Essay Research Articles

Fight or flight: reimagining Charles Jesse “Buffalo” Jones' conservation efforts through a bison's embodied perspective

In this speculative historical essay, I employ Buffalo Jones' records to expand upon who can have a voice in the archive, thereby undermining the anthropocentrism inherent in the chronicling of bison conservation. Indeed, this work of “fictocriticism” deploys empathy to recenter the more-than-human voice and ironically uses the observations of the bison's tormentor to move beyond a simplistic anthropomorphic representation. The essay briefly introduces Jones and his contentious legacy as a murderer of Indigenous peoples, buffalo hunter and, later, a central figure in early bison conservation. The essay then shifts into a first-person account of the pursuit and capture of the last remaining southern plains bison from the Texas Panhandle from a cow's embodied perspective. The bison's first-person perspective as one of Jones' prey brings an immediacy to a history that has often been retold to center man's mastery and supremacy. Finally, this essay employs footnotes as a critical intervention by connecting the speculative narrative to Jones' written accounts in published journals. These two narrative approaches demonstrate the significance of bison kinship and how anthropocentrism and white supremacy's entangled ideologies blinded Jones to the worthiness of these others' lifeways. The written submission is accompanied by two audio artworks based on this essay. In creating affective, sound-designed audio works, I have intentionally extracted the archival-research-based narrative from a white supremacist, a patriarchal written tradition for critical purposes.

Роль Фрэнсиса Бэкона в становлении жанра философского эссе в Англии

This article aims to examine the problem of the formation of the philosophical essay in England, the specific features of early philosophical essays to analyze the information structure of the early philosophical essay, and determine the role of F. Bacon in the origin and development of this genre. The author of the study used structural, conceptual and contextual methods. The results of the study can be used in classes on the analysis of English-language texts of various genres at linguistic universities.

ChatGPT and the Writing of Philosophical Essays

Text-generative AI-systems have become important semantic agents with ChatGPT. We conducted a series of experiments to learn what teachers’ conceptions of text-generative AI are in relation to philosophical texts. In our main experiment, using mixed methods, we had twenty-four high school students write philosophical essays, which we then randomized to essays with the same command from ChatGPT. We had ten prospective teachers assess these essays. They were able to tell whether it was an AI or student essay with 78.7 percent accuracy, which is better than the Open AI Classifier. Interestingly, however, they used criteria like argumentative and logical flawlessness and neutrality. We concluded from this that they are using an inverted Turing test and are no longer looking for rationality in machines but for irrationality in humans.

О прототипической основе повестей Д. Н. Мамина-Сибиряка «Доброе старое время» и «Верный раб»

The paper puts forward the hypotheses on what actual events inspired the plots of the novels of Dmitry N. Mamin-Sibiryak, namely “Dobroe staroe vremya” (“Good Old Time”) (1889) and “Vernyy rab” (“Faithful Slave”) (1891). Both novels appeared as a kind of “by-product” of the work on the historical essay “Gorod Yekaterinburg” (“The City of Yekaterinburg”) (1889). The action in both novels takes place in Zagorie, which strongly evokes Yekaterinburg. The period of action is the 1840s and 1850s when the city was under the authority of the director of the Ural mining and metallurgical plants, General Vladimir A. Glinka. In “Dobroe staroe vremya,” he is “the old general”, while in “Vernyy rab,” he is “General Golubko.” The notes in the writer’s notebook seem to point unambiguously to prototypes of other characters in these works. Researchers tend to trust these notes with complete confidence. The writer claims that the novel “Dobroe staroe vremya” tells the “history of Demidoff.” However, no candidate fitting Mamin-Sibiryak’s description has been found in the family of the famous Ural manufacturers. The title of the novel “Vernyy rab” in the writer’s diary is accompanied by the note “The story of General Glinka’s wife.” Nonetheless, the story of the general’s only wife, Ulyana G. Vishnevskaya, has nothing in common with the plot. Searching for the reasons for such discrepancies can provide a better understanding of the specifics of Mamin-Sibiryak’s work with historical material.

At the origins of petroleum geology. A review of the book by A.A. Matveychuk “The first petroleum geologists of Russia. Historical sketches”

This book review analyzes historical essays by A.A. Matveychuk about outstanding Russian petroleum geologists. Through the prism of their lives and activities, Matveychuk outlines the first steps in the formation of Russian petroleum geology. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of G.P. Gelmersen, G.V. Abih, and K.I. Bogdanovich, as well as their associates and like-minded people, to the geological study of various Russian regions and to the creation of new organizational structures and scientific schools. It is the activity of the pioneers of petroleum geology that largely determined the shift in the state’s priorities towards oil exploration, which further supported the country’s industrialization in the late 19th—early 20th centuries. The historical events, in which geologists became contemporaries and active participants, were studied. The personalistic approach used by the author in his studies of the initial historical stage of petroleum geology has created a vivid and fairly comprehensive picture of the early history of the industry.

