Historical Events Research Articles

Reacting to the Past Games in the Criminal Justice Classroom

While student engagement and student-centered learning have been demonstrated, at length, to increase academic achievement, how can criminal justice as an academic field continue to effectively engage students in a contemporary society that appears to be ever more based on dogmatic tribes and beliefs? The answer might be reacting to the past (RTTP) games which utilize “elaborately designed role-playing games set in pivotal historical moments of clashing ideas and interests” to increase student engagement and academic performance. When confronted with a controversial topic in criminal justice, one that fits well into the aforementioned dogmatic tribal belief structure, instructors might see the task of student engagement daunting. Utilizing RTTP as part of their pedagogical approach would provide instructors with a tool that places students in similar controversial moments with little to argue as the historical events the RTTP game is based on is well recorded.

Traumatic Testimony of a Child in Vikal’s “A Pair of Innocent Eyes”: The Conflict Perspective on the Insurgency

This paper has analyzed Ramesh Vikal’s “A Pair of Innocent Eyes,” a story written on the background of ten-year-long Maoist insurgency by applying trauma theory. The paper attempts to find out how the narrator while presenting his or her traumatic testimony about a horrible event narrates it: either objectively elucidating all the incidents neutrally or demonizing some particular aspect, which is supposed to have created all the consequences of the nation-state that remained in chaos for more than a decade. If the testimony of historical events is narrated idealizing one and demonizing another group, it, later on, cannot be accepted as an authentic testimony and the condition of the victims of the events would be more aggravated as it cannot appease their tension. The ten-year-long insurgency has not only brought some great change in the nation-state, but it also has helped people narrativize the incidents from one angle which subsequently worsen the situation and the nation-state can delve into internal conflict once again after the most awaited comprehensive peace treaty between the rebel and the government.

King Death: The Origins and Identity of Guatemalan and Mexican Skeleton Saint, Rey Pascual

AbstractThis article delves into the intriguing origins and identity of the folk saint Rey Pascual, a syncretic figure venerated in Guatemala and Mexico. Rey Pascual’s emergence is rooted in the blending of Catholic and Mayan beliefs, transforming the Spanish saint Pascual Bailón into a skeletal folk saint. Pascual Bailón, a sixteenth-century Franciscan friar known for his mystic and contemplative nature, was later venerated in the Americas following his alleged apparition in Guatemala during a typhoid epidemic. This apparition, a luminescent skeleton, promised to end the epidemic in exchange for being recognized as a patron saint. Over time, Rey Pascual’s cult evolved, incorporating elements from European Grim Reapers and Indigenous death deities, symbolizing a unique amalgamation of religious elements. His identity and veneration were further shaped by historical events, including persecution by the Catholic Church and state authorities in both Guatemala and Mexico. Despite these challenges, Rey Pascual’s following grew, with devotees attributing various miracles and protective powers to him. This article highlights Rey Pascual’s role as a symbol of resilience and spiritual agency, particularly among Indigenous and mestizo communities. It emphasizes how Rey Pascual’s story reflects the adaptability of religious beliefs in the face of cultural change and the enduring legacy of syncretism in Latin American religious life.

The Perception of Fascist and National Socialist Ideologies During the Second World War in Albania

