Historical Circles Research Articles

A Study on Urban Furniture: Nicosia Old City

Urban furniture can be defined as aesthetics and comfort elements that reflect the identity of a city and enable the urban space to become livable. Urban furniture is an important element of the city in order to improve the quality of urban life, to create a comfortable and reliable environment and to meet the needs of the users in the best way. For designing these elements, the social, economic, cultural and architectural structure of the city should be considered and evaluated. It is important to adapt the urban furniture to the urban texture and to the cultural structure achieving an urban identity, in order to ensure the survival and sustainability of the historical environments. In this study, a study was carried out in the context of urban furniture in Nicosia Walled City, which has many architectural cultures with its historical texture. In this context, firstly the concept of urban identity and urban furniture was explained and then, information about urban furniture was given in historical circles with urban furniture samples from different countries. As a field study, a main axis was determined and the streets and squares on this axis were discussed. These areas have been explored starting from Kyrenia Gate in North Nicosia; İnönü Square, Girne Street, Atatürk Square, Arasta Square, Lokmacı Barricade and on the south side Ledra Street and Eleftherias Square. In this context, the existing furniture in the North and South were determined and evaluated in terms of urban identity accordingly. As a result, it can be suggested that the existing street furniture equipments, especially on the north side, do not have any characteristic to emphasize the urban identity. According to the findings, it was determined that the urban furniture in the streets and squares on the north side is generally older and neglected, and does not provide a unity with the environment, whereas on the south side, these elements on the street and square are relatively new, functional and environmentally compatible.Key words: urban furniture, historical environment, urban identity, Nicosia Old City

EVALUATIONS OF TA?HAN AND IT?S SURROUNDINGS REVITALIZATION STUDIES IN TOKAT HISTORICAL CITY CENTER

Recent year, in many historical structures, there will be transformations and changes in the historical circles that are under pressure, compacted and singularized as a result of intense and rapid urbanization. In the meantime, cities that adversely affect historical identity and whose technological continuity are assigned to the background are adversely affected. The city of Tokat, Tashan and its environs, has lost its historical identity as a result of wrong planning, and the potential of the history, which is the old city center and the buildings to be built due to today's economic concerns, was prevented. He is urbanizing one of those who has been kept away from the function and orientation he has acquired in historical memory. Article preparation the aim of this study is to evaluate the design parameters in the historical environment center of all new buildings in our system in the old city center of Tokat.

Blood Matters: Studies in European Literature and Thought, 1400–1700 ed. by Bonnie Lander Johnson and Eleanor Decamp

Reviewed by: Blood Matters: Studies in European Literature and Thought, 1400–1700 ed. by Bonnie Lander Johnson and Eleanor Decamp Catrien Santing Bonnie Lander Johnson and Eleanor Decamp, eds. Blood Matters: Studies in European Literature and Thought, 1400–1700. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2018. x + 354 pp. $89.95 (978-0-8122-5021-3). The editors of this book brought in heavy artillery by stating in their introduction that their book was "designed to recognize blood as a distinct category of inquiry" (p. 2). This immediately raises the question of what "interdisciplinarity" and a "full conversation" between disciplines and their scholars may or may not entail. The content of the book looks promising as it indeed lists a vast array of "bloody" topics ranging from religion, medicine, theater, philosophy, pedagogy, political science, jurisdiction, and alchemy to literature, wine making, and cooking. On the whole, it can be concluded that the contributors did a good job in achieving a wide-ranging assessment of the importance of blood as both a symbolic liquid and mammalian matter. Two minor objections could be made regarding the composition of this collection: Despite the fact that the subtitle is Studies in European Literature and Thought, 1400–1700, its composition is rather "British" and its authors preponderantly have a literary background. In particular, the addition of some art-historical explorations would have produced a better fleshed-out blood examination. [End Page 456] Nonetheless, the editors have given careful thought to the coherence and structure of their volume. The sections "Circulation," "Wounds," "Corruption," "Proof," and "Signs and Substance" work well, especially since they succeed in following the contemporary views on blood, including its conceptual and semiotic vocabularies. Surprising as much as revealing interrelations are everywhere, certainly if the reader makes the effort of reading the contributions in the order in which they are presented. The section on circularity that treats Harvey, Catherine of Siena, and Dante as well as Shakespeare's ideas on the course of blood flow convinces the reader of the attractiveness of rotational metaphors that brought about Harvey's discovery, instead of the heralding of a new era or the deposing of the heart. In all probability readers of the Bulletin of the History of Medicine will first reach for the reliable and informative articles by Margaret Healey: "Was the Heart 'Dethroned'? Harvey's Discoveries and the Politics of Blood, Heart, and Circulation"; Gabriella Zuccolin and Helen King: "Rethinking Nosebleeds: Gendering Spontaneous Bleedings in Medieval and Early Modern Medicine"; Tara Nummedal: "Corruption, Generation and the Problem of Menstrua in Early Modern Alchemy," and Eleanor Decamp: "'In Such Abundance . . . That It Fill a Bason.' Early Modern Bleeding Bowls." All of them are well-known authors in medical historical circles who have published on the topic elsewhere. They certainly live up to their reputations here. A rewarding exception to my comment about the (relative) lack of art-historical contributions is Dolly Joergensen's piece on late medieval representations of pig slaughter: "Blood on the Butcher's Knife: Images of Pig Slaughter in Late Medieval Calendars." It is part of the most thought-provoking section of Blood Matters, called "Signs and Substances," in which the thesis of blood as a distinct category is best challenged but, in my view, also somewhat overstretched. Joergensen's subject matter is pleasantly down-to-earth after several interesting analyses of bloodstains in Shakespeare's plays. Her exploration of how and why the depiction of pig slaughter changed in late medieval prayer books, whereby the month of December is usually adorned, is presented in a clear and exciting way. We even read about the production of blood pudding and blood sausage, which were considered healthy and wholesome treats at the time. It was the pig slaughtering itself, however, that led me to consider the limits of interdisciplinarity and the cross-matching of different discourses. Although the cut-open pigs are indeed represented in lavishly illustrated breviaries, I would be more tentative in interpreting them as religiously as Joergensen does. Together with chickens, pigs were the most popular animals to eat because they were easy and cheap to breed, taking care of themselves by wandering in the forest and eating acorns. The portrayal...

