Course Of Historical Events Research Articles

The evolution of the doctrine of the infallibility of the Pope in the Catholic beliefs. "An historical contract study"

This study examines the history of the development of the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope (Bishop of Rome) in the Catholic Church, from the Middle Ages to its adoption as a dogmatic constitution, to shed light on the impact of the course of historical events on the crystallization of this doctrine and the conceptual structure upon which it was based.
 The study concluded that the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope was based on the concept of the Peter theory, and it went through several stages, the most prominent of which was the period of turbulence in the Middle Ages, and criticism in the modern era, and a series of historical events in the nineteenth century contributed to the siege of the papal seat, which prompted Pius The ninth to endorsing the doctrine of infallibility of the Pope to confront these criticisms in the first Vatican Council in 1870 AD, by defining the concept of infallibility in the context of faith education and ethics, and this decision was emphasized in the Second Vatican Council in 1964 AD, but in more detail.

Srpski narod pod imperijalnom presom - položaj u geopolitičkom čvoru

In this paper, the author is analyzing the geopolitical position of Serbia and Serbian lands while following the historical course of events that changed the realpolitik state of affairs in this area. In the first part of the paper, the author starts with the analysis of geographical characteristics of Serbian state, political and economic environment of Serbia as semi-periphery in relation to the center, as well as the strategic potentials of the territory, waters and aerial space of this region. Leaning on the analyzed characteristics the work further turns its attention towards the geopolitical standing of Serbia and the Serbian people while being focused on a few geopolitical aspects to disassemble the imperial pressures throughout the centuries of Serbian crucifixion as clear as possible.

Feasures of Fandorin’s Quasi-biography: Postmodern Experiment

More than two decades ago, the newest Russian writer B. Akunin began a series of multi-genre novels, the main character of which was Erast Petrovich Fandorin, who quickly made a detective career, has become famous not only in Russia, but far beyond its borders. Firstly appeared in the fiction novel «Azazel», Fandorin later quickly began to acquire the features of a real historical personality that affects the course of historical events. Fandorin’s quasi-biography was supplemented by works whose heroes were his ancestors and descendants. One of these novels is «F. M.», the annexes and additions to which testify to the author’s postmodern experiment, which, leaving only the margin of the explanation necessary for understanding the plot, introduced marginal noncanonical texts and genres (short story, essay, fragment), thereby deciding to expand and clarify its meaning. Literary additions, such as the mini-glossary of drug jargon, or the Zen koan, are included to the literary text. Fragments, essays, short stories, different additions and clarifications, visions and dreams, at first glance, destroy the integrity of the novel of the writer, but in fact expand its narrative capabilities, extend the temporal and spatial characteristics, significantly enrich the main storylines, illuminate the motivation of the heroes , show them in an unusual perspective.

The restauration of the Reval suffragan diocese in 1917 and the election of the bishop as an expression of ‘church revolution’ in the Riga diocese

Abstract: The restauration of the Reval suffragan diocese in 1917 and the election of the bishop as an expression of ‘church revolution’ in the Riga diocese
 This article focuses on the creation of the Reval suffragan diocese in 1917 and the election of Pavel Kulbusch as the first bishop of Estonian descent. The article reconstructs the course of historical events on the basis of documents from the Russian State Historical Archive and provides a framework for understanding the events via the concept of ‘church revolution’ proposed by the historian Pavel Rogoznyi. The case of the Reval suffragan diocese complements the argument of Rogoznyi and suggests that processes in the Russian borderlands also contributed to the ‘church revolution’. While demands for Estonian and Latvian suffragan bishops had already been put forward by Governor Shakhovskoi in the 1890s and by the Riga diocesan council in 1905, it was only in 1917 that some of these projects were given institutional form. The Orthodox assembly of the Riga diocese in August of 1917 in Tartu elected the parish priest Pavel Kulbusch from St Petersburg as bishop of Reval. The process of consecrating the new bishop took several months due to the church hierarchy’s resistance to his candidature, primarily due to his ethnic origin. The documents published in this issue suggest that the institutions formed during 1917, including the diocese council (soviet) and the representative assemblies of the diocese, and the activity of nationalist Orthodox priests (such as Antoni Laar, who mobilised the Orthodox parishes in support of the bishop) rendered the formation of Reval diocese successful compared to several similar initiatives in other dioceses. The article argues that the institutions and practices formed during 1917 and the martyrdom of Bishop Platon in 1919 paved the way for the separation of the Estonian Church from the Moscow patriarchate in 1923.
 The translated and published documents accompanying the article are kept in the Russian State Historical Archive (in St Petersburg) and include the decrees of the Most Holy Synod; decisions made by the delegates of the congress of the ecclesiastical and secular representatives of the Riga diocese and the Temporary Council of the Riga Diocese; and individual and collective petitions in regards to restoring the suffragan diocese in Tallinn.

