Historical Diversity Research Articles

Перехід до економіки знань у межах модернізаційної парадигми для країн ядра та напівпериферії глобальної економічної системи

Abstract: The article generalizes the features of modern transition from industrial to post-industrial (or knowledge-based) economy within the modernization paradigm for the states in the core and semi-periphery of the global economic system. It is proved that among the historical diversity of national modernization phenomena one can single out two alternative models: an innovative model and a catching-up one. It is substantiated that the innovative model is most typical for the countries forming the core of the world economic system, while the catching-up model is more typical for countries in the periphery of global development. It is revealed that modern intellectual production covers, first of all, economic sectors producing information and knowledge. At the same time, intellectual capital also functions in productive industries, influencing their indicators as well. That is why knowledge workers, who form the intellectual strata of society, are considered to be subjects of intangible intellectual production, the latter making up the core of knowledge economy. Their main function is to produce intellectual products (socially valuable knowledge), in contrast to groups, whose social function is to embody these values and knowledge. It should also be noted that concrete historical forms of knowledge objectivisation, ways of their reproduction and, accordingly, historical types of intellectual layers can differ considerably. It is concluded that knowledge-based economy is considered as a sphere of economic activity, which nowadays is characterized by intensive use of intellectual capital as the main economic resource, in the fields of material production as well.

On the Borders of Law, History and Politics: Estonian Statesman Jüri Jaakson’s Views and Life in Context

Focusing on the life and work of the Estonian politician and Statesman Jüri Jaakson (1870–1942), the article gives an overview of the changing historical and social context that has influenced the formation of Estonian law. Estonia’s historical diversity can be regarded as events of transformation and disruption that have resulted in vague concepts. The article consists of three interrelated parts, taking into account that law and society are interconnected and that politics is constructed through language. The first part builds on Jüri Jaakson’s presentation at the first Estonian Lawyers’ Days in 1922, and shows how historical events have influenced political and legal conceptualisation. The second part shows how Jüri Jaakson’s own biography tragically reflects the changing Estonian historical context that he himself considered diverse and controversial. Finally, in the third part, some normative assertions have been made in an attempt to show that any legal term always relates to a certain social and political context. Although the author’s aim has not been to frame a doctrine or provide instruction, but rather, with the help of Jüri Jaakson’s thoughts situated in the context of his time, to offer a moral measure for understanding the developments that could influence small states, it offers a measure for understanding why societies require (new) conceptualisation and re-conceptualisation. Conceptualisation is understood as constructing something new that we cannot identify in the past, while reconceptualisation is understood as change, also resulting from discontinuity and/or interruption. Because there are no unchangeable social categories or meanings, continuity can at best mean a situation where the research objects have remained more static over a concrete period. Methodologically this article is an attempt to connect legal research with a conceptual historical approach.

Genetic diversity in oak populations under intensive management for fuelwood in the Sierra de Zongolica, Mexico

AbstractFirewood and charcoal are used on a daily basis both in rural areas and in cities. This type of energy is produced by one of the most ancient traditional methods, known as coppice, which harvest tree sprouts. There is controversy about its effects on forests: it preserves populations and tree cover of species used, but reduces density, inhibits sexual reproduction and generates genetic erosion. We inquired if it was possible to identify a loss of genetic diversity in oak populations traditionally used for charcoal by the Zongolica Nahuas in Veracruz state, Mexico. We studied populations of Quercus laurina, Quercus calophylla and Quercus rugosa in three different altitudes. Molecular analysis with eight nuclear codominant microsatellites was performed to determine the diversity, structure and gene flow of these species. Results for Q. laurina were Na = 8.458, I = 1.766, Ho = 0.679, polymorphism = 100%, Fis = 0.079, with intraindividual variation of 81.55%. For Q. calophylla: Na = 7.250, I = 1.563, Ho = 0.646, polymorphism = 91.67%, Fis = 0.083, with intraindividual variation of 83.80%. For Q. rugosa: Na = 6.958, I = 1.510, Ho = 0.574, polymorphism = 91.67%, Fis = 0.204, with intraindividual variation of 81.99%; this species shows signals of an early genetic isolation process. Our findings indicate that Quercus genetic diversity for the three species is high and comparable with oak species in Mexico and worldwide. We conclude that at the present, coppice is preserving a historical diversity in adult trees kept alive through sprouting. Nonetheless, problems with coppice systems elsewhere, unregulated harvesting and expansion of pine plantation in the region suggest that further studies, hand in hand with a landscape management approach that improve charcoal and firewood production, may be valuable for Sierra de Zongolica genetic biodiversity conservation.

