History Of Episodes Research Articles

P310 CARDIOPULMONARY EXERCISE TEST IN THE EVALUATION OF A PATIENT WITH HFREF: THE IMPORTANCE IN THE ANALYSIS OF GAS KINETICS

Abstract Introduction exertional dyspnea is a symptom present in several diseases, identifying the origin is of fundamental diagnostic and therapeutic importance. Cardiorespiratory exercise testing (CPET) is a valuable tool not only to assess functional capacity but also for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Clinical case 55–year–old patient with a history of episode of acute pulmonary edema. Echocardiogram showed FE 35% with diffuse left ventricular (LV) hypokinesis and mild–to–moderate mitral insufficiency (MI). Diagnostic coronarography showed lesion–free coronary tree. An interrupted CPET at 140W showed peak O2 consumption of 23.6 mL/kg/min that excluded indication for cardiac transplantation. An echocardiogram from us confirmed dilated cardiomyopathy (CMPD) with FE=32%, diffuse VS hypokinesia and mild–to–moderate functional MI. CPET was repeated, maximal for respiratory quotient (1.42) interrupted due to muscle exhaustion, indicative of moderate reduction in functional capacity with peak VO2 at 64% of predicted, preserved anaerobic threshold at 51% of VO2 max and reduced VO2/W and Pulse Oxygen Ratio (VO2/HR) values from cardiogenic limitation. Also evident drop in VO2/HR during the final stages of the test and associated change in slope of the VO2/Work relationship a sign of decline in stroke volume and cardiogenic efficiency. Absent signs of ventilatory limitation, pulmonary vascular (Ve/VCO2=20.8 in normal range), or exercise desaturation. In the final phase of the test increase in VCO2 and Ve/VCO2 and Ve/VO2 equivalents. In order to find the explanation to the data collected by CPET, exercise echocardiogram was performed, which revealed the development of severe mitral valvular insufficiency and subsequent pulmonary hypertension justifying the behavior of the parameters collected by CPET. Discussion The oxygen pulse represents a metabolic surrogate for stroke volume. Normally during the active phases of exertion there is a progressive increase followed by a plateau. The evident flattening of the VO2/Work curve during the final phases of exercise and the concomitant decrease in oxygen pulse denote inadequate cardiac performance relative to the increased energy demands during exercise. Conclusions CPET proves to be a valuable clinical tool to guide the diagnostic–therapeutic pathway, particularly in the presence of complex heart disease (CMPD or IM).

New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in the Setting of COVID-19 Infection Is a Predictor of Mortality in Hospitalized Patients: CovAF-Study.

Recent studies show that hospitalized COVID-19 patients have an increased incidence of arrhythmia, especially atrial fibrillation (AF). This single-center study included 383 hospitalized patients with positive polymerase chain reaction tests for COVID-19 from March 2020 to April 2021. Patient characteristics were documented, and data were analyzed for episodes of AF on admission or during the hospital stay, intrahospital mortality, need for intensive care and/or invasive ventilation, inflammatory parameters (hs-CRP, IL-6, and procalcitonin), and differential blood count. We demonstrated that in the setting of hospitalized cases of COVID-19 infection, there is an incidence of 9.8% (n = 36) for the occurrence of new-onset AF. Furthermore, it was shown that a total of 21% (n = 77) had a history of episodes of paroxysmal/persistent AF. However, only about one-third of patients with pre-existing AF had relevant documented tachycardic episodes during the hospital stay. Patients with new-onset AF had a significantly increased intrahospital mortality compared to the control and the pre-existing AF without rapid ventricular rate (RVR) group. Patients with new-onset AF required intensive care and invasive ventilation more frequently. Further analysis examined patients with episodes of RVR and demonstrated that they had significantly elevated CRP (p < 0.05) and PCT (p < 0.05) levels on the day of hospital admission compared to patients without RVR.