The Modern Contradictions of the Modern “Economy” System

This article is devoted to the disclosure of the main contradictions of the capitalist socio-economic system at the present crisis stage of its development and the specifics of their implementation in modern Russia. The basis of the formation and development of the capitalist socio-economic system is the confrontation of internal opposites. As a result, these contradictions determined the trajectory of the movement of capitalist society and determined the inevitability of the transient nature of its fate. Modern capitalism is also characterized by a number of the deepest contradictions of antagonistic and non-antagonistic character inherent to it 100 years ago. They interpenetrate and condition each other, act as a manifestation and embodiment of the main contradiction – a long overdue conflict between the nature of production and appropriation / distribution. And today the situation makes it possible to use the existing advantages of the global monopolization process. These contradictions are unfolding with a new crushing force, which is confirmed by the entire course of historical events. The concentration of all economic activity has reached such a level that, from V.I. Lenin’s point of view, capitalism approached the socialization of production and entered the conflict with the capital itself. As a result, the proposal to subordinate the global monopoly to public interests, that is their socialization, seems quite logical. Moreover, there are no problems with considering all resources on the global scale using modern advances in science and technology.

Un joven maestro exiliado en Francia, Jacinto Luis Guereña (1939-1956)

En 1933, Jacinto Luis Guereña, nacido en Argentina en 1915 pero de padre vasco y de madre italiana, ingresa por oposición en la Escuela Normal de Magisterio Primario nº 2 de Madrid (la antigua Escuela Normal de Maestras). En junio de 1936 acaba sus estudios teóricos, y en el curso siguiente debía empezar su periodo de prácticas como alumno-profesor con sueldo. Pero el curso de los acontecimientos históricos, previsible no obstante desde hacía unos años, dadas las fuertes tensiones sociales existentes en la España de los años treinta del siglo XX, iba a modificar por completo el rumbo previsto de su vida y dar al traste con el conjunto de sus legítimas esperanzas, profesionales y sociales. El compromiso del joven normalista afiliado a la Federación Universitaria Escolar (FUE) tras la sublevación franquista de julio de 1936 fue claro: miliciano (en las Milicias Vascas Antifascistas), soldado del nuevo Ejército popular de la República, miliciano de la cultura y teniente tras su paso por la Escuela popular de Guerra de Ingenieros. Participó en la batalla del Ebro y tras la derrota de la ofensiva republicana permaneció en Cataluña hasta la retirada. El 9 de febrero de 1939 cruzó la frontera, pasando a continuación por varios campos. Se comentan sus actividades profesionales, culturales y políticas al salir del campo de Gurs, su intento de insertarse en la vida cultural francesa sin perder las raíces españolas. En 1956, al poder entrar en España, se inició una nueva faceta de su vida, al tener que abrirse camino en la vida intelectual española y ya no solo en la del exilio