The Albanian Communist Party was born as a Bolshevik-style party, endowed with a non-Bolshevik but social democratic program, such as popular democracy. To shed light on the factors that determined the arrival of the communist regime in Albania, it is necessary to start the analysis from its roots, that is, since the establishment of the communist regime in Albania. For his part, although the communist regime was established in Albania immediately after the end of World War II, the roots of the phenomenon must be sought from the beginning of the war, even a few months earlier when Albania was invaded on April 7, 1939, by fascist Italy. When Albania was invaded by fascist Italy, no one inside or outside the country predicted, nor could have predicted, that at the end of World War II, the Albanian Communist Party would take power into its own hands. There were subjective and objective reasons for this. First of all, when World War II broke out, Albania was the only country in the Balkans that did not have a Communist Party. However, the absence of the Communist Party was largely a subjective factor. The establishment of the communist regime in Albania was for objective reasons a completely paradoxical phenomenon. Albania, the youngest state in Europe, at the same time its most backward state, with a population of one million and forty thousand inhabitants, had no developed industry, ie no working class in the eyes of the proletariat, as conceived by Marxist doctrine. According to Marxist definitions, Albania was a micro-bourgeois country, that is, without capitalist owners and capitalist institutions, to the extent that they justified the socialist revolution. In addition, the Albanian population was overwhelmingly still illiterate. There were only a few isolated nuclei or communist groups with few members composed mainly of artisans and students, who were further characterized by ideological perversion and worse still by political rivalries between them. The question before historians is this: How can it be explained that despite all these disadvantages, the Albanian Communist Party, which was founded two and a half years after the occupation of the country by fascist Italy, on November 8, 1941, managed to face the war against the occupiers within three years. Nazi fascists and against internal nationalist factors, to take political power in Albania at the end of the Second World War? In addition, how is it that the Albanian Communist Party, unlike its Eastern European counterparts, seized political power on its own, without the presence of Soviet armies, which are not known to have invaded Albania? Albania's position during the Second World War and especially the National Liberation War must be judged by ourselves, regardless of who led it. We must judge it as we do in every historical event. The communist dictatorship that was established in Albania should not blind us to the judgment we give in the national liberation war. The communist regime is not a necessary offspring of the National Liberation War. In my opinion, the establishment of the communist regime is the result of mistakes made during the national liberation war, it is a consequence of the poverty of the political culture of the Albanian people, the lack of traditional political parties, the naivety of the Communist Party leaders, the illusions of united nationalists with the National Liberation Front, of myopia, of the leaders of the National Front, which were used by Enver Hoxha to realize under the umbrella of patriotic war his dictatorial ambitions.   Received: 25 December 2023 / Accepted: 25 February 2024 / Published: 23 April 2024

Oedipus and the cabal: conspiracy theories and the decline of symbolic efficiency

Conspiracy theories are a means by which people make sense of vastly complex webs of cause and effect, contingency, and random chance. Impersonal operations of a political economy thus become personified in the figure of sinister puppet masters controlling the world. Overdetermined historical events become narrativized as plots executed with clockwork timing and perfect secrecy. This study proposes a model for the motives and mechanisms by which complex and ambiguous systems are made fodder for paranoid interpretation in the form of a conspiracy theory. By employing an exegetical close-reading methodology and psychoanalytic interpretation, three meta-conspiracies are identified as symptoms of the process described above: antisemitic theories of globalization, the “Deep State” as seen from the political Left, and vulgar UFOlogy. This study will argue that the impenetrable complexity of our globalized, financialized, hypermediated world agitates our experience of the Symbolic order, that is, the realm of language, logic, law, which acts as the scaffolding to the individual’s psychic sense of place in society. Lacan associates entry into the Symbolic order with the reconciliation of the Oedipal conflict and the Symbolic itself with the figure of the Father. However, the complexity and ambiguity of the Symbolic in our contemporary world produce a crisis in this dynamic, which some have described as a “decline in Symbolic efficiency.” This is particularly acute around events, which give rise to conspiracy theories. The will of the Father becomes unknowable, and the order upon which he insists appears dark and chaotic. Conspiracy therefore refers to turning away from this chaotic order and a “dark return” to the pre-symbolic maternal state, via the recession of the Symbolic into the Real, as a chaotic totalized presence (the conspiracy) stretching to occupy every corner of reality.

Immersive Storytelling in Social Virtual Reality for Human-Centered Learning about Sensitive Historical Events

History is a subject that students often find uninspiring in school education. This paper explores the application of social VR metaverse platforms in combination with interactive, nonlinear web platforms designed for immersive storytelling to support learning about a sensitive historical event, namely the Asia Minor Catastrophe. The goal was to design an alternative method of learning history and investigate if it would engage students and foster their independence. A mixed-methods research design was applied. Thirty-four (n = 34) adult participants engaged in the interactive book and VR space over the course of three weeks. After an online workshop, feedback was collected from participants through a custom questionnaire. The quantitative data from the questionnaire were analyzed statistically utilizing IBM SPSS, while the qualitative responses were coded thematically. This study reveals that these two tools can enhance historical education by increasing student engagement, interaction, and understanding. Participants appreciated the immersive and participatory nature of the material. This study concludes that these technologies have the potential to enhance history education by promoting active participation and engagement.