ARCHITECTURAL MONUMENTS OF THE MEDIEVAL LIVONIAN ORDER

The main purpose of the presented work is a cultural and historical analysis of the evolution of the cul-tural development of medieval Livonia on the example of monuments of defense architecture. The task is to conduct an art analysis of the existing variety of architectural forms of medieval castle complexes of the 13th and 16th centuries, located in different regions of Latvia and Estonia, which have undergone expansion by the feudal Germany, Denmark and Sweden. Creation of architectural and historical clas-sification of castle forms that were in the regions of the medieval Livonian Order of State in the Baltics. As a result of the analysis, the author summarized the historical diversity of the existing architectural and artistic forms of feudal castles of medieval Latvia and Estonia. The common and special in the ar-chitectural forms of castles on the basis of the introduction to this north-eastern region of Europe bor-rowed customs of European castle-building and architectural traditions of the monastic order of the Cistercians of Burgundy has been revealed. It is determined that the castle of the Order of Livon, the fortified residence of medieval bishops in Livonia and Estland, privately owned castles was a whole space, synthesized in the natural environment, social order, system world understanding of the knights-monks of the Order of Livon, which was directly reflected in the architectural forms of castle complexes of the 13th - 16th centuries. taking into account the existing pan-European and local architectural, de-fense and cultural differences. The study makes a significant contribution to the theory and history of art. A new scientific direction has been developed - the history and typology of the castle architecture of medieval Latvia and Estonia.

City Branding of Nusa Tenggara Timur through the Video Narration Exotism of Sabu Island

East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), as one of the provinces with great tourism potential, applies city branding as a new tourism territory. This study aims to analyze (1) the meaning of the tourism promotion video Exotism of Sabu Island NTT in more depth and detail and (2) how the information messages conveyed in the tourism promotion video helped to advance the city branding of East Nusa Tenggara. This research employed a qualitative description method using Fisher's narrative paradigm, which consists of an analysis of the coherence and fidelity aspects of the narrative. The results showed that the video narrative Exotism of Sabu Island NTT has been successful in promoting East Nusa Tenggara as a new tourism territory through effective city branding. This video highlights Sabu Island, with its rich historical exoticism, landscape, and diversity of local cultural wisdom, as part of the East Nusa Tenggara province's tourism program. The main message conveyed in this video is the excellence of Sabu Island tourism, namely the exoticism of history, landscape, and diversity of local cultural wisdom. This video incorporates aspects of coherence and fidelity of the narrative that are appropriate and effective at city branding. The substance of this research provides new proposals regarding regional tourism city branding policies uploaded through promotional videos by applying the aspects of coherence and accuracy.

Fathers and Forefathers: Men and Their Children in Genealogical Perspective

This editorial article introduces the seven contributions to the special issue “Fathers and Forefathers: Men and their Children in Genealogical Perspective”. It highlights the geographical, historical and methodological diversity of the contributions, as well as their commonalities, and the different ways in which they use a genealogical perspective to explore the relationship between past and present fatherhoods. The special issue, as a whole, aims to deepen the understanding of this relationship and to point the way for future theoretical and empirical work on this important topic.

Swallowtail butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) species diversity and distribution in Africa: The Papilionidae collection at the National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya.