Kosovsko-metohijske teme na stranicama Srpskog/književnog lista (2002–2021)

Srpski/Književni list, which, thanks to the editorial policy and standards achieved during two decades of publication (2002–2021), grew into one of the most important and respected magazines for literature, culture and social issues, brought, among other things, contributions dedicated to one of of the most current contemporary topics, Kosovo and Metohija. In the paper, we determined in which ways and to what extent the southern Serbian province was present in this newspaper. We have identified historical essays and reviews, reviews of books dealing with Kosovo and Metohija, texts dealing with the cultural heritage of the southern Serbian province. We also looked for contributions from recent history in which the role of the communists and Tito in preparing the ground for the secession of Kosovo is investigated. We also took into account the articles in which the possibilities of solving the Kosovo issue and the relationship of Europe towards Serbia in our time are considered. Focusing on certain important articles and analyzing them, we tried to determine what kind of message Srpski/Književni list was sending to the readership when it comes to the present and future of Kosovo and Metohija.

Why Have Progressive Schools?

Excerpts from a Current History essay published in 1933.

Codzienność rozszczelniona. O "Codziennej walce" Manu Larceneta

In the proposed reading of Manu Larcenet’s Le Combat Ordinaire, everyday life appears not only as the setting of the story but also its fundamental—though by no means obvious, despite the abundance of everyday life imagery and motifs—theme. In Larcenet’s unspectacular narration, conducted in a tone oscillating between buffo and serious, human day-to-day affairs, obscured by the facade of ritual, appear as an effort, a task to complete, a risk to be taken, a problem of existence in the “cracks” of which the most important experiences occur, defined by the dialectics of life and death, health and illness, nature and culture, order and disorder.
 The article presents an analysis of the key dimensions of this “everyday struggle:” from the textual game whose stake is the axiology of everyday life (the issue of intimate diary, the value of journalism as a profession), to the sense of locality and the construction of identity based on memory and postmemory, to use Marianne Hirsch’s concept (references to the war in Algeria). The interpretation of Larcenet’s graphic novel was carried out based on three premises: (1) the everyday settles into fiction thanks to mimesis; (2) contact with everyday life may lead to an epiphanic revelation of a spiritual truth (drawing on Jolanta Brach-Czaina’s concept described in her philosophical essay Szczeliny istnienia [Cracks in Existence], this phenomenon can be called the “unsealing” of everyday life); (3) literary depictions of human daily existence are where literature and sociology intersect, as a result of which literary works (or, comics in this case) help reveal the structures of everyday life.

Lexico-grammatical, syntactic and compositional features of popular science texts by Taras Luty

The article touches upon the issue of the functioning printed and digital scientific information in modern Ukrainian mass media. The genre of essay as a popular form of dissemination of scientific information is considered. Due to this research we also join the discussion about the need to reform the scientific and functional variety of the modern Ukrainian literary language. The purpose of the article is to study the lexical, grammatical, syntactic and compositional specifics and linguistic creativity of popular science texts on the example of Taras Luty’s philosophical essays published in the weekly Ukrainian Week. Various research methods are employed in the study: the method of linguistic description and observation, the descriptive method, which provides the inventory of selected units, their segmentation, classification and interpretation, as well as the functional-stylistic method. Conclusions are made on the basis of the analysis of 111 texts.

Remedy for Nostalgia for Brezhnev’s “Stability”. Book review: Ukrainian Society in the 1960-1980s: Historical Essays. Collective monograph. Ed. in chief Viktor Danylenko. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine of the NAS of Ukraine, 2022. 959 p.

Remedy for Nostalgia for Brezhnev’s “Stability”. Book review: Ukrainian Society in the 1960-1980s: Historical Essays. Collective monograph. Ed. in chief Viktor Danylenko. Kyiv: Institute of History of Ukraine of the NAS of Ukraine, 2022. 959 p.