Linguistic representation of the concept BERLIN WALL in German eonyms

The article is devoted to the study of linguistic representation of the concept BERLIN WALL in modern German. The main goal of the article is to identify and describe eonyms (key words of the epoch) that preserve the historical memory of the Berlin Wall in modern German. The material of the study was eonyms selected from the rating lists of the linguistic action of the German Language Society (Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache e. V.) «Word of the Year» for the period from 1978 to 2020, verbalizing the concept BERLIN WALL. The application of comparative-historical and descriptive methods made it possible to identify eonyms representing the result of linguistic reflection of the most important political phenomenon in modern German history. The article provides a linguocultural analysis of the selected eonyms in synchronic and diachronic aspects. The author describes the influence of the BERLIN WALL concept on the perception of East and West German citizens of each other, analyses the linguistic reflection of changes in political and social life in Germany in the critical era after German reunification. The description of the socio-historical contexts of the emergence of eonyms as representatives of the BERLIN WALL concept allows us to characterise the existing linguistic stereotypes in the German language. The analysis highlights the eonyms and their derivatives, which appear with certain cyclicity, linking historical events with each other and characterising the dynamic development of society and language. The unfolding of the meanings projected in the eonyms allows us to identify the most significant historical events reflected in the concept of BERLIN WALL, to interpret the differences in communicative behaviour between the inhabitants of East and West Germany.

Compassion, Female Victimhood and Abortion Legalization in Postcolonial India: Tracing Epistemic Heterogeneity in Abortion Politics

This paper provides a revised history of an understudied event in the trajectory of Indian political modernity - the moment of the legalization of abortion in 1971. The existing scholarship on the event reads it as one that was motivated purely by a developmentalist vision of a modernizing postcolonial elite, to the extent that the latter regarded increases in human numbers as hindrance to economic growth and identified abortion-legalization as a key solution to this quandary. While merited, such interpretations do not account for the varied techniques of persuasion mobilized by the parliamentarians/ lawmakers responsible for debating the laws. With the help of extensive archival analysis of the parliamentary debates, the paper shows how the modes of reasoning put forth in these debates were not always pegged to a developmentalist paradigm but rather made unequivocal use of a heterogeneous idiom of “compassion” for the woman, victimized by male irresponsibility, to ground its case. The lawmakers’ mobilization of this concept further recognized that the victimized pregnant woman’s standpoint is epistemically inaccessible/ incommensurable to those who are responsible for adjudicating on the act of abortion. An acknowledgement of this incommensurability between the knowledge that the two parties hold, became the foundation for compassion. In the process of elucidating the use of the idiom of compassion broached in these parliamentary debates, the paper broadens our interpretations of global histories of welfare feminism in general and reproductive justice in particular.

Regional variability in therapeutic hypothermia eligibility criteria for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Early induced therapeutic hypothermia represents the cornerstone treatment in neonates with probable hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. The selection of patients for treatment usually involves meeting criteria indicating evidence of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and the presence of moderate or severe encephalopathy. In this review, we highlight the variability that exists between some of the different regional and national eligibility guidelines. Determining the potential presence of perinatal hypoxia-ischemia may require either one, two or three signs amongst history of acute perinatal event, prolonged resuscitation at delivery, abnormal blood gases and low Apgar score, with a range of cutoff values. Clinical neurological exams often define the severity of encephalopathy differently, with varying number of domains required for determining eligibility and blurred interpretation of findings assigned to different severity grades in different systems. The role of early electrophysiological assessment is weighted differently. A clinical implication is that infants may receive different care depending on the location in which they are born. This could also impact epidemiological data, as inference of rates of moderate-severe encephalopathy based on therapeutic hypothermia rates are misleading and influenced by different eligibility methods used. We would advocate that a universally endorsed single severity staging of encephalopathy is vital for standardizing management and neonatal outcome. IMPACT: Variability exists between regional and national therapeutic hypothermia eligibility guidelines for neonates with probable hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Differences are common in both criteria indicating perinatal hypoxia-ischemia and criteria defining moderate or severe encephalopathy. The role of early electrophysiological assessment is also weighted unequally. This reflects in different individual care and impacts research data. A universally endorsed single severity staging of encephalopathy would be crucial for standardizing management.

