Historical Boundaries Research Articles

Friedrich Nietzsche as a Hero of Pathographies Written on the Territory of Russian Empire

At the beginning of the twentieth century, when psychoanalysis was just emerging and the tradition of writing psychoanalytic biographies (psychobiographies) did not yet exist, the genre of pathography was widespread among psychiatrists, who considered the life of a prominent figure through the prism of his or her disease. One of the heroes of the number of pathological investigations was Friedrich Nietzsche, whose figure and philosophical views instigated wide interest. This tendency was manifested among the psychiatrists working in the Russian Empire, including the territory of contemporary Ukraine. The analysis of Nietzsche’s illness and creativity, proposed by a psychiatrist from Odessa Ivan Khmelevskyi, helps to clarify the historical boundaries between the pathography and psychobiography. The current article for the first time attempts to reproduce the basic data on the life and research activities of this now almost forgotten psychiatrist. The specificity of I. Khmelevskyi’s views on F. Nietzsche becomes more obvious due to the consideration of the position of Vladimir Chyzh, another Russian psychiatrist who was also interested in the figure and ideas of the German philosopher. It is shown that the pathographies of F. Nietzsche, proposed by I. Khmelevskyi and V. Chyzh, reflected both some features of the development of the genre and general trends in understanding of Nietzsche’s figure and teachings within the Russian context. It is shown that V. Chyzh and I. Khmelevskyi, like many scientists of their time, shared some ideas about evolution and degeneration, which are now considered outdated. At the same time, it has been shown that both psychiatrists confronted with the philosophy and figure of F. Nietzsche were forced to limit the explanatory ambitions of psychiatry and avoid the usual for pathographers of that time tendency to consider genius as a pathology. It is also noted that the fact of Nietzsche’s illness, if not overemphasized, can be accepted to the philosophical discourse of the present time.

A CRITICISM OF CULTURALISM FROM A SOCIALIST PERSPECTIVE: A COMPARISON OF SAMIR AMIN AND NİYAZİ BERKES

Culturalism is an approach that interprets civilizations within the religious, historical, and traditional boundaries. In this approach, it is argued that the cultural accumulations that emerged from and developed in the West are, in principle, unique to the Western civilization, and it is suggested that peripheral countries return to their own cultures in the face of imperialism. However, throughout history, civilizations have interacted with each other independently of religious and cultural boundaries and have created common cultural accumulations. Secularism, democracy, rule of law, and human rights are some of the clearest examples of these universal values of civilization. Moreover, culturalist criticism tends to overlook the capitalism and the economic-class contradictions between the center-periphery countries and bases its argument on the assumption that the main contradiction is about culture and religion. Therefore, although culturalist theories claim to oppose imperialism, they eventually reconciled with imperialism. This was proved by the failure of modernization and socialism in Asia and Africa starting from the 20th century. The importance of Samir Amin and NiyaziBerkes lies in that they made the first and most comprehensive criticisms of the culturalist approach in social sciences. Another reason for examining their views together in this study was that both of them, from Egypt and Turkey, are known to be the modernization theorists of the peripheral countries. Amin and Berkes defined the concept of civilization without referring to the religious and cultural boundaries. This is the most obvious common feature in their modernization approaches. The point where they differ is that Samir Amin draws attention to the real contradiction between the central and peripheral countries and thinks that this contradiction is about the capitalist world system. On the other hand, like Amin, NiyaziBerkes also criticizes the reconciliation of tradition and modernity, but does not dwell on the variables such as capitalism and capitalist world system. The purpose of this study is to keep the criticisms of the culturalist approach alive based on the theoretical approaches of Samir Amin and NiyaziBerkes. Keywords: Turkish sociology, Socialism, Modernization, Imperialism, Culturalism, Historical Materialism, Capitalist World System

Demarcation Technique and Geometric Analysis of Village Boundaries Resulting from Delineation of Land Areas (ujazd) in the Middle Ages in the Wielkopolska Region (Poland)

