Historical Epochs Research Articles

THE LEVEL OF TOURISM POTENTIAL OF THE TURKESTAN REGION

"Turkestan has been a trade center since ancient times, Ordo yntymak. Therefore, the transformation of Turkestan into a regional center is certainly one of the most mobile solutions of the Elbasy. Since this year, the value of the city on the Great Silk Road has been increasing. Turkestan region has a high tourism potential. A particularly priority area of the tourism cluster is a favorable transport infrastructure. The center of the region is the city of Turkestan – the golden nest of historical tourism. At the very beginning of the city, entertainment centers, modern hotels, cultural and historical centers, a drama theater, restaurants, celebration houses, a water park, spot recreation facilities, markets and supermarkets have been completely built for guests and residents of the city. There are places where tourists can provide a full range of quality services. The novelty of the article is that the city of Turkestan, which has long been considered spiritual Astana, is developing in a tourist cluster and receives millions of tourists a year. Tourism is one of the most dynamic sectors of Kazakhstan’s economy. Each region of Kazakhstan is a hotbed of a tourism cluster. The region located in the center of Eurasia, which became the Darkhan steppe of the Great Silk Road, a city was built from ancient times, cultural centers were built. Majestic rivers-lakes and massifs of rocks, forests and deserts testified to historical epochs. "

THE ROLE AND THE PLACE OF PEASANT INDUSTRY IN THE LIFE OF A COMPLEX PEASANT ECONOMY OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY (on the example of Seltinskaya Volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka Governorate)

The importance of peasant industry in the vital activity of a complex peasant economy, the basis of which was arable farming, is shown on the example of Seltinsky volost of Malmyzhsky Uyezd of Vyatka governorate. The integral branches were animal husbandry and extra-agrarian occupations, among which the main burden was borne by extractive and processing works. The role of natural-geographical, socio-economic conditions, legal norms, trade relations, the creative potential of the people in the process of forming and functioning of a sustainable, balanced, integrated peasant economy is considered. A favourable location of the volost along the Siberian tract with access to the Kama and Vyatka trade river routes contributed to the development of a periodic market sphere (bazaar, torzhok, fair), to peasant economy involvement in the system of a single national market. The zemstvo population censuses made it possible to show a relatively high level of peasants’ provision with land plots, as well as draft, horned cattle and small livestock. Different levels of ethnic groups’ economic situation are noted. There was economic differentiation in the village; the vast majority was occupied by the well-to-do and middle class of the peasantry. To serve the numerous village needs, 90 types of crafts were functioning, which were represented by a wide range of manufactured products. The semi-natural character of peasant economy determined the diversity of its economic forms: domestic industry, handicrafts, small-scale production, capitalist cooperation. Another important role of crafts in the social medium life should be noted – it is an opportunity to realize an ethnic group’s creative potential, improving production technology, honing artistic skills. Household items, traditional clothing indicate a high level and variety of folk art. People’s memory has preserved the names of the best volost masters, who contributed to further development of national folk art. The study of life activity of the peasant population in a single volost at an interdisciplinary level in a fairly new research direction “the history of everyday life”, involvement of a wide comprehensive database, including published zemstvo statistics, fundamental zemstvo studies, archival documents, materials of ethnographic expeditions enable to deeper investigate the structure of a peasant economy, interaction, interdependence of its individual branches, the important role of crafts in a village economy, as well as legality and necessity of production small forms functioning in any historical epoch.