History of Resistance and Intertwinings: A Post-Colonial Sample Present in 'Orphans of the Eldorado,' by Milton Hatoum

The present study has the scope to carry out an interdisciplinary approach that combines literature and history, in order to explore themes regarding identity resistance, family conflicts and social and political changes in the Amazon region, present in the work Órfãos do Eldorado by the novelist manauara Milton Hatoum. The general objective is to present how the configuration of resistance marks intertwined with the postcolonial bias occurs throughout the work Órfãos do Eldorado. Specific objectives are based on investigating how identity issues are addressed in the context of family history in the Amazon. To describe the sociocultural and historical context of the Amazon portrayed in the work, demonstrating that the relationship between the place and the characters portray marks of the fight against colonial dominance, and to analyze the political themes present in "Órfãos do Eldorado", pointing out that they are related to historical events and social aspects of the Amazon. The methodology will be through the application of the presuppositions of the bibliographical research, and the analytical method will be the north of the interpretation of the plot and the story. Bhabha (1998) in the Local of culture, Said (2011) with the work Cultura e imperialismo, in addition to Nenevé and Sampaio (2016) are the main theoretical guidelines. The result of the research showed that "Orfãos do Eldorado", by Milton Hatoum, stands out with a literature of relevance to the understanding of the social and historical reality of the Amazon, and that presents intertwined marks to the resistance and dynamics of a postcolonial protagonism. 

Can life events predict first-time suicide attempts? A nationwide longitudinal study

The prevention paradox describes circumstances in which the majority of cases with a suicide attempt come from a population of low or moderate risk, and only a few from a ‘high-risk’ group. The assumption is that a low base rate in combination with multiple causes makes it impossible to identify a high-risk group with all suicide attempts. The best way to study events such as first-time suicide attempts and their causes is to collect event history data. Administrative registers were used to identify a group at higher risk of suicidal behaviour within a population of six national birth cohorts (N = 300,000) born between 1980 and 1985 and followed from age 15 to 29 years. Estimation of risk parameters is based on the discrete-time logistic odds-ratio model. Lifetime prevalence was 4.5% for first-time suicide attempts. Family background and family child-rearing factors were predicative of later first-time suicide attempts. A young person’s diagnosis with psychiatric or neurodevelopmental disorders (ADHD, anxiety, depression, PTSD), and being a victim of violence or sex offences contributed to the explanatory model. Contrary to the prevention paradox, results suggest that it is possible to identify a discrete high-risk group (<12%) among the population from whom two thirds of all first-time suicide attempts occur, but one third of observed suicide attempts derived from low- to moderate-risk groups. Findings confirm the need for a combined strategy of universal, targeted and indicated prevention approaches in policy development and in strategic and practice responses, and some promising prevention strategies are presented.