“The Milan Papyrus” of the Posidippus as the Source of History of the Nabataeans

The author considers the content of the “Milan Papyrus” with the epigrams of Posidippus of Pella, the first edition of which was published in 2003, with reference to the history of the Nabataean Arabs. The mention of the Nabataean king in the work is the very first in narrative sources, which allows to reconsider some traditional points of view on the life of the Nabataeans in the early Hellenistic period before their transition to a settled life. It should be noted that referring to the early period of the history of the Nabataeans, researchers inevitably encounter a problem that is associated with a lack of narrative sources. The data available today do not fully restore the course of historical events, especially during the period when the Nabataean tribes led a nomadic lifestyle. To a certain extent, the fragmentariness of the written sources is compensated by the data of archeology, epigraphy and numismatics, however, the early Hellenistic period of the history of the Nabataeans, unfortunately, is still not adequately covered by the sources. Meanwhile, it was at that time when the Nabataeans experienced a gradual transition from a nomadic way of life to a sedentary one, as well as the most important historical processes that determined the path of their further existence under statehood were being held. Nevertheless, the range of sources is gradually expanding, which allows researchers to set new tasks and look for ways to solve them. Thus, as a result of the research, the author concludes that the data of the “Milan Papyrus” suggest that the royal Nabataean dynasty has deeper roots than was commonly believed, and from the middle of the third century BC at the head was the king, under whose command was the cavalry corps. This conclusion changes the generally accepted idea of the socio-political development of the Nabataean society in the early stages of its history.

Some health aspects of the Battle of Stalingrad with elements of philosophical comprehension

Presents extensive historical material unparalleled feat of the Soviet people for a liquidation of consequences of the most ambitious in its bitterness of the battle of Stalingrad, where the cost of enormous effort and enormous human sacrifices our country was able to refract the course of historical events in the Great Patriotic war in their favour. Extremely violent confrontation predetermined the loss of troops, where only in the defensive period of the Stalingrad battle a day killed up to 3,000 people and about the same number of wounded. The severe sanitary and epidemiological situation after the battle, where a huge mass of decaying human bodies remained unburied in a relatively small area of hostilities, and what incredible efforts were made to prevent the impending epidemic of dangerous infectious diseases. The contribution of the outstanding scientist-microbiologist Z. V. Ermoleva and the implementation of her bold decisions in the prevention of cholera epidemic are described. The story is about one of the participants of the battle of Stalingrad on the part of the enemy, but played a huge role in the construction of a moral bridge between the fiercely opposing sides of evil and the liberation of Kurt Roiber - a participant in the battle of Stalingrad, who died in a camp for prisoners of war, but left a number of unforgettable drawings, one of which is the «Stalingrad Madonna» - the fruit of observations and a deep understanding of Russian children and mothers, destitute by military actions, calling in their own way to protect the world over their heads. K. Reiber was able to recognize the inhumanity of war, but that he had to himself to go through this hell. Only by relying on these sensitive triggers of our state of mind can we preserve the memory of the tragedy and the role of Russia’s unparalleled feat, which set an example to the whole world, including the enemy of the power of our indomitable Soviet spirit. And, no matter how hard it was, we should know and often remember these days of the hardest struggle and the great victory.

Antona Czechowa spojrzenie na bieg historii

Among the issues, themes and contributions which Anton Chekhov undertook in his works, one may also find the broadly-understood issue of an individual's place in the course of historical events. In this case, and others like it, this writer's opinion stands out among the works of other Russian writers. This is related to the fact that the author of The Steppe is convinced that the individual, and his conscious behaviour, contributes to the behaviour of a group and society. This is in contrast to the reasoning of most Russian writers of those times; however, it proves to be characteristic of Chekhov's thinking.

ГЕОМОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ЕКСКУРСІЇ ЯК ЗАСІБ ПІЗНАННЯ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЙ РЕЛЬЄФУ м.КИЄВА