Running schools on two legs: The impact of policy oscillation on a public-private partnership school in China

This article aims to deepen our understanding of the impact of an oscillating policy environment on non-traditional schools in China since 2010. It does this through analysing policy documents and an analytic case study of one newly founded school in Shenzhen, China. The wavering policy environment framing the paper reflects a long-running internal government tussle between educational centralization and decentralization. The article first maps the trajectory of policy change associated with the “walking on two legs” tradition. It then examines how national policies are locally interpreted and enacted by depicting one school’s historical episode and re-examines the case from a macro social change perspective to understand why the policy environment changed. The paper explores the issue by asking what significant policies describe China’s “running schools on two legs” policy approach, how the oscillating policy environment influenced practices in one school and why the government changed its stance to re-centralize control of education. The paper discusses a number of implications arising from the case and shows the power of central policy ideology on the shape and purpose of schools.

Underestimated Ally: Ukraine during the Polish–Soviet War of 1920 in Polish Underground Publications (1976–1989)

This article examines Polish underground publications (samizdat) interpreting Ukraine’s role in the Polish–Soviet war of 1920. The research analyzes a large number of underground journals, newspapers, and books. It shows the relationship between the political thought of Polish émigrés and the opposition within the Polish People’s Republic. The article argues that the Polish oppositionists considered rethinking the history of relations with Poland’s eastern neighbors an essential precondition for gaining its sovereignty. They regarded the Polish–Soviet war of 1920 as one of the most critical episodes in Polish–Ukrainian–Russian relations in recent history. A common feature of most opposition publications on the Polish–Soviet war was emphasizing the joint struggle of Ukrainians and Poles against the Bolsheviks. The authors often emphasized the combat value of Ukrainian units and stressed that Poland did not correctly appreciate their contribution to the common struggle. They also believe that the conditions of Polish aid were too painful for Ukraine. The defeat of the project for an independent Ukraine laid the foundations for the Soviet attack on Poland in 1939. The main conclusion from this historical episode, for most Polish oppositionists, was that supporting Ukraine’s independence was of strategic interest for Poland. In turn, Poland must abandon competition with Russia for Ukraine as a sphere of influence in the future. Only equal relations with its eastern neighbors will give Poland lasting security.

Note from the Editors

Previous article FreeNote from the EditorsStephen Brain, Mark D. Hersey, and Sarah Stanford-McIntyreStephen Brain Search for more articles by this author , Mark D. Hersey Search for more articles by this author , and Sarah Stanford-McIntyre Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmailPrint SectionsMoreWhile preparing to compose these notes from the editors, we’ve come to think of them as postcards to the future. Returning from the annual conference of the American Society for Environmental History in Boston, we mused about whether readers receiving this issue in July would recall the environmentally themed items in the news from recent months. Will February’s 7.8 magnitude earthquake in Turkey and Syria, and the questions it raised about safe building codes in seismically active areas, have receded completely from the public memory? Did the train derailment in East Palestine, Ohio, spur a sustained conversation about the transport of toxic chemicals and the related environmental justice issues? Have the atmospheric rivers that recently filled California’s reservoirs put an end, however temporary, to thoroughgoing evaluations of western water usage? Events like these, the subjects of tomorrow’s environmental history dissertations, monographs, and articles, rise and fall so quickly in the public consciousness that they can seem ephemeral, evanescent. Yet it is precisely this fleeting quality of the daily news that makes the environmental historian’s vocation all the more important: to revisit key moments from the past, to track the changing relationship between humans and the nonhuman world, and to raise objections when that relationship merits critique.The articles in the July 2023 issue do precisely this, rescuing from obscurity certain historical episodes—some recent, others remote—and correcting scholarly misperceptions about the role that the natural world has played in human affairs, and vice versa. The Reflection essay by the chief historian of the United States Forest Service, Lincoln Bramwell, about the 2018 Camp Fire in California, places in deeper context the apparent rise of catastrophic forest fires in the twenty-first century, arguing that ill-advised human settlement patterns and blithe attitudes about fire have changed more than the climate or other pyrogenic conditions. Hayley Negrin’s essay about colonial diplomacy underscores how important interaction with the nonhuman world was for Indigenous communities by examining the treaties negotiated by the Powhatan leader Cockacoeske and foregrounding the environmental relationships that she negotiated into agreements with the English. Emma Schroeder’s contribution to the issue explores the intersection of gender equity and environmental activism, demonstrating how tightly bound the two have been in the postwar era. And finally, Joanna Linzer’s piece explores industrial pollution in early modern Japan, defying scholarly expectations about class conflict and environmental justice, and revealing that simple formulae about environmental harm moving downhill and toward the less privileged do not necessarily apply in all cases.Like the articles, the book reviews in this issue provoke readers to reassess popular environmentalist arguments. Reviewers ask us to reevaluate what we think we know about issues ranging from plastics pollution to climate migration; from the environmental impact of work, coercion, and slavery to the politics of public land stewardship. Emphasizing the global nature of the field, reviewers evaluate non-English works that synthesize the environmental histories of Finland and Russia for our English-speaking readership.We hope that this postcard to the future finds our readers well, and as always, we are pleased to have such devoted correspondents. Previous article DetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ahead of Print Published for the American Society for Environmental History and the Forest History Society Views: 55Total views on this site Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/725397 Views: 55Total views on this site HistoryPublished online May 04, 2023 © 2023 Forest History Society and American Society for Environmental History. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Resource Nationalism and Indigenous Capital Accumulation: Interrogating the Motivations Behind the Zambia Industrial and Mining Corporation (ZIMCO) Bond Redemptions, 1969–1975