A New Synthesis of the Ukrainian “Long Nineteenth Century” in the Completion of Domestic Historiography. Books Review: “Ukraine in the 19th Century: Population and Empires” and “Ukraine in the 19th Century: Age of Modernization” / V. Shandra, О. Arkusha; the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of History of Ukraine. Kyiv: Akademperiodyka, 2022. 436 p.; 706 p. (Ukraine. History Essays)

A New Synthesis of the Ukrainian “Long Nineteenth Century” in the Completion of Domestic Historiography. Books Review: “Ukraine in the 19th Century: Population and Empires” and “Ukraine in the 19th Century: Age of Modernization” / V. Shandra, О. Arkusha; the NAS of Ukraine, Institute of History of Ukraine. Kyiv: Akademperiodyka, 2022. 436 p.; 706 p. (Ukraine. History Essays)

Western Religious Propaganda in the Holy Land in the Correspondence of V.N. Khitrovo and K.P. Pobedonostsev in the 1880s

The author has examined the correspondence of socio-religious figure and founder of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society (IOPS) V.N. Khitrovo with Chief Procurator of the Holy Synod K.P. Pobedonostsev in the 1880s; the problem of propaganda of the Catholic and Protestant churches in the Holy Land is explored. It is shown that in his detailed reports, historical essays and letters V.N. Khitrovo informed K.P. Pobedonostsev about threats to Orthodoxy in the Holy Land. V.N. Khitrovo rightly supposed that the success of Western propaganda was due to the Western powers’ implementation of their national interests. The religious policy of France and the Protestant powers (England and Germany) was a “tool” for promoting their national interests. “Propaganda” and religious penetration of Western faiths manifested themselves in religious and political forms, which was embodied in the creation of educational institutions, hospitals, the spread of semi-secular women’s orders, and the education of the local population. V.N. Khitrovo associated the success of Catholicism with the activities of Latin Patriarch I. Valerga. A special way of penetration into the Holy Land was biblical research, one example of which was the activities of Victorian General Gordon. V.N. Khitrovo considered that the weakening of Orthodoxy in the Holy Land was due to not only modest funding, but also insufficient coordination of secular and church institutions of the Russian Empire in the implementation of state religious policy. The author comes to the conclusion that the correspondents had trust-based relations and similar views on major religious and political issues.

Ontology of the Art Phenomenon in Iris Murdoch’s Fiction

This article explores the intermedial dialogue of the arts in the oeuvre of British writer and philosopher Iris Murdoch. The ontology of the phenomenon of art and its functional meaning in Murdoch’s fiction, the specifics of the relationship between the arts in her philosophical essays and dialogues are considered from the perspective of intermediality. Based on the intermedial study methodology, Murdoch’s theoretical and philosophical views on the multifunctional nature of art, the interaction of the artist and the artwork are revealed. Key techniques of interartistic discourse, including anthroponymic allusions, are considered as intermedial markers of Murdoch’s texts, identified and explored at the level of imagological transformations. People of art: artists, artistic discourse partakers, as well as recipients of art constitute a particular kind of characters in Murdoch’s novels. Accordingly, the importance of the recipient, who acts as an essential link in the receptive matrix of “author-text-recipient-artwork,” is emphasized in the ontology of an artwork. The particular meeting point of Murdoch’s characters is the artistic topos: a museum, an exhibition, an art gallery or an artist’s house. In addition, the reader of her fiction repeatedly encounters various ekphrastic codes: the ekphrases of paintings are not only present in Murdoch’s texts, but function as anthropomorphised characters, dramatis personae, have their own space (physical and mental places) and play a crucial role in the protagonists’ lives. Consequently, we find that the use of intermedial components is one of the markers of Iris Murdoch’s idiostyle, which topicalizes important aspects of the philosophy of art and brings it into the realm of ontological questions.

Mycotoxins of phytopathogenic fungi and mycotoxicosis: a historical essay (review)

Mold fungi and the mycotoxins they produce have invariably accompanied humans, since the basis of its existence was agriculture, which allows to get more products than was necessary for consumption, as well as requiring the storage of crops between seasons. This provided a favorable ecological niche for molds, and stored agricultural products became the main source of mycotoxins in the diets of humans and farm animals. Since then, mycotoxins have been the cause of many large-scale poisonings and have caused significant damage to agriculture. The article provides a brief historical sketch and the most significant stages of the study of mycotoxins, which are the cause of frequent and large-scale lesions, reveals the specific circumstances that caused the researchers' keen interest in this group of substances. For a long time, the immediate cause of poisoning caused by mycotoxins remained unknown due to the weak technical equipment of researchers and the isolation of active substances was impossible, which, however, was not an obstacle to the development of methods to combat infection with mold fungi and poisoning caused by mycotoxins. The improvement of the technical base of research in the middle of the 20th century led to an increase in the number of discovered mycotoxins and the discovery of new toxic effects of already known compounds. Mycotoxins remain one of the most dangerous contaminants in both farm animal feed and food, despite the fact that in many countries they are subject to strict regulation and control. In the context of the increasing intensification of agriculture, a decrease in the species diversity of agricultural crops, the problem of the spread of mold fungi and, as a result, the degree of mycotoxin damage to agricultural products does not lose its importance, and the study of the history of the study of mycotoxins and their producers can provide important information on the spread of mold fungi in new economic conditions.