Dante’s and Solovyov’s Apocalyptic Images as Stylistic Counterpoints in the Era of Change

Following the example of Dante’s apocalyptic images in the “Divine Comedy” and Vladimir Solovyov’s “A Short Story of Antichrist”, this article takes into consideration the ideological and artistic elements of the counterpoint – the latter being meant as a simultaneous confrontation and combination of styles from different historical epochs. For this purpose, a given stylistic version of the cross-cultural method is adopted. As a result of it, the author demonstrates that the “Divine Comedy” belongs to the Italian proto-Renaissance style, in which, along with the traditions of medieval culture, the stylistic features of Renaissance and Modern times are forming. The conclusion is that the authorial style of Dante’s eschatology is the style of the prophet and judge of humanity who proclaims the continuation of its eternal life. In the same way, the authorial strategy of Solovyov’s last work may be also attributed to a stylization of the prophetic genre that was typical of the Russian culture of the late 19th and early 20th century. Despite all this, Solovyov’s apocalyptic images do not have a clearly formulated idea concerning the coming salvation – which should be mandatory for the Christian eschatology, – but they only formulate in a new way a prediction regarding the inevitable continuation of great wars, coups and civil strives on the path leading to the end of history. In this transitional stage full of malice, lies and deceit, only the traditional Christian ideal of unselfish love and spiritual unity, which Solovyov employs within the framework of a new artistic style, is endowed with the ability to preserve its timeless value. The overall result of the comparison of the historical style of John’s Revelation with the two subsequent stylizations of apocalyptic images is a confirmation of the existence of a cultural self-development that manifests itself in the iconic works of the era of change.

FEATURES AND CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORICAL HOUSING

The article is devoted to current issues related to housing reconstruction in Ukraine, as well as ways to solve it. Domestic and foreign experience of re-planning of existing apartments, reconstruction of historical buildings with superstructure of attics, additional floors or without them is covered. In modern urban development today there is a significant fund of residential buildings from previous historical epochs and styles. The state of planning of the vast majority of buildings does not agree with the current sanitary, fire and functional requirements and does not meet modern design conditions. This condition requires professional work of specialists who are able to write out the specified problems.

Виртуализация языковой картины мира в поэтическом произведении Дж. Китса «Sleep and Poetry»

The article deals with the linguistic picture of the world of one of the most romantic poets of England of the 19th century, J. Keats, represented in the poem «Sleep and Poetry». The study of the picture of the world reflected in the language consciousness of an individual and the analysis of the linguistic means used to represent it seems very relevant, because it can be considered as a way to identify its conceptual dominant and mental models that store cognitive structures of experience allowing you to get an idea of the perception, interpretation of the surrounding world and historical epoch, about the worldview of the individual, his views and emotional state. The aim of the article is to find out the way of virtualization of the language picture of the world in J. Keats’s poem «Sleep and Poetry». To describe the linguistic picture of the world the author attracts the special potential of stylistically colored linguistic means, expressing his own unique way of conceptualizing reality and organizing the literary and semantic space. In the poem «Sleep and Poetry» by J. Keats in order to achieve the set goal we identified and investigated the mental models, which form a complex information system, the so-called basic model, incorporating the structures of knowledge about the surrounding world and personal experience of the poet and characterized by semantic parameters. This model, based on the principle of analogy and allowing to comprehend objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, includes the metaphorical models: «dream», «life», «poetry», which model spatial and temporal relations in the poem discourse. The study of mental models in the poetic work of J. Keats «Sleep and Poetry», gave reason to argue that the association of metaphorical models in a single system «sleep - life – poetry», forms an integral structure of discourse and is a way of virtualization of the poet’s language picture of the world.

The program of the world oligarchy

Analysis of facts from various fields of human activity (economics, finance and banking, military affairs, etc.) convincingly shows that in the modern world, a world oligarchy has formed, which seeks to establish global domination. In order to understand where society is heading, it is first necessary to find out whether the world oligarchy has a certain program of action, and if so, what it is.
 The article presents the main elements of the program of the world oligarchy, its features and possibilities of achievement in the conditions of latent organizational war. The stages of realization of the program of world domination of the global oligarchy in different historical epochs are considered.
 This program, in particular, provides for the concentration of property and economic levers of influence in the hands of a small group of people for the purpose of total control over the world; free trade (globalization, liberalization); destruction of "weak" nations and states; imposing destructive doctrines and myths, shaking the foundations of traditional cultures; division of the population into class groups and incitement to hatred between them; enslavement of the population due to deprivation of livelihoods and opportunities to work properly; propaganda of anti-culture, which contradicts the basic principles of human society, the introduction of the idea of ​​elite race and inferior nations; uniting the interests of the world oligarchy with the tendency to form a single capital and "world government".