ІСТОРИКО-АРХЕОЛОГІЧНИЙ НАРИС ПЕТРА КУРІННОГО «МІСТО ГУМАНЬ»: ПОВЕРНЕННЯ ДО ЧИТАЧА

Висвітлено ключові віхи життя та інтелектуальної біографії відомого українського археолога, історика, засновника Уманського краєзнавчого музею, одного з ініціаторів створення Української вільної академії наук ‑ П. Курінного. Особлива увага акцентується на «уманських» сторінках біографії вченого. До уваги читачів запропоновано перші дві частини історико-археологічного нарису Петра Курінного з історії Умані «Місто Гумань», що опублікований 1952-1953 рр. в 4-х частинах діаспорного журналу «Аванґард». Наведені в даній публікації частини нарису містять оригінальне бачення історії заселення краю та знайомлять із найважливішими подіями історії Уманщини з найдавніших часів до початку Гайдамаччини.

Dziecko i dzieciństwo w percepcji dzieci kończących edukację przedszkolną i wczesnoszkolną

<p>Dziecko i dzieciństwo to kategorie, które trudno jest jednoznacznie określić. Przybierają one bowiem różne znaczenia zależnie od zmieniających się okresów historycznych, kręgów kulturowych i środowiskowych oraz teorii naukowych, rozwijanych w ramach różnych dyscyplin badawczych. Znaczenia te w istotny sposób rzutują na sytuację dziecka w społeczeństwie w określonym miejscu i czasie, a także na kształt i jakość jego relacji z osobami dorosłymi oraz nabywane przez nie doświadczenia życiowe. Przedstawione w opracowaniu badania ukazują, jaki obraz dziecka i dzieciństwa ukształtował się w świadomości współczesnych dzieci kończących edukację przedszkolną i wczesnoszkolną. Podstawę do nakreślenia tego obrazu stanowiła analiza odpowiedzi dzieci na pytania zadane im w czasie indywidualnych rozmów.</p>

Sightseeing, social climbing, steamboats and sex: Anne Lister’s 1828 tour of Scotland

ABSTRACTThis article uses Anne Lister’s diaries as the basis of an exploration of writing about travel as part of a diary-keeping routine. It focuses on entries relating to Lister’s tour of Scotland in 1828 to reveal an underexplored period of her life and suggest how diaries can shed new light on the experience of home tour travel in the early nineteenth century. This study, while bringing new information about, and insights into, one of Lister’s least explored lesbian relationships, firmly places the author within her historical context and social circle. It argues that the diary form allows Lister to record a broader range of travel experiences, and that the full picture she presents of her inner and outer lives provides insights into her motivations as a traveller that are rare in a conventional tour journal. However, Lister’s self-imposed record-keeping rules and quirks make these diaries subjective and idiosyncratic as sources, and an awareness of Anne Lister’s diaries as a site of self-fashioning is important when reading them as travelogue.