The paper presents the genesis of village borders’ shape formed in the Middle Ages and presents rules according to which demarcations were made. The hypothesis that the borders formed in the Middle Ages had a shape similar to a circle or segment of a circle was accepted. This hypothesis was confirmed by geometric analysis of borders from that period. Geometric elements of the boundaries were calculated: types of arcs, their radii, lengths and central angles. The center of the newly granted area was analyzed, as this location played a major role in the delineation of the boundary. Accuracy of measurements was determined and influence of errors on the presented results was analyzed. Wielkopolska was chosen as the research area because natural conditions had no influence on the shape of the borders. The starting materials were topographic maps in the scale of 1:25,000 (Messtischblätter) from the years 1887–1890. The research confirmed the hypothesis of a circular shape of borders formed in the Middle Ages in the studied area. In the original allocations, the area took the shape of a circle, which was a specific pattern for the villages to be founded. Later, as the settlement developed, the villages took on the shapes of circle segments. Considering the demarcation technique, the accuracy of the boundary staking was high. The deviation from a perfect circle did not exceed approximately ± 60 m, and the length of the arc radius varied between 1500 and 2200 m. The historical village boundaries from medieval times, preserved to this day in their residual form, have a historic character due to their antiquity and should be protected.

HOW GEOGRAPHY AND ORGANIZATIONAL EXPLANATION OF DEVELOPMENT ARE MUCH MORE INTERLINKED THAN IT SEEMS - EVALUATION FROM PERSPECTIVE OF HISTORICAL EVIDENCE

The foundational discovery of inversion in wealth disparity among territories that Europeans seized as their imperial power by Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (AJR) is used in this study to assess growth theories in the context of past data. Using the AJR inversion of fortune concept as a reference point, we attempt to discover which greater deters in the non-European universe in the pre-colonial historical past have converted themselves into impoverished communities in contemporary correlation, although some of the poorest areas in the pre-1500 specified timeframe are now considered one of the most developed markets of currently. Our findings show that, while theoretically and empirically proof in the research points to organizational explanations for differences in long production developments, historical and ethnic boundaries must be considered to get a full picture of how various organizational structures have progressed in various locations over time.

Urban population characteristics and their correlation with historic discriminatory housing practices

Racial discrimination by housing and lending institutions occurs worldwide. In the United States, it was legal and widely practiced well into the 1960s and has persisted in varying forms since. The Home Owner's Loan Corporation (HOLC) was one of many institutions engaging in racially discriminatory practices and created neighborhood appraisal maps in the 1930s based in part on race, ethnicity, and economic class of a neighborhood's residents. Using these HOLC neighborhood boundaries, we compared 12 present day population characteristics including health, employment, education, and income measures in each of the four HOLC neighborhood ratings across 14 U.S. cities. We used population-weighted logistic regression for paired data comparison and unsupervised learning techniques to uncover the consistency between HOLC evaluations and today's socio-economic and health outcomes. While existing literature focuses on case studies of particular cities and outcomes, we took a broad view and found consistent relationships over our study's cities and variables with few exceptions. Though there are many factors that contribute to continued inequality in a particular area, this study demonstrates that socio-economic and health inequality measured across numerous indicators continues to align with historic discriminatory housing boundaries.

Методика картографування об’єктів історико-культурної спадщини засобами ГІС-технологій з використанням архівних картографічних та аероматеріалів

Aim. The purpose of the work is to process archival cartographic materials and remote sensing data for the interpretation of objects of historical and cultural heritage (OHCH) of Cherkasy, including those that have not been preserved. Method. One of the possible technological schemes for research is offered. According to her, the first step was to analyze the input data of the study, among which were: a map of Cherkasy in 1895 at a scale of 1:42000; German aerial image of 1944; a fragment of a space image of Cherkasy obtained from the GeoEye-1 satellite in 2018. Geometric correction of the input materials was performed in the Mercator projection and the WGS84 coordinate system, in which the transformed image was obtained. The next step was to vectorize the objects of historical and cultural heritage of Cherkasy, according to the list obtained on the city’s website. There are two types of objects: point and polygonal. When vectorizing polygonal objects, the historical boundaries were specified with the help of archival maps and aerial images. Special symbols have been developed for each of the types of historical and cultural heritage sites, according to the proposed classification. In addition, an attributive database of these objects was created, which had the following structure: number of the passport of object, the name of the object, the address of the OHCH, the number of the decision to take under protection, information about the OHCH. Also, the obtained vector data was exported to the exchange format with the extension kmz and an online version of the thematic map was created on the basis of the free GISFile resource. Results. As a result of the conducted researches, the thematic GIS of the objects of historical and cultural heritage of Cherkasy was created, which are plotted on the space image of high spatial resolution, obtained in 2018. An on-line version of the GIS of Cherkasy historical and cultural heritage sites has been created on the basis of the free GISFile cartographic service, with the possibility of analyzing the location of these objects and building optimal tourist routes. Scientific novelty. Possible algorithms for creating offline and on-line versions of thematic GIS are proposed. Practical value. The obtained results of mapping the objects of historical and cultural heritage of Cherkasy can be used by the structures of protection of objects of historical and cultural heritage of Cherkasy at the Ministry of Culture.

