Historical Foundations Research Articles

To Whom Do We Confess Our Sins? A Feminist Liturgical Critique of the Scottish Episcopal Church’s 1982 Confession

Feminist theologians have been making arguments for moving away from strictly male-gendered terms for God for decades, yet many churches continue to refer to God as ‘Father’ and ‘Lord’ in their weekly liturgies. This article will explore the place of ‘Father’ in the Scottish Episcopal Church’s Confession as found in the 1982 Liturgy. The 2022 General Synod authorised revisions to the 1982 Liturgy, which include the removal of ‘Father’ from two of the post-Communion prayers offered. However, the Confession remains unchanged. Considering the historical foundations and the nature of language about God, this article will use feminist theological arguments to suggest changes that should be made to the Scottish Episcopal Church’s Confession. The article concludes with suggestions for alternate approaches to writing a contemporary version of the prayer for the Scottish Episcopal Church.

AN APPRAISAL OF THE 21ST CENTURY THROUGH BAUDRILLARD'S IDEAS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE INTERPLAY AMONG POLITICS, PHILOSOPHY, ORGANIZATIONS AND BEING HUMAN

This paper explores the relationship between philosophy and politics in the twenty-first century, using the thought of Jean Baudrillard, one of the most prominent intellectuals of the 20th century, taking into account the idea of what it means to be human. The study will argue that the human being is a creature capable of aestheticization as the capacity to express something with the help of other things. After setting forth such a definition of the human being as a basis, the study will then address the relationship between philosophy and politics. In this context, the historical foundations of this relationship will be presented within the framework of the study. Then, the state of philosophy-politics interaction in the twenty-first century will be discussed in the light of historical themes and Baudrillard's ideas. Finally, an evaluation of all the explanations will be made in relation to some of the problems that are visible today and potential approaches will be put forward to rectify the problems in this connection.

A multipolar world and a dispute about value priorities. Review of the XXI International Likhachev Scientific Readings

In this article, readers are presented with an analysis of some of the problems that became the center of discussion at the XXI International Likhachev Scientific Readings held in May 2023 at the St. Petersburg Humanitarian University of Trade Unions. The readings were held under the general title "Dialogues and conflicts of cultures in a changing world", combining the traditional theme of dialogue with the problems of conflict that have arisen in recent years. This review focuses on two significant issues, one of which determined the course of the plenary discussion, and the other became the main one for the breakout session devoted to the values and trends of the modern world. The main issue of the plenary session was the consideration of the conflict between the unipolar and multipolar world. Both domestic and foreign participants actively spoke out on this issue. The speakers who spoke at the Readings adhered to the idea of prioritizing the values of a multipolar world, pointing to the undemocratic nature of unipolarity. Analyzing this aspect of the discussion, the author of the review notes that in modern society the same value attitudes develop to the limits where they lead to opposite conclusions. The idea of unipolarity implies the uniqueness of the democratic model. From the idea of multipolarity, there are many different development scenarios, which looks like a more democratic position. It can be concluded that the value attitude coincides, but the basis of the ideological conflict is a political conflict. Nevertheless, the final value discrepancy is very acute. The philosophical and cultural section of the conference was devoted to this. Noting the sharpness of the criticism expressed by the speakers to the "new ethics" and the "culture of cancellation", the author of the review points out that in this criticism there is a desire to "cancel" the criticized, which again unites both positions, but does not provide grounds for a constructive dialogue. To overcome the contradiction, a rational analysis of the ideological and historical foundations, as well as the dynamics of the development of opposing value positions, is necessary.