The USSR and the problem of Northern Epirus at the Paris Peace Conference of 1946

The article is devoted to the study of an important problem of the territorial affiliation of Northern Epirus at the Paris Peace Conference of 1946 and the role of Soviet diplomacy in its solution. The interests of Greece, Albania, the USSR and the Western powers in this region, the military and political-diplomatic confrontation of Greece, on the one hand, Albania, on the other, as well as the influence of the factor of the Soviet state in resolving the issue of Northern Epirus are considered. The purpose of this article is to study the national-territorial claims of Greece to Northern Epirus, which were discussed at the Paris Peace Conference. Based on the review of documentary archival materials in the course of the study, the author of the article came to the conclusion that in the process of resolving the issue of the status of Northern Epirus, Greece failed. The evaluation of the results of the efforts of the USSR government to protect the territorial integrity of Albania is given. The active participation of the USSR was aimed at maintaining peace in the region. Comparing the positions of the parties, the author shows the course of the political struggle around the adoption of final decisions on the status of Northern Epirus. The methodological basis of the research is the principles of historicism and consistency, which involve the consideration of phenomena and facts in their entirety and development in accordance with the conditions of a particular historical epoch. The principle of objectivity is also used. The relevance of the research problem is explained by the need to ensure the territorial integrity of states and the normalization of ethnic relations in them. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that, based on the involvement of archival documentary materials, an attempt was made to study the question of the status of Northern Epirus in 1946 in the context of the approval of territorial changes after World War II. In the scientific literature, this problem has not been specifically posed in such a perspective until now.

Existential and Architectural Space in the Human World: Gender Aspect

Introduction. Space acts as a basic category for many phenomena of the human world. Therefore, a full understanding and analysis of space is possible only when we take into account the presence of a person in it. The purpose of the study is the need to trace the close interrelation of human existence and space, their mutual influence and interdependence. The relevance of the paper is connected with the need to enlarge the category of space in the gender aspect of being. The research novelty consists in the attempt to systematize the accumulated knowledge in the field of the study of the category of space and its gender characteristics.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work are philosophical analysis and cultural analysis. The main approach in the work is interdisciplinary. We used as sources philosophical works related to the problem of space (M. Heidegger, M. Foucault, M. Merleau- Ponty, G. Marcel) and gender (G. Marcuse, M. Foucault, J. Derrida, J. Lacan, Ju. Kristeva), theoretical works on architecture (A. Ikonnikov, A. Nekrasov, K. Nornberg-Schultz, A. Gabrichevsky), as well as some sociological works (P. Bourdieu, M. Vilkovsky, S.O. Khan- Magomedov). Separate works on semiotics (U. Eco) and the issues of metaphorization in culture (O. Freudenberg, E.S. Kubryakova) provided tangible assistance in the preparation of this text.Results and discussion. Being a fundamental ontological category, space is explored in various aspects of humanitarian discourse. The history of culture shows us the mobility of the categories “masculinity” and “femininity”, therefore, a natural question arises about the regular revision of these concepts, that affect the spatial characteristics of being in a specific historical epoch. In the course of the study, the following results were obtained. Based on the analysis of works from the field of anthropology, the study of the body and gender, as well as by identifying the features of the formation of architectural space, we can say that there is a close relationship between space and person. Our research shows that the body is the background of cognition of the world and the individual oneself, therefore it acts as the basis for the formation of a gender metaphor. We have studied the works of architects, and it was concluded that it is impossible to “catch” a specifically feminine or masculine manner in the professional activity of an architect. The reason is that, first of all, the architect is faced with a specific order and certain technical tasks.Conclusion. As a basic characteristic of human existence, space appears in human existence also as a communicative sphere. The primary bodily experience of space, that a human being gets from birth, largely determines the background of cognition of the world. Moreover, the space can carry gender-marked or gender-neutral information, and that gives us a reason to talk about the problem of perception and influence on a person. This can be traced through the metaphor of the architectural language, the ways of space organizing, highlighting with color, shape and construction. Therefore, architecture is distinguished from other types of art by its great dependence on social reality that generates it, since it is a part of the human living environment.