Vaccine Clinical Trials and Data Infrastructure

We find ourselves at a momentous turn in the history of vaccines. The COVID-19 pandemic triggered a quasi-global vaccine race that not only compressed vaccine research and development (R&D) timelines, but also paved the way for the administration of a new type of vaccine technology – mRNA vaccines, which work in substantially different ways from the vaccines in use before the pandemic. While the process of bringing emerging COVID-19 vaccines to market has taken place in an unusually short timeframe, it was largely predicated on the same scientific and regulatory processes that govern the development, approval and deployment of new vaccines. For decades, these processes have encompassed several phases of vaccine testing – first without and subsequently with the involvement of human subjects – followed by an analysis of the emerging data. This Essay reflects on the evolution and status quo of the ways in which these data are gathered and disseminated within the context of the development of new vaccines. It treats information stemming from clinical trials as the initial building blocks of our vaccine data infrastructure, and surveys problems related to data collection and disclosure that have long been pervasive in the vaccine R&D ecosystem.Part I of the Essay situates the discussion of vaccine clinical trial data within historical boundaries. Part I.A travels back in time to the polio vaccine trials of the 1950s in the United States, which were one of the main catalysts of the adoption of the clinical trial structure now in place throughout the world. Part I.B then charts the formalization of the modern vaccine clinical trial model through legislation adopted between the polio and the COVID-19 vaccine races.Even though this formalization has resulted in a seemingly robust legal framework, there remain multiple problems that affect both the ways in which vaccine clinical trial data is actually generated and then utilized. Using examples from both past vaccine clinical trials and the COVID-19 vaccine race, Part II.A focuses on data collection issues, with an emphasis on the under-representation of minority populations in vaccine clinical trials. Part II.B then considers how imperfectly generated data meet further roadblocks in the form of delayed reporting or lack of reporting of clinical trial results, as well as restrictions to data sharing often attributable to agency interpretations of trade secrecy provisions that have long been disputed by several legal scholars. These problems affect both the transparency and accountability of vaccine innovation processes, and pose significant hurdles to follow-on R&D. Moreover, and relatedly, they can impair public trust on vaccine innovation processes at a time in which vaccine misinformation is quickly eroding overall levels of trust in vaccination as a public health tool. Part III concludes the Essay by pointing towards emerging ways to enrich the existing vaccine clinical trial data infrastructure. Specifically, it provides a short case study on the COVID-19 data sharing policy implemented in the European Union by its counterpart to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicines Agency. This ad hoc policy quickly expanded the disclosure of information about emerging COVID-19 drugs and vaccines in response to mounting pressure for more transparency about the drug and vaccine approval process. As such, it may be used as a blueprint by regulators elsewhere, as well as by proponents of a more robust system for the disclosure and sharing of clinical trial data.