BackgroundSpecies data from the Museum collections have been shown to be of great value as a tool for prioritising conservation actions in Africa (Fjeldsa and Tushabe 2005). The National Museums of Kenya (NMK) have an entomology collection, housed in 4,000 drawers in cabinets that contain over 1.5 million specimens, including the largest butterfly collection in Africa (Arnett et al. 1997). Lampe and Striebing (2005) demonstrated how to digitise large insect collections in order to make their associated label data into databases that can be used for functions, such as creating distribution maps. The NMK’s swallowtail butterflies' collection had not been digitised and thus there was a need to capture the label data to create a database that can be used for mapping the distribution of the species in Kenya and elsewhere. These data have addressed one of the most significant challenges to insect conservation i.e. the lack of baseline information concerning species diversity and distribution (Summerville and Crist 2003). These data have provided key historic papilionid species diversity and distribution data that can be used to monitor their populations, as butterflies are declining due to changes in land use, intensive agriculture and pestcide use, diseases and pest and climate change (Potts et al. 2016; Bongaarts 2019). The publication of the occurrence data records in GBIF has been undertaken, thus making the data available to a wider audience and promoting availability for use.New informationThe swallowtail butterflies collection at the National Museums of Kenya was digitised from 2017–2019 and this paper presents details of the Papilionid collection at the Zoology Department, NMK, Nairobi, Kenya.The collection holds 7,345 voucher specimens, consisting of three genera and 133 species. The collection covers the period between 1850 to 2019.The distribution of the swallowtail butterflies, housed at the NMK, covers East Africa with 88%, Central Africa (6%), Western Africa (4%) and Southern Africa (2%).

Ancient DNA and high-resolution chronometry reveal a long-term human role in the historical diversity and biogeography of the Bahamian hutia

Quaternary paleontological and archaeological evidence often is crucial for uncovering the historical mechanisms shaping modern diversity and distributions. We take an interdisciplinary approach using multiple lines of evidence to understand how past human activity has shaped long-term animal diversity in an island system. Islands afford unique opportunities for such studies given their robust fossil and archaeological records. Herein, we examine the only non-volant terrestrial mammal endemic to the Bahamian Archipelago, the hutia Geocapromys ingrahami. This capromyine rodent once inhabited many islands but is now restricted to several small cays. Radiocarbon dated fossils indicate that hutias were present on the Great Bahama Bank islands before humans arrived at AD ~800–1000; all dates from other islands post-date human arrival. Using ancient DNA from a subset of these fossils, along with modern representatives of Bahamian hutia and related taxa, we develop a fossil-calibrated phylogeny. We found little genetic divergence among individuals from within either the northern or southern Bahamas but discovered a relatively deep North-South divergence (~750 ka). This result, combined with radiocarbon dating and archaeological evidence, reveals a pre-human biogeographic divergence, and an unexpected human role in shaping Bahamian hutia diversity and biogeography across islands.

Avenues of Translation: The City in Iberian and Latin American Writing ed. by Galasso, Regina and Evelyn Scaramella