Examining the Role of Early Diagnostic Imaging for Craniosynostosis in the Era of Endoscopic Suturectomy: A Single Institution Experience.

Endoscopic suturectomy is a minimally invasive surgical treatment for single-suture craniosynostosis in children between 1 and 4 months of age. This study sought to characterize the role played by diagnostic imaging in facilitating early surgical management with endoscopic suturectomy. The authors also characterized the overall diagnostic utility of imaging in patients assessed for abnormal head shape at their institution, regardless of surgical status. A retrospective cohort of children diagnosed with singlesuture synostosis undergoing either primary endoscopic suturectomy or open calvarial reconstruction at the authors' institution from 1998 to 2018 was first reviewed. Of 132 surgical patients, 53 underwent endoscopic suturectomy and 79 underwent open repair. There was no difference in the proportion of endoscopic and open surgery patients imaged preoperatively before (24.5% versus 35.4%; P = 0.24) or after (28.3% versus 25.3%; P = 0.84) craniofacial assessment. Stratifying by historical epoch (1998-2010 versus 2011-2018), there was also no difference found between preoperative imaging rates (63.6% versus 56.4%; P = 0.35). In another cohort of 175 patients assessed for abnormal head shape, 26.9% were imaged to rule out craniosynostosis. Positive diagnostic imaging rates were recorded for suspected unicoronal (100%), metopic (87.5%), lambdoidal (75.0%), sagittal (63.5%), multisuture (50%), and bicoronal (0%) synostosis. The authors conclude that the use of diagnostic imaging at their institution has not increased despite higher utilization of endoscopic suturectomy and need for expedient identification of surgical candidates.However, their results suggest that imaging may play a greater diagnostic role for suspected bicoronal, sagittal, and multi-sutural synostosis among sutural subtypes of synostosis.

Musical Performance in the Age of Postmodernism

The article is devoted to postmodernism musical performance. There was realized a comprehensive retrospective analysis of the phenomenon development from ancient period to nowadays. It was proved that in ancient times interpretation was explained as a form of mythological worldview embodiment; in the Middle Ages as a way of uniting man and God; in Rrenaissance as a means of harmonizing material and spiritual components of personality; in Baroque as a method of theatricality of person's existence; in Classicism as an opportunity to assert the power of human mind; Romanticism emphasized emotionality and subjectivity of concerting, the unique role of master; Modernism declared freedom of interpretation. Understanding the essence of musical performance with each historical stage became deeper, was enriched with new terminological, depth of scientific and theoretical understanding. The musical performance of postmodernism as a unique phenomenon has its own chronology of formation and development, based on achievements of previous epochs, transformed in accordance to philosophical aesthetics of the late XX century. Its outstanding constitutive qualities are: anthropology, religiosity, spirituality, meditation, improvisation, humanism, dialogicity, theatricality, rationalism, intellectualism, emotionality, playing, intertextuality, polystylistics etc. The performing art of postmodernism embodies the conceptual principles of its time: pluralism, irony, collage, synthesis, the death of the author, so on. It unites, eclectically mixes different artistic traditions and views, it forms a unique interpretive vision of musical text, demonstrates openness to dialogue with different historical epochs and civilizations, aimed at both the elite and the mass audience.

«THE UNSIMPLE» BY Т. PROKHASKO: A QUASI-HISTORICAL NOVEL

A historical novel is a work that is based on a historical plot, built on the reproduction in the artistic form of a certain historical epoch, a certain period of the people's or the country's past. In view of this, in a historical novel, historical truth must be combined with artistic truth, historical facts with artistic fiction, real historical figures with fictional characters.The postmodern ideology of the multiplicity of meanings, the hesitation in determining the differences between the false and the true, justify today's increase in interest in history and the historical novel as a modern textual reflection of the past. The study considers the artistic interpretation of the genre of quasi-historical postmodern novel on the material of the text “The UnSimple” by T. Prokhasko. The genre features of the text are determined, in particular inscribing a variant of an event to a certain historical epoch, defining national features with the help of a pseudo-historical plot, creating a geographical utopia and avoiding linearity, rooting a person in a new geographical landscape as a strategy ofhistorical discourse reconstruction.