The combination of landforms under urban areas of Kyiv plays a decisive role in the formation and development of the city. Various morphosystems of the city has experienced significant transformations over the long-lasting history of Kyiv, which find the reflection in the modern terrain of the cityGeomorphological excursions as a kind of scientific and cognitive activity became one of the ways to explore the relief of the city, learn the interaction of the geomorphological component of the urban landscape and the development of the city at its various historical stages. It’s a promising component of the study program for Earth Science students as long as it’s the best method for studying typical for urban geosystems processes and phenomenons. Excursions ought to fulfill several functions such as scientific propaganda, popularization of geomorphological science, have informative and educational value. According to the main methodological principles, creating a new excursion demands following specific steps, including selection of the goals and purposes of the tour, major and minor destinations due to the topic of the tour, designing tour routes and organizing the final text materials for the tours. There are four geomorphological tours represented in the article. The main purpose of the first excursion is to determine the impact of the landforms features on the construction of Kyiv fortification and to highlight the landscape transformations of the explored areas. The scientific aspect of this route includes exploration of the remnants of the great Kiev retrenchment, the signs of the landslide processes on the right bank slopes of Dnipro river. The second tour is aimed at studying of the transformation of Kyiv ravens - Babyn Yar and Repiiahiv yar , in particular. Due to its purpose of getting students acquainted with the influence of the natural conditions of the area on the course of historical events, the main objects are virgin original landscapes of the ravens as well as transformed areas, the drainage of the stream Babyn Yar and the evidence of an industrial disaster - Kureniv tragedy. The third excursion, highlighted in the article, is aimed at revealing the transformation of the Goloseivsky Forest and provides an overview of the natural and man-made forest landscapes, the influence of the geological and geomorphological conditions of the territory on its economic development, planning and development of the city. The fourth tour aims to provide an insight into the unique natural features and peculiarities of the Kiev hills’ history, as a center of the city formation. The tour is a great way to increase knowledge of the influence of geomorphological conditions on the development of Kyiv at different historical stages, the differentiation of functional parts of the city due to the landforms contrast. Geomorphological excursions demonstrated in the article are the most representative as long as they provide a comprehensive understanding of the relief of the Kiev urban sphere, help to track the development of the city throughout all historical epochs, learn geomorphological factors and their impact on the development of different parts of Kyiv.

EXPRESSIONIST NOVEL IN UKRAINIAN LI-TERATURE: GENRE IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM (BASED ON A NOVEL BY VOLODYMYR VYNNY-CHENKO «TAKE THE FLOOR, STALIN!»)

Based on a study of Volodymyr Vynnychenko’s nov-els «Sunny machine» and «Take the Floor, Stalin!» the article proves the thesis, that an expressionist novel is a genre form of a modernist novel. The novels implement the artist’s idea to express his own perception, to inter-vene with the course of historical events by the expressive portrayal of his own vision of the events. A subjective narration, fragmentation of a storyline, modernist image sys-tem, enhanced expressiveness of verbal imagery show that novels that being explored are in fact the expressionist works. It is proved that expressionist novel has actualized utopian!satirical forms of a Renaissance novel.

Social practices of manipulation of consciousness aimed at young people

The article deals with the problem of manipulation of consciousness of young people in today's transformational society. This problem is a relatively new phenomenon of social reality, faced and often indirectly, and in some cases clearly infuses the historical course of events, leads to new social phenomenon, changes the standard, established patterns of behavior of individuals and thus requires a detailed study of the possibilities for predicting and preventing negative trends in society. The author focuses on the features and specific properties of youth as a social group that make it an ideal target for the actions of manipulators, considers the major carriers of manipulative influences on young people and their priority action strategies, makes conclusions on the reasons of effectiveness of manipulative campaigns, aimed at young people, focuses on contemporary realities, associated with the problem of manipulation of consciousness, that are aimed at youth

Genocide of Armenians: Through Swedish EyesThe Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, 1915–1916