Following the acquisition of a 51 per cent stake in the country’s copper mines in 1969, the Zambian government issued repayment bonds (that is, ‘ZIMCO bonds’) to their minority owners, Anglo-American Zambia (AAZ) and Roan Selection Trust (RST). On 31 August 1973, Kenneth Kaunda announced that these bonds were to be redeemed and the management, sales and technical service contracts with the minority owners were to be cancelled. The expansion of the Zambian copper mining industry, it was said, was being held back by the reluctance of the minority shareholders to fund exploration, invest in new projects, or facilitate Zambianisation, as they preferred instead to collect exorbitant management and sales fees and to repatriate profits to overseas shareholders. Contrarily, Andrew Sardanis, the former managing director of the Industrial Development Corporation (INDECO) and Permanent Secretary in the Ministry of State Participation, maintained that the true motivation behind the redemption of the bonds was to enrich Lonrho’s notorious chief executive, Tiny Rowland, and a select number of Zambian co-conspirators. This article interrogates both of these diverging narratives, nationalist and cynical, and argues that the redemption of the ZIMCO bonds as well as the cancellation of the management and sales contracts can be partially attributed to pressures emanating from Zambian contractors to secure larger and more frequent contracts from the mines. By advocating for greater state involvement in the management of the mines, principally in the awarding of service contracts, these contractors shaped the country’s resource nationalist agenda. Drawing on archival material from multiple sources, newspaper articles and key informant interviews, this article maintains that indigenous capital accumulation is an important factor in understanding Zambian resource nationalism. The article concludes by drawing parallels between the more recent ‘second wave’ of Zambian resource nationalism and this historical episode.

Barriers for Implementation of PGx Testing in Psychiatric Hospitals in Germany: Results of the FACT-PGx Study

The FACT-PGx study was conducted to analyze barriers to implementation of pharmacogenetic testing in psychiatric hospitals in Germany and to propose solutions for its faster and easier implementation in all hospitals. 104 patients (50% female) were genotyped and participated in the study. 67 completed a survey. To analyze the correlation between continuous data (age) of the survey, the wilcoxon rank test and for categorial data (education level, history of treatment and episodes), t-test was used. No patient declined to be genotyped. 99% believed that genotyping could help to shorten their hospital stay. Patients >40 years of age and with higher educational levels were willing to pay for the PGx (p=0.009). On average, patients were willing to pay 117.42€ +/-140.49€ and to wait 15.83+/- 8.92 days for the results. Processes differed significantly between routine laboratory screening and PGx testing which could be a barrier for implementation. Patients are not barriers to but enablers of an implementation of PGx. New process flows can be barriers, but can be overcome by optimization.