Wavescapes: A visual hierarchical analysis of tonality using the discrete Fourier transform

Many structural aspects of music, such as tonality, can be expressed using hierarchical representations. In music analysis, so-called keyscapes can be used to map a key estimate (e.g., C major, F minor) to each subsection of a piece of music, thus providing an intuitive visual representation of its tonality, in particular of the hierarchical organization of local and global keys. However, that approach is limited in that the mapping relies on assumptions that are specific to common-practice tonality, such as the existence of 24 major and minor keys. This limitation can be circumvented by applying the discrete Fourier transform (DFT) to the tonal space. The DFT does not rely on style-specific theoretical assumptions but only presupposes an encoding of the music as pitch classes in 12-tone equal temperament. We introduce wavescapes, a novel visualization method for tonal hierarchies that combines the visual representation of keyscapes with music analysis based on the DFT. Since wavescapes produce visual analyses deterministically, a number of potential subjective biases are removed. By concentrating on one or more Fourier coefficients, the role of the analyst is thus focused on the interpretation and contextualization of the results. We illustrate the usefulness of this method for computational music theory by analyzing eight compositions from different historical epochs and composers (Josquin, Bach, Liszt, Chopin, Scriabin, Webern, Coltrane, Ligeti) in terms of the phase and magnitude of several Fourier coefficients. We also provide a Python library that allows such visualizations to be easily generated for any piece of music for which a symbolic score or audio recording is available.

The Concept of War in Ancient Mesopotamia: Reshaping Carl von Clausewitz's Trinity

In this article, the author investigates the concept of “war” during the Akkadian period (ca. 2234–2154 BCE) through fragments and clay tablets that have remained from that period in history more than 4,000 years ago. Given the special place that the divine realm took in the Akkadian worldview, manifesting even in everyday interaction, the author reworks the well-renowned trinity from the Prussian military theorist Carl von Clausewitz. The author argues that Clausewitz’s analysis of war, which relies on the main trinity of the people, the government, and the armed forces, is not applicable to the beginning of human history in Mesopotamia due to the specific circumstances that societies then faced. The main method of inquiry herein will be a textual analysis of Akkadian scriptures that relate to the campaigns of Sargon, the first ruler of the Akkadian Empire, and his reign in constituting the first empire of humankind, as well as sources that explain the role of religion in this historical epoch. Although many of Sargon’s groundbreaking military innovations—such as establishing a standing professional army, securing lines of communication and supplies, and fortifying strategic positions—can be analyzed in a purely descriptive way, the focus of this article will be on his constructed relation to the Akkadian pantheon, which had a direct influence on the way warmongering was perceived.

КЕЛЬЯ, МОГИЛКА, ХРАМ: РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЕ И АПРОПРИАЦИЯ БЛАГОДАТИ В ТОПОГРАФИИ ДУНЮШКИНОЙ СВЯТЫНИ