Margaret Lavinia Anderson, Review of: ••Goran Gunner, Genocide of the Armenians – Through Swedish Eyes ••Wolfgang Gust, ed., The Armenian Genocide. Evidence from the German Foreign Archives 1915-1916 in: Holocaust and Genocide Studies (Winter 2015) 29 (3): 483-488. Robert M. Ehrenreich United States Holocaust Memorial Museum* doi:10.1093/hgs/dcv050 *The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and are not to be viewed as official statements of the USHMM. Genocide of Armenians: Through Swedish Eyes, edited by Goran Gunner (Yerevan: Armenian Genocide Institute-Museum, 2013), 370 pp., paperback The Armenian Genocide: Evidence from the German Foreign Office Archives, 1915–1916, edited by Wolfgang Gust (New York: Berghahn, 2014), xxviii + 786 pp., hardcover $85.45. On March 11, 2010, in spite of years of resistance from its foreign minister (“it is not the duty of the Government to establish a historical course of events” [ p. 349]), and a no-vote from its own Committee on Foreign Affairs (which found it inappropriate for a representative body to decide matters of international law), Sweden’s parliament voted across party lines—131 to 130—to ask its government to recognize the Genocide of Armenians, Assyrians, Syrians, Chaldeans, and Pontic Greeks. Goran Gunner’s Genocide of Armenians: Through Swedish Eyes offers an unpretentious (many photo- graphs, no index), but fascinating survey of how Sweden got to that decision. A scholar with the Church of Sweden’s research unit, Gunner asks two ques- tions: what did faraway Swedes know of the fate of the Armenians, and what can Swedish sources tell us about it? Beginning with the massacres of the 1890s, Gunner draws his answers from three categories of material: newspapers, which published fifty articles on the Armenians from 1914 to 1920; reports from military intelligence Book Reviews Downloaded from http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on December 31, 2015 ability to resist is not borne out by the archaeological evidence. As Sturdy Colls notes, various personal items of sentimental and actual (economic) value were found in the small pit excavated in the location of the former gas chamber at Majdanek. She posits that the items were buried by the victims to keep them out of the hands of the perpe- trators; the items thus served as “material witnesses” to the victims’ resistance to the Holocaust up until the end ( p. 256). The only deficiency in this important and timely volume is its poor production quality. The text contains many grammatical errors and typos, the photographs are small and fuzzy, and the captions could have been more explicit. Readers should not allow these problems to detract from the overall content and message of the volume, however. Sturdy Colls’ crucial and ambitious volume has provided the foundation for a desperately needed practical and ethical protocol for archaeological investigation of Holocaust sites—one that will aid students and archaeologists considering entering the field, allow educators to keep their courses timely and relevant, inform interested laypeople, and spur debate about the future of Holocaust archaeology.

Paradise lost and trauma mastered: new findings on little Sigmund

Although this paper manifestly deals with new historical data, its main objective is the psychoanalytic reconstruction of Sigmund Freud's early development, and a deeper understanding of the circumstances influencing the development of his psychoanalyzing mind. The present paper is a continuation of Burianek's book Facts and impressions: Psychoanalyst's guide to the birthplace of Sigmund Freud, currently available only in Czech. Methodological approaches intersecting in the book and in the present paper include environmental topography, ethnography, historical archival research, personal communications, indirect symbolic communications such as screen memories, interpretations and reconstructions by Freud himself, and later interpretations by other analysts. Finding the gaps and inconsistencies in the expectable course of historical events, the paper further clarifies the financial situation of the family of Jakob Freud, the situation surrounding the (nurse)maids, and the birth, life, and death of Julius Freud, Freud's younger brother. Summarizing Sigmund Freud's early life with regard to the problems of separation and ambivalence vis-à-vis the maternal object, and his fantasies of “paradise lost,” it is speculated that the long-term sublimation and transformation of his early neurosis became the model of Sigmund Freud's personal creativity and the basis for the psychoanalytic method.

The History of Ideas in the Context of the Educational Mission of Museums

Nowadays, in conditions of information society numerous scientists pay attention to the regularities of formation and course of historical events resulting in considerable changes in the social, political and economical spheres all over the world. Obviously, the main impetus for this were certain ideas, lying in the basis of these changes. These ideas were appointed by various conditions. Each idea has its own history which allows to understand the reason for its rise, to clarify who was the author of the idea and what were its consequences in different contexts. The history of ideas – is a study about the historical process of creation, preservation and alteration on human ideas. It is related to the intellectual history, the history of philosophy, of science and the history of culture as a whole. For this reason it may be considered as their component or as an applied discipline which forms their part. The peculiarity of this case is that within the history of ideas it is possible to observe, investigate and to see the perspectives of the development of separate ideas which make combinations with each other and change their forms of expression, remaining relatively unchanged. Each idea is unique and presents the highest form of expression and of perception of objective reality. Thus the idea is inherent only to human brain. This characterizes people’s attitude to those who surround them and to their objective world. The source of the ideas is not to be found in the ideas themselves. It usually lies in the conditions of financial life of the society and in social entity. Ideas arise and change because of the development and modification of human’s social habits. All the ideas come out of experience, representing the reflection of reality, either credible or distorted 1 .