The Ex-Libris of Pastor Gottlieb Beratz: From the History of Book Heritage of the Germans in the Volga Region

The article considers the ex-libris of Gottlieb Beratz, the priest of the German settlement in the Volga region (late 19th — early 20th century), presented in the rare small-format edition of Marco Polo’s book “Travels” published in the first third of the 19th century. The study of bookplates in rare editions is important as an additional source for the analysis of history of a book, the author’s biography and the history of bibliophilic collections or a specific copy of a book. Presented for the first time detailed description of the ex-libris of G. Beratz, being a contribution of the study of Russian bookplates, may help in the search for the book collection of scientific interest, based on the presented edition available in the LNS RAS and considering the personality of the owner. In this regard, the author examined the stamps on the Marco Polo’s book, which indicated the movement of the book from G. Beratz’s library to Saratov institutions, and then to Moscow. The author describes in general terms the technique of ex-libris of G. Beratz, technological process of phototype and zincography. The article suggests that ex-libris was made in the typolithographic printing of G.Kh. Shelgorn, where G. Beratz published his works. The owner of the book collection, which included Marco Polo’s “Travels”, was not only a priest of the German parish in the Volga region, but also a writer, playwright and scientist, well known in the circles of historians. He was the author of scientific work about the migration of Germans to the Volga region, published not only in Russia but also in Germany. The article briefly describes the history of creation of the book by Marco Polo with reference to the biographical details of the traveller, as well as the main periods of the biography of the Pastor G. Beratz, owner of a large bibliophilic collection.

Slavery, Capitalism, and the Problem of Misprision

One of the most interesting scholarly developments in historical circles over the course of the last few years has been the unanticipated rise of the field known as the “new history of American capitalism.” Although most devotees of this new field are not formally trained in economics – indeed, some demonstrate little familiarity with the standard methods informing the discipline – the rise of the field on balance has been salutary for the traditional field to which it is most closely related: economic history. For decades economic history qua field had been shrinking, particularly in history departments, but also in departments of economics, as historians jumped on the cultural bandwagon or set sail with Atlantic history, and economists moved toward theory, models, and abstraction and away from messy empirics and fussy data, especially from the deep recesses of the past (often defined as anything prior to the last quarter). And so, academic scribblers – including this one, alas – anticipating the demise of economic history, were busy penning ex ante epitaphs and memorials to the field, as the remaining practitioners became grayer and longer in the tooth.