The article analyzes folk ideas about the manifestations of grace in spatial (landscape) shrines associated with the names and paths of locally venerated saints in the village of Suvorovo (before 1965 Strakhova Puza) of the Diveyevsky district – Blessed Dunyushka Sheikova / Shikova and her three companions – Daria, Daria and Maria, the new Martyrs of Puza. It describes the topography of the “Shrines of Dunyushka”, the ideas of local residents about the manifestation of grace at different loci and objects of those shrines, as well as the practice of using (appropriation) of grace at those shrines. For that purpose, in the first part of the article, several concepts are introduced and justified: a complex shrine, the path the saint (via sancti), widespread grace and the second invisible “body” of the saint. A complex shrine is a network, a “constellation” of shrines united by the grace of the righteous. Its elements (natural or man-made) can be located at a considerable distance from each other, these are the most important places of the saint’s lifetime and posthumous stay. The topography of the complex shrine and pilgrimage routes is formed by the grace spread by the ascetic moving in space or his relics. Such a dynamic state of the shrine is considered as the second “body” of the saint, who invisibly resides on earth. In that aspect, the second part of the article considers not so much the topography as the dynamics of the existence and development of the “Shrines of Dunyushka”, based on the manifestation and appropriation of grace emanating from them. In different historical epochs, the significance of different loci of the complex “Shrines of Dunyushka” (cell, grave, church with relics) as a center of religious practices and manifestations of grace has changed.

Питання Криму в українських геополітичних доктринах першої половини ХХ сторіччя

The article is devoted to the analysis of the coverage of the Crimea issue for the existence and development of Ukrainian statehood in the geopolitical teachings of Ukrainian thinkers of the first half of the twentieth century. For them, the "Crimean issue" is part of the theoretical search for geopolitical directions of Ukraine’s development in the past, present and in the future. It is emphasized that the consideration of the geographical factor as an important factor in politics has a significant historical tradition. It is noted that Ukrainian geopolitical theorists of the first half of the twentieth century assumed that the conquest of the northern Black Sea coast provided Ukraine with access to the communication space in terms of defense, political interaction with its partners and trade and economic ties. It is noted that the works analyzed in this article state that the geopolitical significance of the Crimean peninsula, the Black Sea area and the Ukrainian lands is virtually unchanged in different historical epochs from antiquity to the events of the early twentieth century. It is noted that the loss of Crimea in 1918 was seen by Ukrainian geopolitical thought of the first half of the twentieth century as a strategic defeat, which was due, among other things, to the quality of the then domestic political elite and its lack of fundamental geopolitical knowledge. At the same time, thinkers draw attention to the fact that the then political partners of the young Ukrainian state were guided in their actions, primarily on the basis of their own national geopolitical interests. It is concluded that the theoretical work of representatives of Ukrainian political thought of the first half of the twentieth century in the situation around Ukraine and throughout the Eastern European region, including the issue of deoccupation and return of the Crimean peninsula to Ukrainian jurisdiction.

Развитие искусственного интеллекта и глобальный кризис земной цивилизации (к анализу социогуманитарных проблем)

The article considers a qualitatively new stage in the development of artificial intelligence (AI), associated with the development of artificial general intelligence (abbreviated as AGI in the international nomenclature – from Artificial General Intelligence). Unlike traditional AI, AGI is significantly closer in its functions to natural intelligence (EI), it will be able to self-learn, solve a wide range of tasks in different environments, i.e. be integral and autonomous. Such a level of “independence” of AGI opens up fundamentally new prospects for the development of information technologies, but at the same time poses many acute socio-humanitarian problems associated with the risks and threats of losing control over the development of AI. The successful development of AGI requires new theoretical and methodological approaches based on the principles of post-nonclassical epistemology and the results of neuroscientific and phenomenological studies of consciousness. It is very important to consider these issues from the angle of the extreme aggravation of the global crisis of world civilization, due to its consumer dominance and efforts to preserve its monopolar structure from the part of the United States and its Western allies. In this regard, a broader, philosophical-anthropological approach is also required to understand the current state of our civilization and the possibilities for its transformation. It involves taking into account what is called the nature of man, as a stable complex of his mental and bodily properties. They were reproduced among all peoples, in all historical epochs, under all social structures, which indicates their biological conditionality. Among them, along with altruistic properties, a number of negative properties can be distinguished (such as unlimited consumerism, aggressiveness towards one’s own kind, excessive egoistic self-will). These characteristic properties of mass consciousness were actively exploited adherents of monopolarity in their interests. Overcoming the principles and practices of monopolarity and thereby changing the global social self-organization is a necessary condition for a truly humanistic stage of anthropotechnological evolution, capable of opening up new existential prospects for the transformation of man and mankind.