Influence Of Religious Factor In The Development Of Cultural And Educational Identity Of Albanians Through Centuries.

The course of historical events, has demonstrated that the religious faith has been a permanent factor in molding the characteristics of cultural and educational identity of Albanian people. In Albania, there are four religious communities which are officially recognized (Muslim and Christian faith) and some sects deriving from them. Those religious communities have continuously influenced the identities of Albanian through centuries, they have cultivated culture, art, literature, tradition and their influence are an integral part of our national history and culture being enriched and directed by their influence. Besides being influential in the historical events, the religious communities in Albania, they witness an air of harmony and coexistence.

Tillich on Divine Power and Ultimate Meaning in Human History

Paul Tillich’s concept of God opposes the “interventionist” model of traditional Western theism. This paper attempts to determine whether, and in what sense, for Tillich, God may be said to act specifically to influence the course of historical events. It is argued that his concept of “Spiritual power” provides his answer. In clarification the concepts of “spirit,” “power,” “meaning,” “vocation,” “kairos,” and “the renunciation of power” are explored. According to Tillich, the vocations of specific social groups are empowered by divine power, providing both gift and task. For Christians the vocation of Jesus the Christ to proclaim the coming Kingdom of God as the ultimate meaning of history provides the criterion by which concrete vocations may be judged. God acts by providing meaning, which must be chosen and achieved.

BALANCED TRUTH: STEVEN SPIELBERG'S SCHINDLER'S LIST AMONG HISTORY, MEMORY, AND POPULAR CULTURE1

ABSTRACTLooking at the public reaction to it, one might say that Steven Spielberg's Schindler's List is undoubtedly the most successful film about the Holocaust. The film's success in the U.S. and other Western countries can be traced back mainly to the fact that it creates the impression of telling a true, apparently authentic, story.This essay investigates how this impression of historical truth and authenticity emerges in a fiction film. For this purpose the essay reverts to a concept developed by Jörn Rüsen, which distinguishes among three dimensions of historical culture, namely political, aesthetic, and cognitive. In addition to the historical context that serves as a specific precondition for the film's success, the essay primarily investigates the strategies of authentication Spielberg applied at both the visual and narrative levels.The investigation concludes that the impression of evidence produced by the movie is significantly a result of the sophisticated balancing of the three dimensions mentioned above. The film utilizes artifacts of an existing and increasingly transnational (visual) memory for the benefit of a closed, archetypical narrative. It follows the aesthetic and artistic rules of popular narrative cinema, and largely recurs to conventions of representation that were common in film and television programs of the 1990s. Although these forms condense the historical course of events, the film manages to stay close to insights gained by historiography.The hybrid amalgamation of history and memory, and of the imaginary and the real, as well as the combination of dramaturgies of popular culture with an instinct for what can (not) be shown—all of these factors have helped Schindler's List to render a representation of the founding Holocaust myth in Western societies that can be sensually experienced while being emotionally impressive at the same time.

Ethics and infectious diseases

Ethics and infectious diseases

Agency, responsibility and silence in the construction of contemporary history in Chile and Spain

This article focuses on how the dictatorships and subsequent transitions to democracy are portrayed in recent history textbooks used in secondary schools in Chile and Spain. These periods are considered crucial because they have dramatically impacted the social and political landscape and have shaped the course of historical events at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The textbooks adapted are particularly revealing since they reflect the official version of history that is being passed on to a new generation. We have chosen four textbooks as our corpus, two from Chile and two from Spain. As our analytical framework we use analyses of Transitivity and Appraisal (systemic functional linguistics) to determine how participants and processes are represented and evaluated in the texts. The way authors silence some social actors while giving prominence to others is a strategy for constructing causality and historical explanations in textbooks.