Two Tales of Lincoln and the Meaning of Democracy

Two Tales of Lincoln and the Meaning of Democracy Erik J. Chaput (bio) Elizabeth Brown Pryor. Six Encounters with Lincoln: A President Confronts Democracy and Its Demons. New York: Viking, 2017. 496 pp. Bibliography and Index. $35.00. Allen C. Guelzo. Redeeming the Great Emancipator. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016. 208 pp. Index. $22.95. Though it was clear that Abraham Lincoln continued to struggle to define exactly what emancipation would mean for the slave, in his December 1862 annual message the president informed Congress that the civil war that had already claimed the lives of thousands of men was being fought to ensure that the American democratic experiment would endure. According to Lincoln, the United States was "the last best, hope of earth" for democracy. As historian Sean Wilentz has noted, "given the blows dealt to democratic governments in the Old World, it was easy enough for Lincoln and others to see America as a singular and even providential nation."1 The protection and promotion of a government by and for the people was as important to Lincoln as saving the Union and ending slavery. However, unlike John Adams or James Madison, Abraham Lincoln never put forth a detailed blueprint for how the tenets of democracy and republican government were to be structured. He was not an original policy thinker in that regard. He simply but forcibly maintained that slavery and democracy were incompatible, and the "fiery trial" of the war would eventually lead to a polity in which all men would be equal to one another. His job, as he had noted in the secession winter, was to protect the words "fitly spoken" in Jefferson's Declaration. Historians of the Civil War era, including James McPherson, James Oakes, Sean Wilentz, and Edward Ayers, generally give Lincoln high marks for his steadfast commitment to preserving a conception of democracy predicated on human equality. Elizabeth Brown Pryor, however, believes that historians need to adopt a more balanced and holistic approach to the study of the Lincoln presidency and how "Lincoln's republic was a government of, by, and for only some of the people" (p. 3). Pryor portrays a president whose vision [End Page 65] of democracy was limited and who repeatedly missed opportunities to aid not only the cause of freedom for black Americans, but also for women and Native Americans. Pryor, who was tragically killed just before her latest book went to press, is not afraid to attack the hallowed image of the sixteenth president. Lincoln's "saving grace is that he upheld a system that allowed for change even when he was not its champion" (p. 9). Overall, Six Encounters with Lincoln is one of the harshest assessments of the Great Emancipator to appear in recent years. "What we must question," the author writes "is whether in doing his best, he did the best for the country" (p. 8). Pryor, a prodigious researcher who examined hundreds of manuscript collections, paints a portrait of an embattled president, unsure of how to handle the pressures of office. Indeed, Pryor's harangue of Lincoln resembles a characterization Reverdy Johnson sketched for George McClellan at the height of the 1864 presidential campaign: His infirmity of purpose, his unsteadiness in any policy, his once expressed dislike to radicalism, his subsequent adoption of its worst features, his ignorant and mischievous interference with our military campaigns, his appointments, often against the advice of high military officers, of notorious incompetency—his frequent and nearly fatal changes of commanders.2 Pryor reconstructs six meetings Lincoln had during his presidency with figures who, while well known in some historical circles, are often not part of either biographical accounts or general narratives of the Civil War era. The author uses the "six encounters" with Lincoln in the White House in order to discuss the contours of American democracy, including civilian control of the military, civil liberties, the politics of emancipation, the fate of Native Americans, the role of women in the war, and the politics of reconstruction. Pryor curiously fails, however, early in the narrative to offer up an account of the ways in which Lincoln understood and used the word "democracy" in his political career, a...

The Dawn of Christian Art in Panel Paintings and Icons by Thomas F. Mathews

Reviewed by: The Dawn of Christian Art in Panel Paintings and Icons by Thomas F. Mathews Lee M. Jefferson Thomas F. Mathews with Norman E. Muller The Dawn of Christian Art in Panel Paintings and Icons Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum Publications, 2016 Pp. 256. $49.95. Thomas Mathews is a well-known name in the field of art history and early Christian studies. Mathews is most notable for his book, The Clash of Gods (Princeton, 1993), in which he upends certain orthodox views in art historical circles concerning the emergence of Christian art. Mathews maintained that the prior arguments of scholars such as Ernst Kitzinger and André Grabar were mistaken, going so far as calling their positions on the influence of imperial precedents upon Christian art the "Emperor Mystique." As influential as Mathews's rebuttal was for patristic scholars, he created a more rebellious status within the field of art history for his book, with some scholars diminishing his claims. However, Peter Brown, who reviewed Mathews's book for Art Bulletin (September 1995), argued that despite the criticism, "this is a book that needed to be written," as it rejected the view that early Christians needed a "head start" in creating a visual language based upon imperial art, and that it was a beginning to a long delayed conversation amongst historians, religionists, and art historians. Mathews included some updates and revisions in the second printing of The Clash of Gods in 1999, notably an additional chapter based upon his research of panel painting and icons, titled, "The Intimate Icon." In it Mathews argues that pagan practices of icon devotion and veneration undoubtedly influenced Christian visual practice. Mathews supported his syncretistic argument by suggesting that even facial types of images of Jesus were similar to icons of gods such as Serapis, and that images of Mary recall earlier images of Isis. The chapter seemed slightly disconnected from his prior entries in The Clash of Gods, but it indicated his current research interests. Since that publication, Mathews has continued to study early panel paintings, particularly findings from late antique Egypt. This volume published by the Getty Museum, which holds some of these panel paintings, is a culmination of Mathews's research in this area. Essentially, it is an expansion of the "Intimate Icon" chapter with some new findings. As it is published by a museum press, it is a large cloth volume filled with full-size color plates, probably relegated to "coffee table" book areas of bookstores. While this book will look lovely on any coffee table, the chapters therein are worthy of serious consideration, as Mathews continues his argument of the Christian adoption of pagan practices regarding images and their use. The focus of this book is an assembled corpus of fifty-nine panel paintings from Roman Egypt that both scholars (Norman Muller is a credited co-author) claim have gone unstudied by Egyptologists and early Christian scholars. The fifty-nine panel paintings, all wonderfully displayed in the book, are from various museums and collections, and all bear gods and/or goddesses as their subject matter. The paintings feature deities such as Serapis, Isis, and Harpocrates as well as several imperial figures, such as Septimius Severus in the guise of a god. Mathews and Muller have several goals in mind with this volume. One is to firm up the argument that Christian icons use the same visual language and practice [End Page 338] as their pagan predecessors, epitomized by these fifty-nine panel paintings. Other goals appear broader: to exhibit the connection between early Christian icon and panel painting use to medieval and Renaissance painting, and to illustrate pagan influence upon Marian icons. The first goal is the most successfully achieved in the book, while the latter two deserve more evidentiary support. The introduction presents the landscape of Mathews's argument and the Greek antecedents to Roman Egypt. Mathews also counters Paul Corby Finney's claim of a mid-third century advent of Christian art (from Finney's landmark text The Invisible God), because Finney selectively studied mural paintings and not icons or panel paintings (15). Mathews argues that given the evidence of panel paintings, the "dawn" of Christian...