A multimillennial snow water equivalent reconstruction from giant sequoia tree rings

The first dendroclimatic reconstruction of May 1 snow water equivalent (SWE) was developed from a Sequoiadendron giganteum regional tree-ring chronology network of 23 sites in central California for the period 90–2012 CE. The reconstruction is based on a significant relationship between May 1 SWE and tree-ring growth and shows climate variability from interannual to intercentennial time scales. A regression-based reconstruction equation explains up to 55% of the variance of SWE for 1940–2012. Split-sample validation supports our use of a reconstruction model based on the full period of reliable observational data (1940–2012). Thresholds for May 1 SWE low (15 percentile) and high (80 percentile) years were selected based on the exploratory scatterplots relationship between observed and reconstructed data for the period 1940–2012. The longest period of consecutive low-SWE years in the reconstruction is 2 years and the frequency of the lowest SWE years is highest during the period 710–809 CE. The longest high-SWE period, defined by consecutive wet years, is 3 years (558–560 CE). SWE and its reconstruction positively correlate with northeastern Pacific sea surface temperatures, the low-frequency variability of which may provide some predictive ability. Ultimately, the instrumental record and reconstruction suggest that unlike other sites in the region, twentieth century SWE variability in these Sequoia groves has remained within historical boundaries and relatively buffered from extremes and severe declines, though this is likely to change in coming decades with potentially negative effects on water availability for these trees.

ПРОБЛЕМИ ВІДВЕДЕННЯ ЗЕМЕЛЬ ПРИКОРДОННОЇ СМУГИ УКРАЇНИ

As per today, according to the State Geocadastre, Ukraine border strip lands are not allocated, which creates a problemfor location of the Ukraine State Border Guard Service objects. For the purpose of settlement legal status of Ukraine borderstrip landsand land disputes between land users of adjacent areas in 2021 year, procedure for entering information on landplots of the State Border Guard Service into the State Land Cadaster has started.Allocation of State Border Guard Service lands, entering information of them into the State Land Cadaster often becomesimpossible for a number of reasons.Based on the published scientific works on the legal status of the Ukraine border, the authors focus exclusively on certainborder lines, its clarification andrestoration border in accordance with historical boundaries[1]. The issue of regulating thelegal status of Ukraine State Border Guard Service lands is not sufficiently covered in modern literature.Based on the analysis of the current state of the legalstatus of the Ukraine border strip lands and adjacent lands, it isnecessary to systematize the problems that hinder the allocation of Ukraine State Border Guard Service lands and proposemethods to solve them.In order to bring the lands of Ukraine StateBorder Guard Service into military conformity, it is necessary to urgentlywithdraw such lands for permanent use. Accordingly, it is necessary to analyze the obstacles to the allocation of lands of theborder service and ways to solve them as soon as possible.An analysis of the problems that hinder the allocation of Ukraine State Border Guard Service lands. Typical examples ofincorrectly registered land plots bordering the border strip and hindering its diversion are given. Therefore, at the initialstageof land management works on the allocation of border strips, it is necessary to perform a detailed analysis of the territoryofthe allotment for the presence of the above factors that may cause difficulties in registering land. If such problems are identified,executors should inform the relevant services in order to promptly obtain the consent documents.Analysis of the division of the Public Cadastral Map into zones and quarters shows its inconsistency with the actualboundaries of Ukraine territory,which requires urgent correction. It is proposed to authorize certified land surveyors to makechanges to the State Land Cadastre independently in order to more effectively and quickly resolve the correction of the situationof plots that have been incorrectly registered.

A Familiar Crossroads: McGirt v. Oklahoma and the Future of the Federal Indian Law Canon