Freedom and Plurality in Unity: The European Politics of <i>Der Monat</i>

The German-language magazine Der Monat (1948–71) was one of the most impactfulpublications in post-war Germany. It promoted the re-orientation of the German peopleby offering political as well as philosophical essays and introduced international authorsto its readers. In the context of the Cold War, part of the magazine’s marketing strategywas to downplay how close its ties to the United States and American institutions inGermany were and to push its international self-image to the forefront. Thus, Der Monat presented itself as a forum for free and open discussions. But this forum was clearly onlymade up of pro-Western, anti-Communist voices. By analysing the American originsof the magazine, the interplay between German readers, and the international voicesfeatured in Der Monat as well as the European politics of the editorial team and theway in which they were translated into editorial practices, this article aims to identifythe concepts of ‘freedom’ and ‘plurality’ as central to Der Monat’s self-image, and toexpose why the magazine’s opposition to the concept of ‘unity’ promoted by the SovietUnion can be seen as ironic.

Heritage ambivalences: the aesthetics of fictionalised pasts in Roca Barea’s Imperiofobia

ABSTRACT Roca Barea’s Imperiofobia y Leyenda Negra (Empirephobia and Black Legend) has been a bestseller in Spain since it was published in 2016. However, this historical essay has also provoked intense controversy regarding the veracity of data presented and the ambivalence, or even incoherence, of its arguments. This article analyses Imperiofobia from a different point of view: as a heritage product with a strong narrative dimension. A heritage product can enable an individual story to be inserted into a collective mythological narrative, as in the case of this book. Imperiofobia encourages the reader to become involved in an epic war against the enemies of empires, as well as against the enemies of Spain (mainly the eurozone’s most powerful countries and progressive or left-wing intellectuals). This involvement dimension is essential to understand how, in general, ambivalent and even incoherent narratives about the past can be functional in socio-political dynamics.

In The Shadow of Great History: A Research of The Lost Villages in Northern Thailand

This historical essay depicts the origins and current status of a northern Thai region known as Lost Villages. After the Chinese Civil War in the twentieth century, a remnant unit of the Kuomintang (KMT) rolled over from mainland China to Thailand and flourished here. However, caught between the competing political parties, their legal identity has always been in question. At the same time, they are in dire need of economic, educational, and policy support. After a literature review and field research, the author attempts to unravel the mystery of their identity and to make them more fully known by the outside world in order to establish sustained international assistance.

That Obscure Object that Sounds. Metamorphoses of the Composer’s Score in the Opera Industry

In the 20th century, the composer’s music score acquired the status of the firmest and almost sacred core of the opera in stage performance. Battles between traditionalists and Regieoper lovers are still ongoing both online and offline. However, oaths of allegiance to it and accusations of wrongdoing against it show that it is almost impossible to maintain the inviolability of the score in theater practice. The history of opera presents various approaches to this problem. From the birth of the art of opera, the composer was an equal contributor to the show, just like the set designer, stage manager, or impresario. However, their position underwent changes until the 19th century when the phenomenon of repertoire theater emerged, and the operatic canon began to establish itself. From then on, music started to be considered a sacred element of every opera evening. Nevertheless, even the most traditionalistic opera houses nowadays modify the original scores by removing especially long passages, changing original arias, and rewriting default music or text.This article o5ers a historical essay on the relationship between composers and the opera industry, and discusses types of modifications to opera scores, such as cuts, inserts, and the pasticcio phenomenon.

Essays in monetary history

Abstract The paper summarizes my dissertation, submitted to the Geneva Graduate Institute. I constructed a novel database of the currency composition of European foreign exchange reserves during the Bretton Woods period, from central banks’ archives. The first paper studies the determinants of the composition of the foreign exchange portfolios. The second paper compares the British pound’s international role in Europe and the sterling area. I argue that its persistence as a reserve currency was due to threats and economic sanctions. The final paper focuses on 19th Bank of France, and shows that data was used as collateral at the discount window.

Special Section Introduction

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