The Perception System and Conception of Ancient History in the Early History Circles of North Korea

해방 직후 북한 역사학계는 식민주의 역사학의 극복을 위하여 고대사 영역에서는 고조선과 한사군 문제를 새롭게 정리하면서 고대사의 시기를 삼국시대로 바라보는 경향이 강하였다. 논란이 되었던 고조선의 중심지와 한사군 문제는 주로 신채호 등의 민족주의 역사학의 영향 아래 중국의 요령 지역으로 비정하였다. 한국전쟁 이후에는 고대와 중세, 노예제와 봉건제의 시기를 어떻게 설정할 것인가를 둘러싼 논쟁이 시작되었고, 이어서 고조선의 중심지 문제, 단군신화의 인식 문제, 민족의 기원 문제 등이 집중적으로 논의되었다. 그 결과 삼국시대 이전을 고대사회로, 삼국시대를 중세 봉건제 사회로 확정하게 된다. 이러한 고대사 인식 체계를 완성한 연구가 리지린의 『고조선 연구』이다. 해방 직후의 북한 역사학계는 식민지시대 마르크스주의 역사학자로 활동했던 백남운과 리청원, 도유호 등이 주도했지만, 한국전쟁과 북한 내부의 권력투쟁 (1956년 8월 종파사건)을 경과하면서 연구자의 세대교체가 이루어진다. 이후 등장한 김석형과 박시형은 북한의 고대사와 전근대사 체계를 구축하는데, 그 결과 역사인식 체계는 사회주의적 애국주의에 기반한 민족주의 역사학의 강화로 귀결 되었다. 결국 이러한 흐름은 국가와 권력에 철저하게 종속되는 역사학으로 현상하게 되고, 이후 본격적인 주체사관 등장의 토대를 제공하였다고 생각된다.Right after Liberation , the history circles of North Korea sorted out anew the issues of Gojoseon and the Four Commanderies of Han in the area of ancient history and exhibited a strong tendency of finding the period of ancient history in the Three Kingdoms period in order to overcome the colonial historical studies. Under the influence of nationalistic historical studies mainly led by Shin Chae - ho, they criticized the controversial issues of Gojoseon and the Four Commanderies of Han and argued that the center of Gojoseon should be Liaoning , China . After the Korean War , they started a new controversy over how to set the periods of ancient times , the Middle Ages , slavery , and feudalism and then had intensive discussions about the center of Gojoseon , the perception of the Dangun myth , and the origin of Korean people . As a result , they determined that the ancient society came before the Three Kingdoms period and that there was a medieval feudal society during the Three Kingdoms period . Lee Ji - rin ’ s Research on Gojoseon represents this perception system of ancient history. The history circles of North Korea right after Liberation were led by Baek Nam - woon , Lee Cheong - won , and Do Yu - ho that used to Marxist historians during the colonial days . After the Korean War and the power struggle ( the sect event in August , 1956) inside North Korea , a shift took place in the generations of researchers . Newly emerging Kim Seok - hyeong and Park Si - hyeong established the system of ancient history and pre - modern history in North Korea , which led to the perception system of history that reinforced nationalistic historical studies based on socialist patriotism . This flow eventually evolved into historical studies that was thoroughly subjected to the state and power and offered a base for the emergence of full - blown Juche view of history .