Reviewed by: Avenues of Translation: The City in Iberian and Latin American Writing ed. by Galasso, Regina and Evelyn Scaramella Laura Lonsdale Galasso, Regina, and Evelyn Scaramella, editors. Avenues of Translation: The City in Iberian and Latin American Writing. Bucknell UP, 2019. 170 pp. This volume advances a recent and growing academic interest in translation in the context of urban space, most extensively explored to date by Sherry Simon in Translating Montreal (2006) and Cities in Translation (2011), as well as her edited volume Speaking Memory (2016). Drawing on Simon’s dual insights into the city as a multilingual space of constant translation, and of translation as more than a two-way model of exchange between familiar and foreign cultures, Regina Galasso and Evelyn Scaramella’s edited collection seeks “to explore how translation perpetuates, diversifies, deepens, and expands the literary production of cities in their greater cultural contexts, as well as how translation shapes an understanding of and access to a city’s past and present literary and cultural practices” (6). Noting that translation “is the ideal idiom for studying the city because of the rich interpretive space of cultural and historical diversity that it generates” (2), the editors define it “not only as an art carried out by translators and writers, but also as an analytical tool that opens new ways of understanding the literary experiences and representations of Iberian and Latin American cities” (6). The resulting work is an eclectic and often exciting mix of insights into a range of cities, cultural practices, and modes of writing from across the Americas, also including a chapter on Barcelona. The autobiographical contributions by Suzanne Jill Levine, Peter Bush, and Ilan Stavans, as well as the creative bilingual piece by Urayoán Noel, add to the volume’s eclecticism and capture its mood of restless, conversational, urban movement. This is appealing for the way it interweaves academic perspectives and personal lives in accounting for the lived experience of cities and their languages. The only difficulty with this approach is that it produces something a bit scattered and at the same time very focused on North America, especially New York, where the editors and a number of the contributors are based. More than a third of the chapters and a good portion of the prologue, as well as the book’s cover image, are devoted to that city, while Ilan Stavans’s opening, autobiographical account makes the volume feel like something of a homage to “Nuyol.” Of course, the fabled multilingualism of this city and some of its most powerful modernist novels—Henry Roth’s Call it Sleep, John Dos Passos’s Manhattan Transfer—more than justifies its incorporation into a study of translational cultural practices, but to give it such prominence in a volume seeking to understand “the literary experiences and representations of Iberian and Latin American cities” (6)—as the editors claim in their Introduction—is perhaps more questionable. The volume does include chapters on the major cosmopolitan or multilingual cities of the Spanish-speaking world—Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Barcelona, Havana—but it is nonetheless strange not to find a wider and more balanced distribution of places and languages, and some reference to such major Iberian and Latin American authors of the multilingual city as Julio Cortázar, Juan Goytisolo, or Juan Marsé. There is only one chapter on an Iberian city—Catalan-speaking Barcelona—and no reference at all to the Lusophone world. The best justification for the perhaps disproportionate emphasis on New York in this context emerges from Esther Allen’s chapter, in [End Page 869] which she argues that it is not just an exuberantly multilingual city in which English predominates (as Sherry Simon claims), but rather a dual city in which both English and Spanish “have deep, historical roots” (127–28). Allen’s incorporation of New York into the Spanish-speaking world via the figure of José Martí, combined with Hugh Hazelton’s fascinating account of how “Latin America has come to Quebec” (109), help to explain how a volume concerned with Iberian and Latin American cities and writing comes to be so preoccupied with North America. There is also perhaps a difficulty with the...

Jonathan Kahana (1966–2019)

Jonathan Kahana (1966–2019) Dan Streible (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Jonathan Kahana and the wall of wine. Photograph by Jennifer Horne, Bologna, 2019. Media scholar, documentary film historian, and cultural theorist Jonathan Kahana was in his prime when a rare form of lung cancer took his life at age fifty-three. He had already made an impact on documentary studies and practice with two major books and had another (on reenactment) in process when he passed away on the last day of 2019. His essays, interviews, and reviews appeared in publications ranging from Critical Inquiry and Jump Cut to Millennium Film Journal and the Brooklyn Rail. As our colleague Dana Polan put it, he had nothing less than "a world-wide reputation as one of the very best historians and interpreters of nonfiction modes of visual communication."1 Yet Kahana's influence on the field went well beyond his incisive writing. He had ongoing dialogue and interaction with media artists, such as Jill Godmilow, John Greyson, and Zoe Beloff. With filmmaker Lynne Sachs, he launched an annual Experimental Lecture series that brought legends of the avant-garde to the Tisch School of the Arts, starting with Barbara Hammer in 2007, followed by Craig Baldwin, Ken Jacobs, and Peggy Ahwesh. Born in Canada, he earned BA and BFA degrees from York University. While at the University of Minnesota for a master's degree (1992) in English, Jonathan met classmate Jennifer Horne. They became life partners and fellow film scholars. Completing a PhD at Rutgers University in 2001, he served as director of film studies at Bryn Mawr College, where he taught for five years. From 2005 to 2012, Kahana was associate professor of cinema studies at New York University (NYU), where he made a large impact. Ultimately, the University of California (UC), Santa Cruz recognized his work and hired him to lead a new Center for Documentary Arts and Research in its innovative Film and Digital Media Department. At NYU, Jonathan was active on several [End Page 305] fronts, which I was fortunate to experience when joining the department's faculty in 2006. Documentary remained his forte and passion, but he used the word capaciously, researching a broad array of nonfiction, hybrid, and experimental forms of media. His 2008 book Intelligence Work: The Politics of American Documentary examines a funky variety of films and texts, bringing reexamination of landmark works into dialogue with neglected ones, such as Teach Our Children (1972), a Third World Newsreel short anonymously directed by teenagers Christine Choy and Susan Robeson. Serendipitously, 2008 also saw the preservation of that film and its screening at the first Orphan Film Symposium in New York, allowing Kahana to do what he did best: facilitate a discussion among scholars, archivists (Pamela Jean Smith of Pacific Film Archives, which preserved Teach Our Children), and filmmakers (Eric Breitbart, member of the Newsreel collective). I benefited from his intellectual curiosity and devotion to archival exploration when we co-taught a new course called Nonfiction Film History. Traditional documentary was part of the course, but home movies, educational films, sponsored films, and newsreels got equal time alongside cinema verité, social documentary, and compilation films. It was exciting. A milestone of his impact on the field and the department came in 2011, when Jonathan organized the international Visible Evidence conference in New York City. He saw to it that many partners and hundreds of speakers participated. He made "Archiving, Preservation, and the Material of Actuality and Documentary" a thread of the event. His wit and love of eclectic forms of media culture were visibly evident throughout. His program notes celebrated the historical diversity of New York's contributions to documentary "from Robert Frank to Grandmaster Flash; from the Workers Film and Photo League to Third World Newsreel; from Arthur Mayer and Iris Barry to Bill Sloan and the Donnell Film Library; from Anthology Film Archives to Women Make Movies; from Emile de Antonio to Jonas Mekas." He cheekily posited that a pair of cine-poems could shape the conference's experience of the Gotham location: Manhatta (1921), "a film whose metro-normative [!] view of modern life was soon enough shaded...