"Objective realism," ethnographic cinema, and the classical model of visual-anthropological research

The article examined the emergence and evolution of approaches within the classical model of visual-anthropological research, known as "objective realism," which is closely associated with ethnographic cinema. The study investigated the origin of ethnographic cinema, the first theoretical programs in anthropology, and cinematographic experiences. The main aspects of Vertov's "Cine Eye" theory were explored in the context of objectivism and philosophical ideas of positivism that formed the foundation of visual-anthropological investigations in the early twentieth century. The article considered Bazin's theory of the cinematograph of reality, attempted to implement visualization without an image consistently, and led to utopian ideas within the framework of visual anthropological theory. The principle of the "detached observer" and the technique of autochthonous interpretations, exemplified by the works of Mead and Bateson, were also analyzed, ultimately forming the classical model in visual-anthropological research. The study entailed a thorough literature review and analysis of primary sources to understand the evolution of visual anthropology's approaches. The findings suggested that the classical model of visual-anthropological research, which emphasized detached observation and autochthonous interpretations, had influenced ethnographic cinema and visual anthropology. The results presented could be used to inform and develop the methodology of future visual-anthropological research. The research implications were significant for visual anthropologists and filmmakers alike, as they provided a historical and theoretical grounding for the practice of ethnographic cinema and visual anthropology, contributing to the further development of this field.

Drivers of tax avoidance by MNEs in the developing countries under the digital economy: a modified-TISM approach

PurposeThe present research identifies a total of nine factors influencing tax avoidance under the international taxation regime of the developing countries and establishes a hierarchical relationship through modeling of the identified factors using modified-total interpretive structural modeling (M-TISM).Design/methodology/approachDue to “scale without mass” properties of the digital economy, businesses reduce their physical presence in the countries of economic activities. Aided with digital features, multinational enterprises (MNEs) avoid, abolish, or adopt flexible tax burden in the developing nations through by-passing the permanent establishment condition for company taxes or the income characterization prerequisite for royalty taxation. The present research endeavors to identify the drivers of tax avoidance in the developing countries, especially exacerbated due to digital technologies (economy). In addition, the authors also examine the hierarchical relation between the extracted drivers of tax avoidance.FindingsThis research presents a considerable driving force of elements like historical foundation of tax-treaties, dominance of the developed countries, influence of trade bodies in policy matters and finally information and communications technologies (ICTs).Originality/valueIdentified elements drive the actors like professional enablers, tax havens, international organizations, and intangible assets in the form of intellectual properties (IPs) which act upon tax arbitrage situations both under the domestic and treaty regulations, finally culminating into profit shifting, tax manipulations or avoidance.

Anglican Confirmation: an Unfinished Reform

AbstractConfirmation, one of the seven sacraments in Lombard’s schedule, was retained by the English Reformers, but not as a sacrament and without any distinctive quasi-sacramental grace attributed to it. It became a ceremony to complete the catechizing process for children who, having been baptized as infants, were at the age of discretion now to come to holy communion. The reformers thought that a post-baptismal laying on of hands had been practised from apostolic times, and so commended the ceremony for their church practice. This requirement enabled later generations, such as Gregory Dix, to bid up its significance, teaching that confirmation completes baptism, and thus that water-baptism is of itself incomplete. The underlying premise has been that from the apostles onwards a requisite second initiatory ceremony invariably followed baptism. Both Bible and early church history contradict this thesis, not least the eight post-apostolic authors of the first two centuries who mention baptism. All eight testify to the use of water without any further ceremony. Thus, any insistence upon a two-stage sacramental initiation today lacks historical foundations; Anglicans ought to review residual texts and practices which reflect such a pattern.

Book Review: Historical Foundations of Worship: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Perspectives by Melanie C. Ross and Mark A. Lamport eds.

Book Review: <i>Historical Foundations of Worship: Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Perspectives</i> by Melanie C. Ross and Mark A. Lamport eds.