FROM THE HISTORY OF THE KUBAN ARCHAEOLOGY (ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE FIRST RESEARCHERS MEOTIAN SETTLEMENTS OF THE KUBAN REGION)

The activity of the first post-revolutionary Kuban archaeologists focus on the study of monuments settlement type, was an important milestone in archaeology of the early iron age of North-West Caucasus. Begin systematic studies of ancient settlements of the Kuban region with the production of new for that time tasks in line with the new methodology. The article considers the initial stage of formation of the Kuban archaeology: 1920 – beginning of 1930-ies, highlights the most significant works of the pioneers of the Kuban archaeology (N.A. Zakharov, M.V. Pokrovsky) who discovered and first explored a now-famous archaeological monuments of the Kuban. Are little-known facts of a scientific biography of scientists. Noted that many features of the first studies of the characteristic paleoethnological school. Special attention has been paid to the study of mass archaeological material, particularly ceramics. It was in this period made the first attempts to link the settlement of the Kuban region early iron century Meotians ancient authors. The research was conducted within the framework of already existing scientific institutions (museums) and the newly formed on the basis of educational institutions, local history societies (LIETO) or local history groups. The most striking example of a local history circle, conducting active archaeological research of the archaeological monuments of the Kuban is the circle school No. 2 under the direction of M.V. Pokrovsky, which started its activities in the field of archeology N.V. Anfimov.

Elisée Reclus’ Latin Americanist Geography

Normally, Elisee Reclus is not thought of as a Latin Americanist geographer, given that the majority of his life was lived in Europe, and most of his geographical travels were in Europe and neighboring lands. Similarly, as a geographer, he is primarily known for his research and regional writing projects that are global in scope. In addition, if Reclus is remembered outside of geography’s circle of historians, it is for his political writings and commitments. Reclus has always had a place in the pantheon of anarchist and decentralist thinkers and activists, but his geographical work seems to undergo periodic rediscovery by new generations of geographers. As this paper demonstrates, we are in the midst of one of these revivals or rediscoveries. Unlike the generation of the 1930s, when figures such as Lewis Mumford and Carl Sauer were looking back to Reclus and others for their decentralist and regionalist inspirations, or during the 1960s when New Left geographers were excavating past legacies for serviceable guides to radical theory and praxis, today’s geographers as well as social theorists might find in Reclus both old and new ways of conceptualizing chorologies, ecologies, and politics. I think it is especially encouraging that Latin American geographers, especially the younger generation, have taken an historical turn, and begun to investigate the grounds of their own national and regional foundations. Of course, the roots and vitality of any local, regional, or national geographic tradition are those that are “home-grown” and locally generated and grounded. Thus, getting to know one’s precursors and those that have paved the way to the present is all to the good. But this is not to say that non-local or non-national geographic visitor, observer, and/or commentator has no agency or impact on a tradition, or in this case, the development of geographical thought and practice in a particular place. It is in this context that I would like to provide an overview of Elisee Reclus’ connections and contributions to Latin Americanist geography. To date, Reclus scholars have directed little attention toward Reclus’ travels in, and writings on, Latin America. Agreeably, this paper promises to make major advances in furthering our knowledge of Reclus as Latin Americanist geographer.

A Typeface Searching Technique Using Evaluation Functions for Shapes and Positions of Alphabets Used in Ancient Books for Image Searching

Various projects to digitize the document and book inventories around the world are proceeding recently. At the same time, utilizing the IT/ICT technologies for the paleographic works is becoming an interesting issue among the historical and academic circles especially in the Republic of Korea where both Chinese characters and native Korean alphabets have been used in their ancient articles. There are some subtle differences in the typefaces and Great Seals used in each dynasty or year depending on the writers or the popular writing style of the time. The typeface recognition technique proposed in this article includes an alphabet analysis DTW algorithm and an alphabet position analysis method to determine the periods and possible authors of old documents. The results of analysis showed that the former was more reliable compared to the latter.