<em>The Seven Wise Masters</em> as a Resource for Studying Historical Diversity: Comparing Latin and Early German Versions with Texts from the Eastern Tradition from a Postcolonial Studies Perspective

<em>The Seven Wise Masters</em> as a Resource for Studying Historical Diversity: Comparing Latin and Early German Versions with Texts from the Eastern Tradition from a Postcolonial Studies Perspective

Формы государственного устройства: терминологический аспект понятия империи

The growth of territorial mobility and ethnocultural diversity determines the search for new models of domestic and foreign policy. As a result, the almost forgotten word "empire" returns to scientific and journalistic discourses. This applies to both domestic and foreign practice. Objective. Terminological certainty and conceptual consistency is the key to scientific effectiveness. The present research featured various interpretations of the concept of empire. The author intended neither to oppose nor to promote the imperial form of government. The research objective was to contribute to a more complete and impartial understanding of the term by removing its negative connotation. Research methodology. The article represents the results of theoretical and comparative analyses of the concept of empire as a form of government. Results. Based on domestic and foreign studies, the author reviewed various interpretations of the concept of empire. The article focuses on its multidimensionality, debatability, and modern interpretations. Implementation. The heterogeneity of territories, periods, and management mechanisms of various empires can serve as a kind of prism for assessing modern realities and social strategies. Conclusions. Due to their historical diversity, various types of imperial government fail to fit into the same scheme. If the empire is a "transnational polity", then this form of state and political organization is neither archaic nor obsolete.

Geography … is it your destiny? Culturally sustainable development and creative industries nexus in the case of Turkey

ABSTRACT This article reconsiders the creative industry's role in Turkey's sustainable development using the cultural economic geography approach. Although this is a well-established approach with ongoing popularity in the existing creative industries literature, few studies directly address the role of distinct cultural factors in the sustainable development of emerging countries. Turkey's unique geographical location and relatively younger population has been a primary source of its cultural, historical, social, and economic diversity as well as creativity. Yet, the country faces profound problems in this ecosystem. Arguably, a critical issue is the culture's implicit role in Turkish sustainable development. Moreover, Turkey has been moved away from the realization of ‘cultural policies' under the hegemony of neoliberalism. The present study argues that the ‘sustainable development’ discourse in the dominant political parlance has been failed to be recognized as of cultural policy importance. This is especially true in the inclusion of culture into the development paradigm, and how it can be rediscovered and linked to contemporary socio-economic debates within the creativity and development nexus.