Utility of cerebral oximetry in balloon mitral valvotomy and its correlation with post-procedure neurological complications: A pragmatic prospective observational study.

Neurological complications (NCs) are significantly associated with reduced regional cerebral saturation (rSO2) in patients undergoing cardiac surgeries, as assessed with cerebral oximetry (COx). However, limited evidence is available in patients undergoing balloon mitral valvotomy (BMV). Thus, we evaluated the utility of COx in patients undergoing BMV, the incidence of BMV-related NCs and the association of >20% reduction in rSO2 with NCs. This pragmatic, prospective, observational study was performed after ethical approval, over November 2018 to August 2020, in the cardiology catherization laboratory of a tertiary care hospital. The study involved 100 adult patients undergoing BMV for symptomatic mitral stenosis. The patients were evaluated at initial presentation, pre-BMV, post-BMV and 3 months after the BMV. The incidence of NCs was 7%, including transient ischaemic attack (n = 3), slurred speech (n = 2) and hemiparesis (n = 2). A significantly greater proportion of patients with NCs had a > 20% decrease in the rSO2 (P value = 0.020). At >20% cut-off, the COx had a sensitivity and specificity of 57.1% and 80%, respectively, in the prediction of NCs. Female sex (P value = 0.039), history of cerebrovascular episodes (P value < 0.001) and number of balloon attempts (P value < 0.001) were significantly associated with NCs. Patients with and without NCs had a significantly greater post-BMV mean % change in rSO2 than pre-BMV (both right and left sides), but the magnitude of mean % change was greater in those with NCs. COx alone has low sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of NCs and cannot reliably predict the development of post-BMV NCs.

PO-05-146 AN UNUSUAL ATRIOVENTRICULAR REENTRY TACHYCARDIA: SUCCESSFUL ABLATION OF NOVEL SLOW PATHWAY AT SUPERIOR SEPTAL PERIMITRAL LEFT ATRIUM

Atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT) is a common supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), treated with catheter ablation of slow pathway. The right and left inferior slow pathway (SP) extensions of the AV node are widely recognized, but other SPs are very rare. We present a case of atypical AVNRT that was successfully ablated at the superior septal perimitral left atrium. N/A A 75-year-old man with history of coronary artery disease status post coronary artery bypass grafting and recurrent episodes of symptomatic SVT despite diltiazem and metoprolol presented for catheter ablation. Mid RP SVT (cycle length, CL 350 ms) with concentric atrial activation was inducible with atrial and ventricular extrastimulation. Synchronized premature ventricular complexes and ventricular entrainment excluded AV reentry. Very late coupled premature atrial complex from coronary sinus (CS) delivered synchronous to septal A activation delayed next A and reset SVT indicating AVNRT and excluding ectopic junctional (JT) or atrial tachycardia (AT). Further, AH interval during SVT was much longer than AH with atrial pacing at same CL excluding AT. We concluded mechanism to be atypical AVNRT. On activation mapping of right atrium, earliest A was recorded in the fast pathway region, earlier than locations of right and left slow pathways in the triangle of Koch and CS respectively. Radiofrequency ablation lesions anatomically targeting both slow pathways were delivered at base of triangle of Koch and inside CS without affecting SVT. High density activation maps of both right and left atria were created during SVT using Orion basket catheter and Rhythmia (Boston Scientific) mapping system. Earliest A was recorded in the superior septal perimitral left atrium, superior to the location of His bundle electrogram, and anatomically adjacent to aortic sinuses of Valsalva (not mapped). We concluded this to be an unusual left superior extension of the AV node. Radiofrequency ablation lesion using IntellaNav MiFi catheter at this site promptly terminated SVT. Consolidation lesions were delivered and anchored to the mitral annulus. The tachycardia was no longer inducible on programmed electrical stimulation despite isoproterenol. The patient has remained symptom free for 6 months since ablation. With activation mapping we identified the retrograde slow pathway participating in an unusual atypical AVNRT at superior septal perimitral left atrium.