Federal Indian law forms part of the bedrock of American jurisprudence. Indeed, critical parts of the pre-civil war constitutional canon were defined in federal Indian law cases that simultaneously provided legal justification for American westward expansion onto unceded Indian lands. As a result, federal Indian law makes up an inextricable part of American rule of law. Despite its importance, federal Indian law follows a long and circuitous road that requires “wander[ing] the maze of Indian statutes and case law tracing back [over] 100 years.” That road has long oscillated between two poles, with the Supreme Court sometimes applying foundational principles that view tribes as sovereigns “retaining all their original natural rights,” and at other times treating tribes as mere “wards subject to a [self-imposed] guardian.” Supreme Court respect for tribal sovereignty and self-determination reached its zenith in the so-called “modern era” of federal Indian law, spanning from 1959 through the late 1970s. During this era, the Court tended to adhere to federal Indian jurisprudence and solidified a relatively coherent doctrine based upon the foundational principles developed in the 1830s. The late Dean David Getches described the modern era as a time that “encouraged a reinvigoration of tribal governments throughout the country. During this period, tribes gained political influence and economic security as [the federal government] generally promoted a policy of tribal self-determination.” The Court turned away from its foundational Indian law principles with the onset of the 1980s and the departure intensified as Chief Justice William Rehnquist was appointed chief justice in 1986. Since then, the touchstone of the Supreme Court’s federal Indian jurisprudence has been to employ a “subjectivist” approach whereby it “gauges tribal sovereignty as a function of changing conditions”—demographic, social, political, and economic—and the expectations of non-Indians that may be potentially by the exercise of tribal power. As a result, the Supreme Court became a strikingly hostile place for American Indian tribes as the Court became increasingly willing to divest tribes of governmental powers, not by upholding the enactments of Congress, but through its own interpretation of what tribal inherent governmental rights ought to be. The appointment of Justice Sonia Sotomayor and, more recently, Justice Neil Gorsuch seems to have brought change to the Court’s direction in Indian law cases. Since then, cases have been consistently decided in favor of tribal litigants by reaffirming treaty rights through the application of foundational principles that focus on the plain language of treaties and the application of the Indian canons of construction. However, to be sure, even the Rehnquist Court did “recite[] and sometimes act[] upon foundation principles,” but those cases were limited to situations where “non-Indian interests [were] not seriously threatened.” All of Indian Country waited for, or perhaps dreaded, a true litmus test. That test came to the Supreme Court in the form of two Indian law cases—Sharp v. Murphy and McGirt v. Oklahoma—both of which were framed by non-Indian parties to affect the interests of an estimated 1.8 million people in eastern half Oklahoma. Ready or not, Indian Country found its test case, which squarely placed the Court’s competing jurisprudential philosophies— its foundation principles versus its “subjectivist” approach—on a collision course. In a powerful and uncharacteristically passionate decision, Justice Gorsuch wrote for a 5-4 majority, upholding treaty-based rights to re-recognize the historic reservation boundaries of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation, the fourth largest Indigenous nation in the United States. The decision was the fourth consecutive treaty-rights victory and seemed to solidify a shift toward a consistent approach rooted in foundational principles. The victory was short-lived. Just weeks after the Court’s decision in McGirt, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg passed away, once again shifting the make-up of the United States Supreme Court. As a result, Federal Indian law once again finds itself at a crossroads. The Murphy and McGirt decisions are landmark decisions that bring change to the legal landscape of much of Oklahoma. It remains to be seen whether the perceived new Supreme Court era in Indian law is here to stay.

The Influence of New Annex's Development on Historic Urban Spaces; an Example of Louver Museum Square

With the emergence of modernism, the main objective of promotion and protection of the historical urban areas according to the existing historic context, new context had presented a disaster through the modern years. The notion of development and protection has prepared the necessity to make a connection between the historical usages of space and provide a new annex usage. This study will focus on the new usages of historical spaces for the purpose of designing the new annex constructions. The main objective of the present study is to explore what occurs in historic space when annex extension is outdistancing historical boundaries? For this aim, the study will measure the Louver Museum square as the case study. The methodology of the present research is situated on a qualitative method regarding the literature review and available maps and photography analysis.

Факторы, влияющие на разнообразие лишайников в усадебных парках Псковской области

The article describes the results of studies of the factors affecting lichen diversity in 46 manor parks of the region of Pskov. The investigated parks were founded in the end of XVIII – beginning of XX centuries. Twenty of them are fragmented and currently occupy less than 5 ha, the area of nine parks varies from 5 to 10 ha, those preserved within historical boundaries cover from 11 to 100 ha. Manor parks are situated both within the settlements’ boundaries (31 parks) and outside the settlements either bordering forest (12) or agricultural lands (3). Ten of the former border the forests. During the study 166 lichen species were identified. Statistical methods were performed to investigate the factors affecting lichen diversity in manor parks. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the dependence of the lichens species number on the park age/date of park creation (dispersion pattern), area of the parks (box plot), substrata diversity (dispersion pattern), and the dependence of the epiphytic lichens species number on tree and shrub species diversity (dispersion pattern). With the biserial correlation coefficient the impact of the settlement and the presence of the surrounding natural forests was calculated. Correlation analysis was performed to demonstrate the colligation between lichen species composition of the parks located in different subzones of forest zone in the region of Pskov. Our findings show that the number of lichen species depends on the park area (p = 0,0315), the variety of substrate types (p ˂ 0,001), and the variety of trees and bushes planted (p ˂ 0,001). The date of park creation and the presence of the surrounding natural forests do not influence the species diversity of lichens. We reveal that the location of the parks in a specific subzone of forest zone (southern taiga and mixed coniferous-broad-leaved forest) has no significant effect on the lichen species composition. The species richness of lichens tends to decrease in parks located within the settlements. The data obtained indicate not only the similarity of the species composition of lichens in the studied communities, but also the long-term development of lichen park communities in comparable climatic and landscape conditions.