LUKE FILDES'STHE DOCTOR, NARRATIVE PAINTING, AND THE SELFLESS PROFESSIONAL IDEAL

Since its introductionat the Royal Academy exhibition of 1891, Luke Fildes's paintingThe Doctorhas earned that often hyperbolic adjective “iconic.” Immediately hailed as “the picture of the year” (“The Royal Academy,” “The Doctor,” “Fine Arts”), it soon toured the nation as part of a travelling exhibition, in which it “attracted most attention” (“Liverpool Autumn Exhibition”) and so affected spectators that one was even struck dead on the spot (“Sudden Death”). Over the following decades it spawned a school of imitations, supposed companion pictures, poems, parodies, tableaux vivants, an early Edison film, and a mass-produced engraving that graced middle-class homes and doctors' offices in Britain and abroad for generations to come and was reputedly the highest-grossing issue ever for the prominent printmaking firm of Agnew & Sons (Dakers 265–66). When Fildes died in 1927 after a career spanning seven decades and marked by many commercial successes and even several royal portraits, hisTimesobituary nonetheless bore “The Doctor” as its sub-headline (“Sir Luke Fildes”) and sparked a lively discussion of the painting in the letters column for several issues thereafter (“Points From Letters” 2, 4, 5 Mar. 1927). Although the animus against things Victorian in the early twentieth century shadowedThe Doctorit never eclipsed it; by the middle of the century the painting was still being held up as the quasi-Platonic ideal of medical practice (“Bedside Manner,” “98.4”), gracing postage stamps, and serving ironically as the logo for both a celebration of Britain's National Health Service and a campaign against its equivalent in the United States. Appreciation of the painting in mid-century art historical circles was echoed in the popular press (“Victorian Art”), andThe Doctorwas singled out as a highlight of the reorganized Tate Gallery in 1957 (“Tate Gallery”), after which it settled into a sort of dowager status as a cornerstone of that eminent collection, where it is still in the regular rotation for public display. Since the mid-1990s it has been a recurring focus of discussion in both Medical Humanities journals and prominent medical professional organs such as theLancetand theBritish Medical Journal, where a steady stream of articles still cite it as a sort of prelapsarian benchmark for the role and demeanor of the ideal medical practitioner.

Aleksander Gieysztor and Gerard Labuda (For the 100th Anniversary of Two Great Historians’ birthdays 1919–2016)

Two Polish historians and friends, both born in 1916, were among the most eminent medievalists in Poland in the 20 th century. Their academic debut came in the years preceding the outbreak of WWII, while their careers progressed brilliantly in the years following the end of the war. For several decades, they marked their academic presence as the authors of great works, and they held the most prominent offices in academic life in Poland and in the international arena. They took an active part in the process of political transition, leading to Poland regaining full sovereignty in 1989, and they approved of its evolutionary mode. They were unquestionable moral authorities for scolarly circles and beacons in public activities. Aleksander Gieysztor died in 1999, followed eleven years later by Gerard Labuda (2010), who remained active until his last days. The 100th anniversary of their birthdays reminds historical circles, first and foremost, albeit not only, of Warsaw and Poznań, about their academic and public achievements.

Gavro Vučković Krajišnik – Making a Polemic Text Literary

This paper deals with some of Gavro Vuckovic Krajisnik’s oeuvre, a Serbian writer and cultural emissary of the second half of the 19th – century Bosnia and Herzegovina, who has been neglected by literary history circles. The literary value of his works vary, with his artistic climax being reached in his most significant and comprehensive book titled Robstvo u slobodi ili Ogledalo pravde u Bosni (Slavery in freedom or Mirror of justice in Bosnia) . Although conceived, to some extent, as a discussion with his political opponents, this work goes far beyond a polemic text or a pamphlet. The bulk of the book is written in a narrative discourse of uneven literary value, the narration itself, interrupted by occasional descriptive passages, runs on smoothly, intertwined with numerous details, digressions and pieces of information. In addition, it is also often lively, enriched with shades of the vernacular, which influenced the writer’s gift for unusual and innovative stylistic twists, skillful and convincing language, witticism, acid irony, descriptions and metaphors. Therefore, the book reveals an interesting and highly unusual literary figure, worthy of concern of literary history, especially within the context of Serbian literary tradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the mid-19th century.

Improvement of BDS ionospheric model during solar storms

BDS adopts Klobuchar model with 8 parameters in a geography reference frame to correct the single-frequency users ionospheric delay, refreshed by using real-time monitoring observation every 2 h. Solar storm may cause serious ionosphere agitation, and it may degrade the model prediction accuracy. Considering the characteristic of BDS model parameters, this paper makes analysis on the model correction accuracy influence by the period items (beta), and designs a new calculating strategy to make resolution to the ionospheric model parameters based on the history circle parameters. Firstly, the 8 model parameters are consolidated solved by using 24 h observation of the day before. Secondly, the cosine circle items (beta) are fixed to the value calculated before, and the amplitude items (alpha) are calculated by using cumulate data of that day with least-squares method. The ionospheric model prediction accuracy of BDS broadcasting parameters and new strategy is evaluated during solar storm, compared with both BDS observation and GIM from IGS. The analysis results indicate that, during solar storms, the model forecast accuracy of BDS is largely decreased by the influence of yesterday data. The average prediction percentage in China region reduces 40% during the ionospheric negative storm. The model prediction accuracy of new strategy is preserved both during the ionospheric positive and negative storm, and the average correction percentage is prior to 70%.