Gentrification in the U.S. New South: Evidence from two types of African American communities in Charlotte

Neighborhood development in the U.S. New South offers a rich historical diversity reflecting different growth patterns during their initial development and a longer history of African American residential experiences. Previous studies indicate certain neighborhood racial characteristics cancel conditions known to encourage gentrification, such as proximity to downtown. While recent gentrification literature has offered contradictory findings about the importance of neighborhoods with a majority African American population, a key aspect missing from this debate is how U.S. New South cities are set apart from other regions by displaying processes of industrialization, segregation, and immigration that form low-density spatial patterns of urbanization. To that end, Charlotte, NC is used as a case study to reveal how two types of African American neighborhoods near new growth centers, rim villages and streetcar suburbs, become gentrified. Our research reveals that while dynamics of economic change restructure neighborhoods in Charlotte, they also destabilize infrastructure that supports economically and socially struggling African American communities. As mid-sized U.S. New South cities continue to grow, our viewpoint argues that more thorough and geographically sensitive studies are needed to address localized impacts of gentrification on minority neighborhoods to form site specific anti-gentrification strategies.

‘Grasping the Difficulty in its Depth’: Wittgenstein and Globally Engaged Philosophy

In recent years, philosophers have used expressions of Wittgenstein’s (e.g., ‘language-games,’ ‘form of life,’ and ‘family resemblance’) in attempts to conceive of the discipline of philosophy in a broad, open, and perhaps global way. These Wittgenstein-inspired approaches indicate an awareness of the importance of cultural and historical diversity for approaching philosophical questions. While some philosophers have taken inspiration from Wittgenstein in embracing contextualism in philosophical hermeneutics, Wittgenstein himself was more instrumental than contextual in his treatment of other philosophers; his focus in his writings was on his own philosophical problems. Does this mean that Wittgensteinian philosophy is a poor resource after all for comparative, cross-cultural, or globally engaged philosophy (i.e., if it is properly Wittgensteinian)? In this article, I examine the relevance of Wittgenstein to contextually sensitive philosophy through studies of his conceptions of history and culture, his interest in Spengler’s philosophy of history, and recent scholarship by Hans-Johann Glock and Hans Sluga on the place of contextualism in Wittgenstein’s analysis of philosophical problems. Ultimately, this article advances the view that there are strong resources in Wittgenstein’s philosophy for those seeking a more globally engaged approach to the field.

Origin of horsetails and the role of whole-genome duplication in plant macroevolution

Whole-genome duplication (WGD) has occurred commonly in land plant evolution and it is often invoked as a causal agent in diversification, phenotypic and developmental innovation, as well as conferring extinction resistance. The ancient and iconic lineage of Equisetum is no exception, where WGD has been inferred to have occurred prior to the Cretaceous-Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary, coincident with WGD events in angiosperms. In the absence of high species diversity, WGD in Equisetum is interpreted to have facilitated the long-term survival of the lineage. However, this characterization remains uncertain as these analyses of the Equisetum WGD event have not accounted for fossil diversity. Here, we analyse additional available transcriptomes and summarize the fossil record. Our results confirm support for at least one WGD event shared among the majority of extant Equisetum species. Furthermore, we use improved dating methods to constrain the age of gene duplication in geological time and identify two successive Equisetum WGD events. The two WGD events occurred during the Carboniferous and Triassic, respectively, rather than in association with the K-Pg boundary. WGD events are believed to drive high rates of trait evolution and innovations, but analysed trends of morphological evolution across the historical diversity of Equisetum provide little evidence for further macroevolutionary consequences following WGD. WGD events cannot have conferred extinction resistance to the Equisetum lineage through the K-Pg boundary since the ploidy events occurred hundreds of millions of years before this mass extinction and we find evidence of extinction among fossil polyploid Equisetum lineages. Our findings precipitate the need for a review of the proposed roles of WGDs in biological innovation and extinction survival in angiosperm and non-angiosperm lineages alike.

Evolution and diversity of two cisco forms in an outlet of glacial Lake Algonquin.