Study protocol for the use of time series forecasting and risk analyses to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on hospital admissions associated with new-onset disability and frailty in a national, linked electronic health data setting

IntroductionOlder people were at particular risk of morbidity and mortality during COVID-19. Consequently, they experienced formal (externally imposed) and informal (self-imposed) periods of social isolation and quarantine. This is hypothesised...

Smellosophy

Book Review| May 01 2023 Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind. By Ann-Sophie Barwich. 2020. Harvard University Press. (ISBN 9780674278721). Paperback. 384 pp. $22.95. Kirstin Milks, Kirstin Milks Department Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Frank Brown Cloud, Frank Brown Cloud Department Editor Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar David Upegui David Upegui science teacher Central Falls High School, Central Falls, RI upeguid@cfschools.net Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar upeguid@cfschools.net The American Biology Teacher (2023) 85 (5): 293–294. https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2023.85.5.293a Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation David Upegui; Smellosophy: What the Nose Tells the Mind. The American Biology Teacher 1 May 2023; 85 (5): 293–294. doi: https://doi.org/10.1525/abt.2023.85.5.293a Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search Barwich describes her book Smellosophy as an “unapologetic declaration of love to olfaction.” As an important way for us to understand, maneuver, and appreciate our world, smell is a powerful sense that we can all connect with (and which connects humanity). Especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, when many people temporarily lost their ability to detect smell (and the closely connected sense of taste), this book’s topic is an impetus for important scientific exploration. This book attempts to answer three main questions: How does the brain make sense of scents? What are the perceptual dimensions of smell? What are the epistemic, empirical, and social factors that define ongoing science (in comparison with the philosophical study of historical episodes)? I have a keen memory of as a child smelling the rising aroma of coffee roasting at my uncle’s farm. It is with great fondness that I recall that wonderful imagery every time... You do not currently have access to this content.

Bow Hunter Syndrome Involving Rare PICA Variant (P3-5.032)

<h3>Objective:</h3> NA <h3>Background:</h3> Rotational vertebrobasilar insufficiency, also known as bow hunter’s syndrome (BHS), is a rare cause of dynamic vertebral artery stenosis or occlusion during rotation of the head resulting in posterior circulation ischemia. It is potentially a reversible condition which can remain undetected and cause multiple ischemic strokes in the posterior fossa leading to significant disabilities. A 78-year-old male presented with a two-year history of transient episodes of dysarthria, vertigo, and gait disturbance lasting several minutes. These symptoms occurred after exercise or upon turning his head to the left. Dynamic transcranial doppler (TCD) revealed a significant decline in PCA flow velocities with leftward head turn followed by a hyperemic response after moving his head to a neutral position. Dynamic cerebral angiogram showed the presence of a congenitally anomalous origin of the right posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) which originated at the level of C1 transverse foramen and extended under the C1 lamina. Upon neck rotation, there was near occlusion of the vertebral artery at the PICA origin. Hemilaminectomy of C1 was performed with near resolution of the patient’s symptoms. A follow up TCD confirmed improvement in blood flow parameters post-operatively. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> NA <h3>Results:</h3> NA <h3>Conclusions:</h3> This case report describes a rare presentation of BHS involving an anomalous cervical origin of right PICA. The patient underwent multiple diagnostic studies including MRIs, inner ear physiology tests, and EEGs without any formal diagnosis. The TCD provided an effective and noninvasive diagnostic modality for position related transient neurological symptoms. Frequent use of such test can help diagnose patients with BHS and improve their quality of life. <b>Disclosure:</b> Miss Trujillo has nothing to disclose. Miss Otero-Bell has nothing to disclose. Dr. Girotra has nothing to disclose.