Spies in the Shadows: Intelligence and Secret Agents in the Novels of Christopher Koch

FROM THE DAYS OF THE COLD WAR, THE WORLD OF THE SPY HAS GENERATED AN EXTRAordinary level of imaginative interest as evidenced in literature and film. Widely various, examples range the sophisticated glamor and simplistic heroism of James Bond to the unresolved ethical intricacies of Graham Greene to the unrelenting negative realism of John Le Carre. Bruce Bennett, who has made invaluable contributions to this area of study, notes that Australian writers of spy fiction are comparatively few, despite the country's lengthy historical engagement in espionage (The Spying Game 4). Within this canon however, novelists strive to establish a genre that is distinct the spy thrillers over which, as Bennett notes, Britain effectively exerts the rights of ownership (4). Australian authors write from the outside (147). Christopher Koch has made significant contributions to Australian spy fiction. In The Year of Living Dangerously (1978), Highways to a War (1995), Out of Ireland (1999), and The Memory Room (2007) Koch extends the paradigms of doubleness and the twining of dualities that are recurrent across other aspects of his work. Where before this doubleness was revealed through the presence of Faery or what critics refer to as Otherland (Henricksen 62) within the mundane or in the double vision induced by postcolonialism, in spy fiction perpetual conflicts rage that are quite distinct those wrought by international politics. Not only are the identities of the spies doubled, realist perspectives are placed in contestation with the fantastical and heroic elements often associated with spy fiction. Similarly, espionage is a clandestine but routine and often monotonous activity that simultaneously evokes something primal in the human psyche. Most often, these instincts are precisely the opposite of what is required. They take the form of a desire for power, a longing for the truth or for various forms of secret knowledge, irate paranoia, or simply an over-stimulation of the imagination. Koch uses these conjunctions of opposites to examine the allure wielded by espionage and its premises and to counterbalance its manifestations. This paper tracks the progress of this examination through various characterizations and plot events. In nearly all cases, the allure generated by espionage, which often rises from, but is not limited to, images of the kind associated with popular culture, is more destructive than the machinations of actual espionage. Yet the two worlds remain simultaneously mutually exclusive and inextricably twined. Koch's work, it is continually emphasized that the examination of espionage is the examination of doubleness. Koch thereby offers a layered approach largely unexamined by many British writers in this field and one that is fitting for an Australian author not displacing the writing of an ancestral country but crisscrossing and doubling the spy genres of Britain with alternate perspectives. TheThe Year of Living Dangerously explores the ethics of various forms of information gathering including the various forays of professional journalists and the efforts of one idiosyncratic individual to keep detailed, ever-expanding files on the personal lives of others. However, only one professional spy is prominent in the novel. The novel is set in Indonesia during one of the most turbulent periods in the country's history. The coup in 1965 was mounted by the leaders of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI), who at the time controlled the largest communist organization in any non-communist state (Hindley 237), in order to displace President Sukarno. However, the future president, Suharto, led the military to rout the coup. The coup was then transformed into a conservative counter-coup and, in the following six months, half a million leftists, real or imagined, were slaughtered by the military and local gangs (Gee). In historical circles, speculation swirls around a secret consignment of arms that was allegedly dispatched China to the PKI in Jakarta. …

Why was Copernicus a Copernican?

Here is an outstanding intellectual scandal in the history of science: there is no generally agreed and historically respectable answer to the question of why Nicholas Copernicus adopted heliocentrism. In the first section of his new book, Robert S. Westman develops a new and radical answer. Before The Copernican Question, there were two main proposals to motivate Copernicus’s adoption of heliocentrism. The first, due to Noel Swerdlow, located Copernicus’s motivation in the solution to a technical problem in Ptolemaic astronomy (Swerdlow 1973). The second, due to Bernard Goldstein, located Copernicus’s motivation in the solution to a technical problem in cosmology (Goldstein 2002). Neither of these suggestions attracted much attention outside the small circle of historians of astronomy. Combining all these accounts may give the best answer; however, Westman’s suggestion deserves special notice for explaining not just the content but also the