The diversity of Laurentian Great Lakes ciscoes (Coregonus artedi, sensu lato) arose via repeated local adaptive divergence including deepwater ciscoes that are now extirpated or threatened. The nigripinnis form, or Blackfin Cisco, is extirpated from the Great Lakes and remains only in Lake Nipigon. Putative nigripinnis populations were recently discovered in sympatry with artedi in a historical drainage system of glacial Lake Algonquin, the precursor of lakes Michigan and Huron. Given the apparent convergence on Great Lakes form, we labeled this form blackfin. Here, we test the hypothesis that nigripinnis may have colonized this area from the Great Lakes as a distinct lineage. It would then represent a relict occurrence of the historical diversity of Great Lakes ciscoes. Alternatively, blackfin could have evolved in situ in several lakes. We captured more than 600 individuals in the benthic or pelagic habitat in 14 lakes in or near Algonquin Provincial Park (Ontario, Canada). Fish were compared based on habitat, morphology, and genetic variation at 6,676 SNPs. Contrary to our expectations, both cisco and blackfin belonged to an Atlantic lineage that colonized the area from the east, not from the Great Lakes. Sympatric cisco and blackfin were closely related while fish from different lakes were genetically differentiated, strongly suggesting the repeated in situ origin of each form. Across lakes, there was a continuum of ecological, morphological, and genetic differentiation that could be associated with alternative resources and lake characteristics. This study uncovers a new component of cisco diversity in inland lakes of Canada that evolved independently from ciscoes of the Laurentian Great lakes. The diversity of cisco revealed in this study and across their Canadian range presents a challenge for designating conservation units at the intraspecific level within the framework of the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC).

A Flexible Indeterminate Theory of Religion: Thinking through Chinese Religious Phenomena

This essay explores a few of the reasons for the failure of Western theories to capture Chinese religious experiences. It will include Durkheim’s insight that “The sacred … is society in disguised form” and variants of secularization theories in contrast to Confucian ones, especially Xunzi’s theory about ritual, read as representative of religion. This article will examine the impossibility of asserting a straightforward claim, without exception, that could capture the three thousand years of historical and contemporary diversity manifested by the three institutional religions (Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism), the continuous formation of popular religious movements, ever developing sectarian groups, and pan-Chinese quasi-religious practices like ancestor veneration, divination, healing practices and the like. The study will start by looking at variable categories used in the study of different religions, the similarities in assumptions among the three institutional religions such as the “good” and self-cultivation, and the central place of secularization theory in the contemporary study of Chinese religions. A theoretical orientation of both flexibility and indeterminacy is suggested based on indigenous ideas.

Defining the right path: aligning Islam with Chinese socialist core values at Ningbo’s Moon Lake Mosque

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the ‘Sinicization’ of Islam in Mainland China, focusing on Moon Lake Mosque (a historically significant mosque in Ningbo Zhejiang Province). Islam has a long history within China, but it is upon the CCP’s recent attempts to align Islam with ‘Chinese Socialist Characteristics’ that we explore here. Examining the propaganda around the mosque, we trace how tensions about Islam are both represented and (circum)navigated. These posters correlate aspects of Islam to the Socialist Core Values, but particular omissions of the original Qur’an secularize these passages in order to claim Communist Party moral guardianship and legitimacy. We demonstrate how the framing of this mosque elides its place in Ningbo’s past, and how the absence of representations of historic religious diversity exotifies the mosque and renders such diversity invisible. We argue that ultimately inherent in such Sinicization is the problematic question of what it means for religion to ‘be’ ‘Chinese’.

A Guidance Application for Historical Routes and Location Area with Augmented Reality

Indonesia is a cultural and historical diversity country. The Indonesian national culture is an analogous multicultural, rooted in older societies and interethnic relations caused the national culture is most easily observed in cities but aspects of it now reach into the countryside as well, for example, capital of Sumatera Utara, Medan. Indonesia’s borders are those of the Netherlands East Indies, though Dutch imperialism caused nation and many of its institutions should be able to preserve and introduce their culture and history to future generations. One way that can be done by involving the development of Augmented Reality. Augmented Reality (AR) is a technology that can be developed by creating 3D (Dimensions) of each created object such as a historic place. In this study, the object to be constructed is the 3D object of the historic building in Medan city which is a historic city in North Sumatra. In addition to historical sites there is a city tour service with the location of the historic building nearby with the location point of reference based on the current location. In addition, the user interaction can be done with 3D objects using Augmented Reality technology and information about historic buildings and the use of virtual reality technology in creating 3D visuals of extinct historic locations. This research is expected to attract users of heritage traveller applications and educate the community in preserving the cultural heritage with the help of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technology.