Genotypic And Phenotypic Features of Patients with GJB1 Mutations: Single Center Experience (P11-8.003)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with <i>GJB1</i> mutations in Turkey. <h3>Background:</h3> <i>GJB1</i> mutations are the most common cause of X-linked Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. Typical manifestation includes distal muscle weakness and atrophy in the lower limbs. On the other hand, additional clinical features, such as stroke-like episodes, vocal cord paralysis, and hearing loss, can be observed. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Herein, we evaluated the clinical and genetic features of 29 patients from 23 unrelated families with <i>GJB1</i> mutation at the Neuromuscular Unit of the Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University. <h3>Results:</h3> Eight patients were female. The mean age of onset was 19.0 ± 12.0 (between 3 and 53 years). Females (27.3 ± 13.2) had later disease onset than males (15.4 ± 11.4). The most common presenting symptom was distal muscle weakness and foot deformities (21 patients), followed by foot pain (4 patients) and hand tremor (3 patients). Family history was absent in six patients. Two patients had immunosuppressive treatment for a misdiagnosis of inflammatory neuropathy. In neurological examination, all but two female patients had distal weakness in the lower extremities, and 24 had upper extremity weakness. The most frequent skeletal deformity was pes cavus (25 patients), followed by hammer toes (16 patients). Nine patients had hand tremor, and one had vocal cord paralysis. One patient had a history of stroke-like episodes, and one had multiple-sclerosis like cranial and spinal cord MRI lesions. In a mean disease duration of 22.5 ± 14.6 years all patients were ambulatory. The mean median motor nerve conduction velocity was 36.5 ± 8.2, consistent with intermediate-type CMT disease. Eighteen different mutations were identified in the <i>GJB1</i> gene. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Our patients exhibited diverse phenotypic features regarding the disease onset and additional symptoms. Moreover, genotypic features were also heterogeneous, considering the identified mutations were scattered throughout the gene. <b>Disclosure:</b> Dr. Parman has nothing to disclose. Arman Cakar has nothing to disclose. Ayse Candayan has nothing to disclose. Dr. Durmus has nothing to disclose. Esra Battaloglu has nothing to disclose.

Cognitive impairment in MOGAD is associated with ADEM-like episodes and deep grey matter atrophy (S40.006)

Cognitive impairment in MOGAD is associated with ADEM-like episodes and deep grey matter atrophy (S40.006)

The Problem of ‘Uncertainty’ in International Criminal Law and the Common Law ‘Method’

Abstract International criminal law has evolved from abstract ideas of an international criminal jurisdiction in the early twentieth century to encompass a comprehensive set of tribunals, rules, and methods. This article explores the contribution of the common law to the development of international criminal law, drawing on two key historical episodes – the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals, and the ad hoc International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) – to consider the common law’s historic influence over, and relationship to, uncertainty within the system of international criminal law. First, the article highlights how British jurists framed the normative uncertainty vis-à-vis the idea of international criminal justice in their contributions to this Yearbook. Second, it examines the characteristics shared between common law and international criminal law, with a view to appraising the potential relationship of both ‘systems’. Finally, it interrogates the differing treatments of the common law throughout the development of substantive international criminal law over time, considering how judges utilized the common law as they navigated the complex dialectic between ‘statutory’ and ‘judge-made’ law.

Using Video Media to Teach Physics and the Nature of Science

A robust knowledge of physics entails deeply understanding electricity concepts such as conductivity and resistance. Understanding how circuits work is also critical for ensuring the safe use of electrical technology such as car batteries and downed powerlines. Curricular materials covering these content ideas are readily available for teachers. However, these materials rarely promote the use of research-based practices to effectively scaffold from documented authentic historical episodes of physics research to physics and the nature of science (NOS) concepts. Such practices that invoke a conceptual change approach are a crucial component of inquiry experiences that deepen students’ understanding of science concepts and the NOS. The highly contextualized inquiry activity focused on Georg Ohm and electrical resistance profiled here supports teachers’ use of historically accurate video vignettes of scientific developments in physics to teach Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS) based NOS and science concepts.

