolving around red pine (Pinus densiflora) and black pine (Pinus thunbergii), which were perhaps not as practically attractive as the hardwoods most important and traditional to Japan.4 Fedman's book beautifully plays off colonial horror on Korea's alien red soil, as much as it plays on James Scott's words for its title: if states have to see in a particular way to assert political claims and their legitimacy, then they have to seed in a similar way, both agriculturally [End Page 159] and arboreally.5 Seeds of Control explores the various processes by and through which Japanese imperialism constructed a particular vision of modernity on Korean forest landscapes. As with most developmental narratives related to colonial Korea, the approach Fedman describes does not apply to the later period of total-war mobilization, when all the peninsula's resources, including its trees, served Tokyo's military strategy. Fedman's work is most fascinating for the unexpected glitches in the colonial system it describes. Just like the colonial administration, Japanese scientists were unimpressed by Koreans' love for red pine. Pine associations (K. songgye 松契), Korea's traditional institutions for local forest management, were regarded with suspicion and deemed ripe for modernization. According to the Japanese, "Songgye had failed to curb deforestation on a national scale … precisely because of their parochialism. Their legacy was atomized pockets of protected...

A brief genealogy of the Thrifty Food Plan

ABSTRACT The Thrifty Food Plan emerged from the Economy Food Plan in 1975 as a mathematical program that represented a nutritious diet for low-income Americans. Calculated last in 2021 by the US Department of Agriculture’s Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion, the Thrifty Food Plan determines the maximum amount of food assistance for households participating in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program. Drawing on national archives, interviews, congressional discourse analysis, literature review, and mathematical modeling, this paper traces a genealogy of the Thrifty Food Plan from 1975 to the present along six themes. This genealogy tells a story of changing consumption patterns, dietary standards, and the ways in which the USDA defines food, people, and the basic food needs of the poorest Americans. This paper highlights avenues for further research into the various aspects of the Thrifty Food Plan that can elucidate the historical framing of hunger and poverty in the United States.