Quantile spillovers and connectedness between oil shocks and stock markets of the largest oil producers and consumers

This study explores the connectedness between major oil-producing and consuming countries' stock markets (United States, China, Russia, India) and different oil shocks categorized as demand, supply, and risk shocks, following Ready's (2018) framework. Employing a quantile-based connectedness approach and quantile cross-spectral dependence, our analysis spans from July 02, 2007 to May 31, 2023, encompassing diverse market conditions and events. These methodologies help identify interdependence patterns in extreme market scenarios at different time intervals. Key findings show variations in how these stock markets respond to oil shocks, depending on market conditions and quantiles. Demand-related shocks have the most significant spillover effects on the United States, Russia, and India, while risk-related shocks dominate as transmitters of shocks to the United States, China, and India in median quantiles. Market interconnectedness strengthens during extreme market conditions, reflecting historical events. Additionally, bearish markets offer diversification opportunities between these countries and crude oil. This study emphasizes the need for tailored investment strategies, monitoring global oil demand trends, dynamic portfolio management, crude oil inclusion in portfolios, and proactive responses to market players and geopolitical events. These insights benefit investors and policymakers seeking to optimize strategies in the interconnected global financial landscape.

Mobile network traffic analysis based on probability-informed machine learning approach

The paper proposes an approach to the joint use of statistical and machine learning (ML) models to solve the problems of the precise reconstruction of historical events, real-time detection of ongoing incidents, and the prediction of future quality of service-related occurrences for prospective development of the modern networks. For forecasting, a regression version of the deep Gaussian mixture model (DGMM) is introduced. First, the preliminary clustering based on the finite normal mixtures is performed. This information is then used as an input for some supervised ML algorithm. It is the basic concept of the probability-informed ML approach in the field of telecommunications networks. Using the real-world datasets from a Portuguese mobile operator as well as public cellular traffic data, the article compares this approach with methods such as random forests, support vector machine regression, gradient boosting and LSTM. Vector autoregression, informed by the parameters of the generalized gamma (GG) distribution, which has also been successfully used to reconstruct past traffic patterns, is also used as a benchmark. We demonstrate that DGMM-based regression is 6.82–22.8 times faster than LSTM for the dataset. Moreover, DGMM-based regression can achieve better results for the most important traffic characteristics (average and total traffic, the number of users). For metrics MAPE and RMSE, it surpasses the results of statistical methods up to 46.7% (RMSE) and 91.5% (MAPE) (median increases are 28.0% and 80.1%, respectively), as well as for ML methods up to 13.0% (RMSE) and 35.7% (MAPE) (median increases are 0.39% and 2.5%, respectively). Thus, the use of a probability-informed approach for telecommunication data seems optimal for the computational speed and accuracy trade-off. Also, we introduce a novel statistical hypothesis testing method based on GG distribution for detecting suspected anomalies in traffic.

Permian–Triassic Boundary in Sedimentary Succession of the Barents Sea

Abstract —The Permian–Triassic (P–T) boundary records the most dramatic events in Phanerozoic history. The character of the boundary differs greatly, so it has been the subject of great discussion. The Barents Sea separates regions having markedly different expressions of the P–T boundary, and it can give an insight into the conditions of formation of this boundary in different parts of the European North. This contribution is based on a combination of regional projects from the Russian and Norwegian sectors, including seismic data across the Barents Sea and well data in marginal zones. Application of new seismic data and the sequence stratigraphy concept provides a novel approach to correlation and interpretation of the P–T boundary beneath the Barents Sea. The study has revealed a distinct regional sequence boundary corresponding to the P–T boundary with conformable and unconformable bedding. Three major types of this stratigraphic boundary are recognized. The distinct “erosional” type of the P–T boundary, with a significantly reduced Permian section, exists in the southeast (Timan–Pechora Basin). The conformable “overcompensated” type of boundary with an additional Lower Triassic section is interpreted in the central part of the Barents Sea. Westward, beneath the Norwegian sector, a relatively conformable “condensed” type of P–T boundary predominates. In addition to these types associated with regional paleostructural and depositional trends, the superposed “structural” subtype caused by local growth of structures at the Permian–Triassic boundary is identified.