The first inflation problem of the twenty-first century

Inflation in the US after World War II peaked at 19.7 per cent in the 12 months to March 1947. The US economy reoriented itself from its wartime to its post-war structural configuration. The Federal Reserve did nothing at all. Inflation went negative in 1949 at the onset of a minor recession. Inflation revived in 1951, and was in some ways a reverse of 1947 – not a demobilization but a remobilization inflation. Again, the Federal Reserve did nothing. And, again, the inflation wave passed. Then came the long siege of moderate inflation that took place between 1966 and 1980, as the Federal Reserve dithered before the Volcker disinflation. What policy you think would have been and will be appropriate for the Biden Administration and the Yellen–Powell Fed depends on which of these past historical episodes provides the best model and analogy for the state of the US economy today. The odds right now seem to me to be on the first two, rather than the third.

Morning salivary dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) qualifies as the only neuroendocrine biomarker separating depressed patients with and without prior history of depression: An HPA axis challenge study

BackgroundHypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis abnormalities in major depression (MDD) have been consistently reported in psychiatry and extend to several neurosteroids. However, recurrence and chronicity may heavily influence HPA axis dynamics in MDD along its course and also explain conflicting results in literature. Thus, the mechanistic understanding of HPA axis (re)activity changes over time could be of major importance for unravelling the dynamic pathophysiology of MDD. MethodsThis study simultaneously assessed several baseline and dynamic HPA-axis-related endocrine biomarkers in both saliva (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA; sulfated DHEA, DHEA-s; cortisol, CORT) and plasma (CORT; adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH; copeptin, CoP) over three consecutive days using overnight HPA axis stimulation (metyrapone) and suppression (dexamethasone) challenges in order to investigate differences between antidepressant-free MDD patients (n = 14) with and without history of prior depressive episodes (i.e., first vs. recurrent episode). ResultsOur results suggest group differences only with respect to saliva DHEA levels, with recurrent-episode MDD patients showing overall lower saliva DHEA levels across the three days, and statistically significant differences mainly at day 1 (baseline) across all three timepoints (awakening, +30 min, +60 min), even after adjustment for confounders. ConclusionsOur study supports that salivary DHEA levels could represent a significant biomarker of MDD progression and individual stress resilience. DHEA deserves additional attention in the research of pathophysiology, staging and individualized treatment of MDD. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to evaluate HPA axis reactivity along MDD course and progression to better understand temporal effects on stress-system-related alterations, related phenotypes and appropriate treatment.

¿Redención o sedición? Narrativas y disputas de sentido en torno a la revolución radical de 1905 en Mendoza

This paper aims to analyze the disputes over the senses assigned to the revolution of 1905 in the framework of the political struggles and the articulation of the “Lencinista” party identity in Mendoza, between 1918 and 1924. From the approach of a partial publication of a book -whose authorship was attributed to José Néstor Lencinas-, a journalistic chronicle and a subsequent testimony, we tries to elucidate the interpretations made of the historical episode by different actors from the political-partisan spectrum, its importance as a founding myth for the “UCR” national party and the significance that the “Lencinista” faction gave it by establishing itself as a local political party. Likewise, it seeks to frame such disputes in the course of expanded democracy at the provincial level and analyze the shifts in meaning operated in the story of “Lencinismo” fromthe perspective of the political uses of the past.

Historicizing the homology problem

There is widespread agreement that “homology” designates something of fundamental biological importance, but no consensus as to how precisely that “something” should be defined, recognized, or theorized. Philosophical observers of this situation commonly focus on tensions between historical and mechanistic explications of homological sameness by appeal, respectively, to common ancestry and shared developmental resources. This paper uses select historical episodes to decenter those tensions and challenge standard narratives about how they arose. Haas and Simpson (1946) influentially defined “homology” simply as “similarity due to common ancestry.” They claimed historical precedent in Lankester (1870) but seriously oversimplified his views in the process. Lankester did prioritize common ancestry, but he also raised mechanistic questions that resonate with contemporary evo devo work on homology. The rise of genetics inspired similar speculations in twentieth-century workers like Boyden (1943), a zoologist who engaged Simpson in a 15-year debate over homology. Though he shared Simpson's devotion to taxonomy and his interest in evolutionary history, he favored a more operational and less theoretical homology concept. Their dispute is poorly captured by current analyses of the homology problem. It calls for further study of the complex relationship between concepts and the epistemic goals they serve.