ТРАДИЦИОННЫЙ КИТАЙСКИЙ ПРАЗДНИК ЦИНМИН: ЕДИНСТВО ЧЕЛОВЕКА И ПРИРОДЫ

Modern world processes lead to the fact that different cultures are becoming more and more involved in each other's cultural areas. Changes in one cultural field affect the cultural field of another. Today, cooperation between Russia and China is at one of the highest points of development, the initiatives of the two countries in the field of cultural studies give impetus to the development of research relations between the two countries. In this regard, domestic science needed a deeper study of the cultural traditions of the Chinese people. Traditional holidays are an integral part of Chinese society. Festive traditions contain a rich national coloring, rich cultural content, express national emotions and humanistic values, reflect the mentality and culture of the Chinese people. The festive culture of the Chinese reveals an inextricable link with the traditional calendar sequential course of life, in connection with this, its originality and originality are more clearly manifested. The Qingming holiday in China is considered one of the main spring holidays, it not only embodies the cyclic nature of natural life and human life, but also reflects the principle of harmonizing human activity with natural phenomena. The fundamental idea of Chinese civilization - the idea of the inseparable unity of man and nature - is especially fully and convincingly manifested in the history and tradition of the Qingming holiday. In the article, the author considers holiday traditions, the origin of which is rooted in the distant past. At the same time, the connection between the past and the present, their fluidity and interchangeability are clearly felt. The article confirms the idea that the Qingming holiday is a multi-aspect phenomenon in which the concept of "the unity of man and nature" and the ideologies of various historical epochs are synthesized and simultaneously coexist. Conducting a historical analysis, the author emphasizes the need to merge history and the present, notes the paradoxical nature of the combination in one holiday of seemingly incomparable things: the commemoration of the dead and the joy of a new life. It is in understanding the deep essence of the holiday that the harmony of the present moment of being lies. Honoring one's ancestors, caring for one's roots, strengthening and uniting forces within the family and clan - all this distinguishes the true, according to the author, unity of the people.

ЕКЗИСТЕНЦІАЛЬНІ ВИЯВИ ЕТНОКУЛЬТУРИ В КОНТЕКСТІ РЕТРОСПЕКТИВИ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО ДЕРЖАВОТВОРЕННЯ

The merit of the British political scientist Andrew Wilson and other intellectuals is that at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries the democratic world learned about the existence in Eastern Europe of an «unexpected» nation – the Ukrainians. Even today, few people think about the fact that this community remains little known in the ethnic context. At the same time, attempts by some culturologists, historians, ethnologists, psychologists, and religious scholars to emphasize its uniqueness have repeatedly met with systemic resistance from the humanities themselves. Moreover, while Soviet historians denied Ukrainian cultural identity because of their obligation to give priority to the «advanced Russian people», modern proponents of the postmodern history of historiography do not treat them as an ethnos with due respect for their dislike of «harmful» ethnocentrism as such. The aim of the research is to try to find out the existential properties of the inner world of Ukrainians on the basis of the historical retrospective of state formation. Noting on occasion that they may suddenly «emerge» not only as a nation but also as an ethnic group. The basis of the research methodology is a holonomic approach. This means that «cause» and «consequence» can be characteristic features from different fields and even historical epochs. Such an analysis is possible within the theoretical synthesis, when it is based on the mental rootedness of social constructs, ideas, experiences that are inherent in people as carriers of the collective unknown (archetypes). The existential order of the ethnos is best represented by the mentality. It is the integral-syncretic formation in which the meanings of life are the modeling dominant of worldview, world perception and world understanding. In an effort to understand the existential manifestations of ethnic culture (in the context of the retrospective of state formation), it is important to take into account: the vocation of the «Ukrainian» collective principle to put pressure on the individual. And to bring this into the ethnic not only eclectic mix of Western and Eastern cultures, but also the original mental traits inherent only in its characteristics – natural spontaneity, biopsychological orientation and etc. The authors have proved that the reproaches that are often addressed to the people have another addressee – the elite, which is firmly «attached» to the ethnic group. The low quality of state elites in Ukraine, which was especially acute during periods of historical crises, receives a logical explanation and even «justification» at the mental level of life. Another thing is that for centuries it has prevented the solution of fateful state tasks, and limited its role to the banal seizure of power. Changing the situation requires political «geniuses» who are able to think and act strategically more broadly. They must understand the values, the mentality of their people, the imperatives of its ethnic culture. The history of Ukrainian state-building in the period of early modernism and modernism still amazes European readers, sometimes even the closest neighbors. The research showed that if their acquaintance with this began with a detailed study of the existential manifestations of the ethnic culture of Ukrainians, it would be much easier to reach mutual understanding.