Caucasian Albania and the “Gates” in the Caucasus: Caspian, Albanian and Alanian

The article dedicated to the Caspian, Albanian and Alanian "gates" in the Caucasus continues the series of publications by the authors on the topic of the historical onomastics of Caucasian Albania. The focus is on the problem of mixing the names of the Caucasian "gates" - the most important mountain passes on the main routes of movement in antiquity, due to the common origin of the names Aluan and Alan from the old root *’äle- meaning“king, prince, lord”. This problem, typical for sources of various origins - Greco-Roman, Armenian, Arab-Persian and others - is solved on the basis of these sources themselves, including using data from the Albanian palimpsest, in which the word alye is directly recorded in the meaning of ‘senior; ruler'. An equally important task is the closely related interpretation of the contexts of reference and the possible localization of the "gates" in the Caucasus. The analysis of the sources made it possible to clarify some of the prevailing views on the locations of mountain passes, to provide additional source study and linguistic arguments to confirm the change in specific localizations during the time of fixing the names of the "gates" in historical writings. Caucasian etymologies have been developed for the words "Chor" and "Caspian". The use of the entire set of data, including the names of the dominant mountains with the etymologically the same word in phrases, shows the productivity of this model for constructing geographical names and determines the historical boundaries of the distribution of the languages of the North Caucasian language family.

Novelty, Ignorance and the Unknown: Uncertain Science and the Frontiers of Science Doctrine

This paper examines the historical boundaries of relying upon risk assessment as the bedrock of environmental law. It does so by revisiting a number of historical environmental and public health cases that illustrate the ebbs and flows of judicial and regulatory insights into uncertain science. The paper concludes that the current approach to dealing with scientific uncertainty and doubt based on risk and quantification in environmental law is flawed. A fresh look at the frontiers of science doctrine which developed the link between, novelty, uncertain science and ignorance requires fresh appraisal. Without this key doctrine in place neither a precautionary approach nor the EU’s precautionary principle can function as a driver for key environmental protection.

Изучение тюркоязычного населения юга Западной Сибири сотрудниками Научно-исследовательского института художественной промышленности (НИИХП) в 1950-1970-е годы

In the 1940s-1970s, the ethnographic study of the territory of the modern Republic of Altai was conducted by both ethnographers and representatives of the neighboring sciences. During this period the population of the Altai Mountains became the object of field research of art historians and specialists from the Research Institute of Art Industry (hereinafter referred to as NIIHP). The publication aims to show the contribution of the staff of the Art Industry Research Institute to the study of the Turkic-speaking population of the south of Western Siberia within the historical boundaries of Altai Krai. The publication aims to reveal the routes and results of expeditions on the territory of the Altai Republic to study arts and crafts and decorative-applied art of the indigenous population of the Altai Mountains. The main source base for the research is the archival funds of the Scientific Research Institute of Arts and Crafts, most of which have remained in the All-Russian Museum of Decorative-Applied and Folk Art (hereinafter referred to as VNIIHP). The basis is formed by the reports on scientific topics and business trips, as well as visual sources (sketches, photographs, drawings of artists). The source base created by the staff of the NIIHP is not only varied but also of very high quality due to the high professionalism of the staff artists and photographers of the Institute who participated in the expeditions. The territory of the modern Republic of Altai was covered by the fieldwork of 4 expeditions in the 1950s (1951, 1954, 1955) and one in 1979. The initial interest of the researchers in studying this territory was in the culture of the Turkic-speaking population, Turkic traditions of carpet-weaving, and ornamentation. The main objects of research were the architecture of houses, domestic utensils, clothes, shoes, as well as ornaments, and weaving items. The field expeditionary activity of NIIHP is very important for the study of ethnography of the Turkicspeaking peoples in the south of Western Siberia and opens great potential for its further research in different fields of ethnographic science. The expeditions resulted in the collection of a considerable amount of illustrative material, not introduced into scientific circulation and not analyzed from the standpoint of ethnography Expeditions included the acquisition of exhibits for the Museum of Folk Art of the NIIHP, including those of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the south of Western Siberia, which can be used for research on various topics. Also of interest for researchers are the materials of analytical reports of the NIIHP staff, which can be used for comparison of the results and further analysis.