Vaccination against COVID-19 – historical foundations

Vaccinations are a relatively recent development in human history. Variolation, i.e. contacting healthy persons with biological material from mildly ill individuals was the prototype of a vaccine. Although used for centuries, it was only at the end of the 19th century that Louis Pasteur developed the first successful vaccines (including against rabies). Over the years, new preparations against many diseases were developed and improved by modifying, among others, route of administration or antigen vector. The general mechanism of action, i.e. preparing the immune system to fight off a given pathogen, remained unchanged. Vaccination has contributed to the reduced spread of multiple infectious diseases, and even complete elimination of some of them. The discovery of vaccination had a significant impact on reducing mortality, extending lifespan and improving the quality of life. We are again facing the threat of infectious epidemics in this era of advancing globalisation, climate crisis and population migratory movements. These predictions were confirmed by the COVID-19 pandemic. Intensive work of many research centres has led to a rapid development of an innovative mRNA vaccine against this clinical entity. These vaccines act by introducing an mRNA template into the host cell to stimulate antigen synthesis in vivo. Once again, science has succeeded in limiting the spread of a disease, which was a historic breakthrough. This paper presents a historical outline of the stages of the development of vaccinology leading to the modern concept and technology of vaccine production.

Інституційні трансформації у цифровому суспільстві: від інформаційної асиметрії до цифрових валют центральних банків

The article presents the results of a study of deep transformations of the institutional environment, unfolding during the digital transition and related to ideas about information asymmetry. The author shows the latter’s evolution and various features of its modern reformatting, whose cornerstone is the introduction of digital currencies of central banks. Information asymmetry is considered as the basic awareness of economic players in the context of the spatio-temporal conditions of existence as an integral state of the market communication process, which is connected with the very existence of human society and its creative activities and restructuring in the process of economic evolution based on professional knowledge. Information asymmetry is a risk distribution format adequate for a market society. At the same time, market stability under economic freedom requires information asymmetry and a decentralized information circulation system. The article shows that the global structuring of information on the basis of transparency criteria, which is characteristic of the digital transition, leads to the degradation of the basic historical foundations of the regulation of socio-economic interaction based on ideas about information asymmetry, trust, credibility and professionalism. At the same time, the structuring of the digital society in order to achieve information orderliness and the a priori reliability of the communication environment results in the denial of the institution of trust. The comprehensive fight against the "human factor" through increased supervision of the state and financial operators concentrates the risks of the economic system. The introduction of digital currencies of central banks becomes the final stage on the way to the creation of a fully transparent, and information-ordered economic environment, which is actually ambivalent and contradictory, as it reduces the economic competences of market subjects and delegates a significant part of market communications to digital algorithms, which leads to the emergence of societies with concentrated and undiversified risks.

ELEŞTİREL PEDAGOJİNİN TARİHSEL ARKA PLANI

This article aims to reveal the historical foundations of critical pedagogy. The advocacy of the critically oriented educational philosophy known as critical pedagogy is made by philosophers and thinkers working on education such as Antonio Gramsci, Henri Giroux, Ivan Illich and Paulo Freire, who were influenced by Marxism and critical theory. The main source of critical pedagogy is the critical theory that criticizes the enlightenment and positivism put forward by the philosophers of the Frankfurt School. The main interest of critical theory is the political, social and economic movements and struggles of its age, critical theory did not directly address education. However, since the problems and determinations they have put forward are also related to education, this situation has caused them to cross paths with critical pedagogy. Critical pedagogy, which specifically points to the political dimension of education, has drawn attention to the relationship between knowledge and power, its reflection on education in general and school in particular, and its repercussions in society. Therefore, critical pedagogy finds its roots in critical theory and is inspired by it.

Workplace Sexual Harassment in China: A Comparative Inquiry into the Personality-Based Paradigm

Abstract Western researchers have produced significant insight into sexual harassment in Western contexts, but sexual harassment in Chinese society remains largely unexplored. To address this comparative inquiry, this article explores the development of an understanding of workplace sexual harassment and the legal regulation thereof in China—a State with a socialist legal system that has characteristics specific to its context. Through a thorough review of the historical foundations, legislative change over time, and judicial practice, I explore two questions: (i) how do Chinese laws define sexual harassment and (ii) how do Chinese lawmakers perceive the wrong done by sexual harassment? This article reveals that, over two decades of legislation, a sexual harassment legal system has gradually taken shape in China. This system is based on a paradigm distinct from the two major paradigms in the Western world: the American-style discrimination approach and the Continental employee dignity approach. Notwithstanding some attempts to use the American approach, the Chinese legal authorities are developing an alternative personality paradigm where sexual harassment is framed as a tortious infringement on an individual’s right to personality. I argue that the personality paradigm, though strategic and advantageous in terms of expanding the scope of protection to victims, is inadequate in addressing workplace sexual harassment as well as protecting women as the most vulnerable class of victims, which calls for further legal reform to rectify the deviation. In light of this, I offer concrete proposals for China’s sexual harassment legal reform in the future.