INSTITUTIONS OF PUBLIC POWER AMONG THE MANCHU-MONGOLIAN PEOPLES OF EAST ASIA IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY (PART 1: IMPERIAL POLITICAL ORDER)

In his article, the author, relying on the works of Russian researchers of the East Asian region, attempts to characterize the public-power institutions of the Manchurian-Mongolian peoples in the early twentieth century. Remaining in the shadow of China, these peoples have accumulated considerable experience of statehood, which in different historical epochs allowed them to create powerful powers that conquer each other and neighboring countries. However, at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries, power relations were exposed to some factors, as a result of which the political landscape of the region changed significantly. Among these, the author, first of all, highlights the Chinese colonization carried out in relation to the ancestral Mongolian lands when it was impossible to resist this on the part of the Qing emperors, who were once guarantors of their inviolability. Chinese administrative-territorial units with central subordination are created on the territories of ancestral principalities, and the vymorochnye possessions are transferred under the direct control of the provincial administration. Manchuria, as an ancient patrimony of the ruling imperial house, also turns out to be divided into three provinces, and the same fate awaits Inner and Outer Mongolia. Traditional military institutions, having proved their ineffectiveness in the fight against the Europeans and the Japanese, are being disbanded, and new formations are being created in the national regions of "Outer China", designed to protect the border from a possible attack, and to keep dependent territories subordinate to the central authorities. Trying to follow the spirit of the times and, at the same time, solving the defense problem, plans are being hatched for grandiose railway construction in the studied space. However , it began in the autumn of 1911 the Xinhai Revolution led to the overthrow of the monarchy and the actual rupture of the personal alliances that held the national regions of the North of the Qing Empire in unity with the metropolis. Thus, the problem of the legitimacy of the central government of republican China in the eyes of the Manchurian-Mongolian peoples was generated, which led the country to the actual disintegration and formation of new national states in the Manchurian-Mongolian historical and cultural space.

ГЕНДЕРНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ КАК МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНАЯ АКАДЕМИЧЕСКАЯ ОСНОВА ДЛЯ ЭФФЕКТИВНОЙ НАУЧНОЙ КОММУНИКАЦИИ В СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ И ГУМАНИТАРНЫХ НАУКАХ

The article analyzes results of the second international scientific and practical conference “Gender Resources of Sustainable Development. International and Russian experience” (Moscow, March 4, 2022), which became an urgent response to the request to create an interdisciplinary academic platform at the RSUH on issues of the gender research and effective communication in modern social sciences and humanities. The list of participants and scope of their representation at that conference once again confirmed the continuing interest in gender studies, as well as an attempt to comprehend the implementation of the principle of gender equality in the global sustainable development agenda. Leading gender scientists from academic structures and the university science presented their informative reports, which reflect the deep connection with the Russian historical and national context of the state of gender, as well as taking into account the international experience of gender studies. The participants were particularly interested in the topics of national mechanisms for gender equality, gender characteristics of the power political perception in various historical epochs, the socio-economic status of Russian women as a factor of demographic development, the transformation of subjective characteristics and gender aspects of modern migration processes. The work was carried out within the framework of the RSUH project “Gender Studies as an interdisciplinary academic basis for effective scientific communication in modern social sciences and humanities”