Historical background of the law enforcement bodies development of the USA, Great Britain, and Ukraine

The article is devoted to the study of the historical formation of the law enforcement system of the USA, Great Britain and Ukraine on the basis of a comparative legal analysis of the key stages of the law enforcement agencies genesis.
 It is proved that the formation of the system of law enforcement bodies in a certain state is determined by the peculiarities of the state-legal system of this state and existing historical events, which became a trigger for changes both in regulatory and legal regulation, and in the implementation of the tasks of law enforcement bodies in practice. The choice as a basis for the analysis of the historical development of the law enforcement system of countries such as Ukraine, the United States of America, and Great Britain derives from one factor, namely the form of the state system, since, in our opinion, there is a hypothesis regarding the influence of the form of the state system on the development of law enforcement bodies on the territory of a certain country.
 On the basis of the applied comparative legal analysis, the essential stages of the development of law enforcement agencies of these states, the regulatory and legal enshrining of their competence, and the peculiarities of the practical implementation of their functions were studied and analyzed.
 It is justified that the historical development of states, their political interaction on the historical arena with other states, the development of economy and trade influenced and still influences the speed and intensity of the development of the law enforcement system. Thus, the belonging of the territories of Ukraine to different states caused the multi-stage formation of its law enforcement system as well as the obtaining of various foreign practices of its legal regulation. The administrative-territorial structure of the states, which was determined during the analysis of the experience of the United States of America, has no less influence: as a result of the federal structure of the state, we can talk about a three-tier system of law enforcement bodies at the level of the federation, individual states, and at the local level. The historical development of Great Britain contributed to the formation of various independent bodies within the law enforcement system, which was not observed in other studied states.

Democratic backsliding and the constitutional blitz

ABSTRACT The aim of this paper is to analyze the acceleration of the democratic backsliding Israel experienced between January 2023 and April 2023 during the first session of the 25th Knesset and the 37th government in Israel. We explore the factors that contributed to this process. Our goal is to determine whether there are any elements that are unique to Israel in this regard that distinguish it from other countries that have experienced such backsliding in recent years. To do so, we utilize an event history analysis based on a timeline of the actions of the members of the 37th government. The analysis shows that the four incentives that aligned together before the election of the 25th Knesset and the creation of an extreme right-wing government accelerated the backsliding of Israeli democracy. The unique factor that distinguishes Israel from other countries is the indictments of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu. The conclusions offer several insights for Western democracies from the Israeli case.

Virtual and Actual Combination of Memory Reflection: Design Enabling Digital Presentation Path of Cultural Heritage Valve

As an open way for people to share information and pass on heritage's value, based on the variety of the main background and value elements, displaying heritage value has changed from a matter of protecting space and form to a more complicated matter of building social value systems. As an open way for people to share information and pass on cultural heritage's value, based on the variety of the main background and value elements, displaying heritage value has changed from a matter of protecting space and form to a more complicated matter of building social value systems. In order to explore the diversified value of heritage and the way to display design empowerment in the digital age, this study selected the world irrigation project heritage of Sangyuanwei as an example based on the theory of cultural memory and explored four value dimensions of the heritage. It is used to associate material ontological features with subjective emotional memory and to extract the memory picture of village buildings, trade fairs, and business markets. And then, through information visualization, it puts forward the value of a virtual and real symbiosis in a digital creative design scheme. Thus, images and scenes are used to strengthen the relationship between heritage materials, characters, and historical events (activities) and to empower the regional cultural inheritance of Sangyuanwei heritage through creative design. Its purpose is to strengthen the sense of group identity and contribute ideas to solve problems for the restoration and protection of Sangyuanwei heritage.

An economic evaluation of eptinezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine in the UK, with consideration for natural history and work productivity