An Introduction to Islamic Literary Theory: A Conceptual Framework for High School Students

This article is concerned with introducing a new analytical tool for high school students. Islamic literary theory uses an Islamic lens in the study and analysis of literature and cultural productions. It is an empowerment theory that seeks to provide morally-centric emancipatory perspectives grounded in the teachings of the Qur’an and authentic Sunnah. Empowerment theories are concerned with improving the human condition. Islamic literary theory attempts to do this through analyzing texts and discussing Islamic and common sense (fitra) solutions to determine how the human condition can be elevated personally, socially and spiritually. Islamic literary theory uses Islamic principles to critique cultural productions. It seeks to describe and analyze not only the ways in which certain literature reinforces the narrative of secularism and immorality but also how other literature promotes emancipatory and Islamocentric ideas that make the world a better place. It is concerned with exploring how personal, family and micro and macro social life confront problems and achieve transformation through offering insights based on Islam. The Islamic worldview rests on the notion that the individual is in a state of constant struggle from worldly encounters in which s/he must make a choice to act and speak morally and ethically in line with Qur’anic tenets to achieve success in the next life. Islamic literary theory in part critiques how individuals and groups are distracted from their true purpose in life. Texts are analyzed using the Qur’an and authentic hadith to discover in what ways individuals and groups freely, forgetfully or coercively commit wrongs against themselves and others. This paper discusses the emergence of Islamic literary theory as a critical lens for high school students. Furthermore, it discusses its historical foundation and purpose and it provides a conceptual framework for its application.

Australia's Pacific Mindset: Historical Foundations

Australia's Pacific Mindset: Historical Foundations

Historical foundations of the epic horse image

Maqolada dostonlardagi epik ot obrazining badiiy jihatdan mukammal tasviriga sabab bo‘lgan tarixiy asarlar tadrijiy tarzda beriladi. Otning turkiy xalqlar tarixida tutgan o‘rni, bu borada tarixchilarning e’tiroflari, qadimiy qo‘lyozma manbalarda ot bilan bog‘liq topilmalar, xullas, turkiy xalqlar mafkurasi dostonlardagi jangovar ot obrazi bilan qiyoslanadi. Xalq dostonlarida tasvirlangan jangovar otlarga xos xususiyatlar sifatida ularning tabiiy otlar orasidagi eng mukammali, ayni paytda mifologik va totemistik e’tiqodiy tasavvurlarda ifodalangan ot xususiyatlar- iga ham ega ekanligida ko‘rinmoqda. Shu jihatdan dostonlardagi jangovar otlar chinakam tulpor bo‘lishlari uchun bevosita yoki bilvosita suv otlari hamda samoviy otlarga bog‘liq bo‘lishligi shart deb anglangan. Biz ushbu maqolada xalq dostonlarida epik ot obrazining yaratilishiga asos bo‘lgan tabiiy, diniy e’tiqodiy tayanchlarni va qarashlarni botartib ravishda bir-bir qarab chiqamiz. Shuningdek, maqolada “zotli ko‘chmanchi mavaniyer”, “hayvon – ona” an’ana va ishonchlari, “Devonu lug‘otut-turk” va ot bilan bog‘liq turkiy so‘zlar izohi, qarvosh xalq dostonlaridagi ot obrazi borasidagi tahlil va talqinlar o‘rin olgan.