HISTORICAL MEASURES AND PHILOSOPHICAL FEATURES OF BRITISH POST-POSTOMODERNISM: OUTLINING THE CONCEPT OF «CONNECTEDNESS»

In the paper, the author states that in the UK the emergence of theoretical compendia that represent and simultaneously revise the literary landscape of this country (as well as the United States), determines the necessity to outline the boundaries of the period, which in these works is defined as post-postmodernism. The latter concept has no clear theoretical explication and is discussed in the form of literary directions (altermodernism, digimodernism, metamodernism) that define new aesthetic and philosophical grounds that differ from postmodernism. In the paper, the author substantiates the historical boundaries of post-postmodernism, in particular emphasizing the factors that led to the formation of a new literary paradigm after 2000s. The ideas of British theorists on «realisms» in contemporary British literature have been developed with the emphasis on the presentation of new worldview models and identities in the contemporary British novels. A review of «The Routledge Companion to Twenty-First Century Literary Fiction» (edited by D. O’Gorman and R. Eaglestone) is represented, which gives a condensed view of the aesthetic and philosophical pursuits of the contemporary British novel. The transformation of the archetype of Home in the paradigm of the contemporary (postpostmodern) novel has been spotlighted. Attention is drawn to explaining the representation of «one’s own» and «another’s» («alien») concepts, which reconstructs the traditional idea of Home as a space of protection and security. The transcultural processes inherent in the British novel have been discussed. The new character of the worldview (based on the materials of the novels by D. Mitchell and M. Haddon) has been outlined, which gives reason to speak abouta special postpostmodern way of observing the reality and provide its interpretations. The outline of the corpus of epistemological problems in the contemporary British novel actualizes the experience of philosophy of I. Kant, which is emphasized primarily by British theorists, referring in their own interpretative models to this tradition of German classical philosophy, which becomes important for the post-postmodern novels since 2000s.

Neuroscientific Connections Between Self-Management Strategies and the Exposure to Music

"Contemporary society shows a growing preoccupation with identifying certain techniques, that facilitate personal development in all fields, with strategies that work swiftly and effectively. The article focuses on two scientifically concepts stemming from opposing historical boundaries, catharsis and self-management, in order to support the theory that would justify the necessity of integrating art into people’s lives as an essential part of self-development processes. The arguments are gathered from the neuroscientific, cognitive-motivational, sociological, philosophical, and musicological literature. Keywords: management, art, language, methodologies, cognition, music therapy. "