BackgroundMigraine is a highly prevalent neurological disease with a substantial societal burden due to lost productivity. From a societal perspective, we assessed the cost-effectiveness of eptinezumab for the preventive treatment of migraine.MethodsAn individual patient simulation of discrete competing events was developed to evaluate eptinezumab cost-effectiveness compared to best supportive care for adults in the United Kingdom with ≥ 4 migraine days per month and prior failure of ≥ 3 preventive migraine treatments. Individuals with sampled baseline characteristics were created to represent this population, which comprised dedicated episodic and chronic migraine subpopulations. Clinical efficacy, utility, and work productivity inputs were based on results from the DELIVER randomised controlled trial (NCT04418765). Timing of natural history events and treatment holidays—informed by the literature—were simulated to unmask any natural improvement of the disease unrelated to treatment. The primary outcomes were monthly migraine days, migraine-associated costs, quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, and net monetary benefit, each evaluated over a 5-year time horizon from 2020. Secondary analyses explored a lifetime horizon and an alternative treatment stopping rule.ResultsTreatment with eptinezumab resulted in an average of 0.231 QALYs gained at a saving of £4,894 over 5 years, making eptinezumab dominant over best supportive care (i.e., better health outcomes and less costly). This result was confirmed by the probabilistic analysis and all alternative assumption scenarios under the same societal perspective. Univariate testing of inputs showed net monetary benefit was most sensitive to the number of days of productivity loss, and monthly salary.ConclusionsThis economic evaluation shows that from a societal perspective, eptinezumab is a cost-effective treatment in patients with ≥ 4 migraine days per month and for whom ≥ 3 other preventive migraine treatments have failed.Trial registrationN/A.Graphical

Hi. Hayyun as a hero figure of Tolitoli indigenous people’s revolution: An educational exploratory study

Historical knowledge in today's era is important because by studying history we can find out the background of the formation of a country and important event in the past, and from history we can learn inspiring stories of heroes in fighting for the independence of a region. The purpose of this study is to explore Hi's life and struggles. Hi. Hayyun as a Tolitoli people's revolutionary, as well as identifying the educational implications of his story for history education for the people of Tolitoli. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive with a historical-contextualistic approach based on characterization studies. Data collection techniques are observation, interviews and documentation studies. The data analysis technique used is the Milles and Huberman model, including presenting information on historical events, sorting information, verifying the truth of information and drawing conclusions. The subject of the study was the Hi. Hayyun whose information excavation involved historian Hi. Hayyun, while the supporting information involved 142 student respondents who studied at Tolitoli. The results of this study found the fact that the local people lack knowledge about the history of heroes in their area and tried to explore the educational values behind Hi's history. Hi. Hayyun as a hero figure in Tolitoli. The implication of the findings of this research is that it is expected to be the content of history learning materials within the scope of local content subjects in elementary schools, including being able to be used as a cluster of Natural Sciences and Social Sciences subjects in the Merdeka Curriculum.

Use of risk chart algorithms for the identification of psoriatic arthritis patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease: findings derived from the project CARMA cohort after a 7.5-year follow-up period.

To assess the predictive value of four cardiovascular (CV) risk algorithms for identifying high-risk psoriatic arthritis (PsA) patients. Evaluation of patients with PsA enrolled in the Spanish prospective project CARdiovascular in RheuMAtology. Baseline data of 669 PsA patients with no history of CV events at the baseline visit, who were followed in rheumatology outpatient clinics at tertiary centres for 7.5 years, were retrospectively analysed to test the performance of the Systematic Coronary Risk Assessment (SCORE), the modified version (mSCORE) European Alliance of Rheumatology Associations (EULAR) 2015/2016, the SCORE2 algorithm (the updated and improved version of SCORE) and the QRESEARCH risk estimator version 3 (QRISK3). Over 4790 years of follow-up, there were 34 CV events, resulting in a linearised rate of 7.10 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 4.92 to 9.92). The four CV risk scales showed strong correlations and all showed significant associations with CV events (p<0.001). SCORE, mSCORE EULAR 2015/2016 and QRISK3 effectively differentiated between low and high CV risk patients, although the cumulative rate of CV events observed over 7.5 years was lower than expected based on the frequency predicted by these risk scales. Additionally, model improvement was observed when combining QRISK3 with any other scale, particularly the combination of QRISK3 and SCORE2, which yielded the lowest Akaike information criterion (411.15) and Bayesian information criterion (420.10), making it the best predictive model. Risk chart algorithms are very useful for discriminating PsA at low and high CV risk. An integrated model featuring QRISK3 and SCORE2 yielded the optimal synergy of QRISK3's discrimination ability and SCORE2's calibration accuracy.