Shaping Public Perception: The Evolution of Government Public Relations in the Digital Age

This research examines the historical development of public relations and its role in promoting effective governance, democracy, and communication in diverse states. It highlights the Islamic perspective on mass communication and its influence on contemporary public relations practices. The study also explores the evolution of public relations in the digital age, with a focus on social media and its impact on democracy. Additionally, it examines the historical foundations of public relations in Pakistan, which have been shaped by the country's ethnic and religious diversity. Beyond these key areas, the research further explores the ethical considerations of public relations practices in the digital age, particularly regarding data privacy, fake news, and misinformation. It also analyzes the challenges and opportunities presented by the evolving media landscape for public relations professionals and organizations. By providing a comprehensive overview of the field, the research aims to contribute valuable insights for academics, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to understand and navigate the complexities of public relations in the contemporary world. The study provides a comparative analysis of public relations history in the United States, Russia, China, and India, offering international insights into the commonalities and differences that impact communication strategies. Overall, the research provides important insights for academics and practitioners alike, highlighting the crucial role that public relations plays in promoting efficient governance, democracy, and societal advancement.

Нотариат в России: исторический аспект

In this article, the author reveals the historical foundations of the creation and development of the notary in Russia (pre-Soviet period), shows the development of the notary since its foundation as an independent tool for the protection of rights and legitimate interests, an independent institution in the field of non-judicial protection of citizens.

Extraction, Assimilation, and Accommodation: The Historical Foundations of Indigenous–State Relations in Latin America

Why do some Indigenous communities experience assimilation while others obtain government protection for their long-standing institutions and cultures? I argue that historical experiences with state-led labor conscription play a key role. In the early twentieth century, Latin American governments conscripted unpaid Indigenous labor to build infrastructure. Community leaders threatened by this conscription were more likely to mobilize their communities to resist it. The mobilization of this collective action later empowered community leaders to achieve state protections for Indigenous institutions and cultures, or “accommodation.” I test this argument using a natural experiment where communities’ eligibility for labor conscription to build a 1920s Peruvian highway was as-if randomly assigned. I develop a measure of accommodation that considers both the existence and enforcement of laws protecting Indigenous institutions and cultures. I evaluate the mechanisms using data on Indigenous mobilization. The findings demonstrate how historical extraction shaped contemporary Indigenous–state relations.

A century of comparative biomechanics: emerging and historical perspectives on an interdisciplinary field.

A century of comparative biomechanics: emerging and historical perspectives on an interdisciplinary field.

Understanding Pre-service EFL Teachers’ Beliefs and Practice in Reading Comprehension Instruction in China

Despite an increasing understanding of the importance of teacher beliefs and practices, which of pre-service EFL teachers in relation to reading comprehension instruction (RCI) still need to be investigated. Based on Cultural Historical Activity Theory (CHAT) and Activity System Analysis Methods, this study examines the cultural and historical foundation of Chinese EFL teachers' beliefs and practices on reading comprehension instruction. This study highlights the potential value of a comprehensive examination of other CHAT constructs, including the subject(s), tools, rules, community, and division of labor, for a context analysis for successful reform. To better prepare student teachers for adapting to their teaching contexts, it is advised that EFL training programs should provide them the chance to explore their own beliefs.

Plan Bee: The Case of an Islamic Honey Cooperative in Morocco

Taddaret Inzerki is an indigenous honey cooperative (i.e. apiary) in rural Morocco that has operated autonomously for centuries. To understand the devolved status of the apiary, and accordingly, explore the often overlooked field of (non-Western) traditional community-based administrative systems and practices, this essay first provides a brief summary of devolution theory (based on Althusius’ Politica) and the track record of similar policies in the context of natural resource management. The case of Taddaret Inzerki, which is the core contribution of the essay, is then presented along the lines of a Geertzian thick description, revealing both the apiary’s historical foundation and its three enduring institutional goals stemming from the rules of the commons: ensuring the welfare of bees, properly treating fellow beekeepers, and fulfilling Islamic requisites. The result for the villagers upholding their sacred craft of Islamic beekeeping is that they are able to generate a reliable livelihood and preserve their shared natural resource commons. However, this essay argues that this administrative arrangement also proves beneficial at the national and even global level, and concludes by suggesting potential avenues of future research.