DEFENSE BUILDINGS OF BERNARDIN’S ORDER MONASTERIES OF WESTERN UKRAINE IN XVII-XVIII CENTURIES

Reliable fortifications were the key to the stable functioning of the castle, city or monastery on the territory of Western Ukraine in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Monastic complexes dominated actively in the space of settlements or landscape. Bernardin Order monasteries were one of the most numerous among the orders of the Western rite. Nowadays there often arises the question of determining the historical boundaries of objects and the original architectural and compositional integrity of monastic complexes during the development of urban planning documentation and restoration projects. Bernardin Order monasteries were actively studied by Ukrainian and Polish scientists, such as V. Vuytsyk, O. Boyko, I. Somochkin, A. Bethley, M. Kurzey, E. Kvetsinska. Research focuses mostly on the sacred elements of the complexes and describes the historical and architectural aspects of the monuments. The fortifications were partially inspected or not mentioned at all. The purpose of the article is to collect, systematize and reveal new facts of functioning and formation history of the defensive structures of Bernardine Order monasteries in Western Ukraine. Also the the purpose is to determine the location, dimensions, architectural and planning features of the fortifications of monasteries. In the studied period, we can identify about 50 defense complexes of various orders of the Western Rite, located in or outside the downtown. Bernardine Order monasteries are among the most common and are represented in in Berezhany, Husiatyn, Dubno, Zbarazh, Izyaslav, Lviv, Leshniv, Sokal and Khrystynopil. The Order of Bernardines is a branch of the Franciscan order, which was formed in the XII century. The Order of Bernardines appeared in the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Western Ukraine in the middle of the 15th century. As a result of the study of nine monasteries of the Bernardine Order, it was found that the architecture of the Order is clearly traced in the construction of its own fortifications. The article identifies the influence of the urban planning factor on the configuration and dimensions of the defense lines of objects. The Bernardines owned some of the most powerful defensive monasteries in Western Ukraine: in Sokal, Izyaslav and Lviv. The monasteries of this order were mostly located in downtown. Three of them, namely in Berezhany, Dubno, Leshniv, were located in the corners of downtown near the gates. The monasteries in Lviv, Husiatyn and Khrystynopil, which were blocked to the corner of the city defensive walls from the outside allocated to a separate type. Monastery in Zbarazh was located in the middle of the defense line near the gate and had its own defense walls. At this stage, the study revealed one defensive monastery church - in Leshnev. The monasteries in Dubno and Brzezany were defended by powerful city fortifications. The fortifications of the monasteries in Lviv and Sokal should be singled out. The monastery in Lviv, due to the status of the city and responsibility, was committed to active defense, which explains the presence of a three-tiered tower, strong walls with a loophole and a ravelin at the entrance. The monastery in Sokal was an outpost of the territory and a powerful center of pilgrimage that resulted into its economical wealth. It was found that the Bernardine complexes used mostly newer forms of protection - bastions and ramparts.

Theories of socio-economic ecosystems: patterns and development trends

The genesis of integration processes at the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of modern activities of business entities indicates the presence of conceptually new levels of development based on the active use of resource potential, intellectual capital and digital transformation. Practice shows that instability in certain markets affects the complementary segments of the socioeconomic space and necessitates the search for ways of interaction that allow them to function as a single “organism” to achieve a synergistic effect and aggregate strengthening of resistance to external determinants. The social and economic ecosystem is a peculiar structure of synergistic interaction between the authorities, business, technological leaders and socio-economic subjects of the region. In the conditions of uneven development of territories, it becomes necessary in the process of making management decisions to rely on the existing communities of economic agents based on the system theory. The use of the theory of socio-economic ecosystems contributes to the elimination of disparate management processes, the achievement of strategic goals of the socio-economic development of the region. Within the framework of the systematic approach, trends and patterns of development of socio-economic ecosystems are presented. The main tasks of a socio-economic ecosystem are to implement best practices to meet the daily needs of the elements of this ecosystem. Since the ecosystem is located in time and space, then it has historical, geographic, ethnic, political and economic boundaries. In our study, we will rely on the economic and territorial boundaries of the ecosystem

In Search of the Lands of Rus’: The Idea of Ukraine in the Imagination of the Little Russian Movement (1917–1919)

AbstractThe article explores the idea of Ukraine in the imagination of the Little Russian politicians during the revolutionary period of 1917–1919. It chiefly focuses on figures of the Little Russian movement, such as Vasiliy Shulgin (1878–1976), Anatoliy Savenko (1874–1922), Andrey Storozhenko (1857–1926), Aleksandr Bilimovich (1876–1963), and others. This article explores the ideas of the Little Russians regarding the termUkraineand their views concerning the Ukrainian people and its ethnographic and historical boundaries. It argues that Ukraine and Ukrainians were perceived as a Little Russia, Southern Russia, Southern Rus’, and Little Russians accordingly. By their assessment, Ukraine had not included the Taurida (the New Russia region) and the Crimea, but had included Eastern Galicia and Volhynia.