Historical Borders Research Articles

Fundamental British Values

In 2014, the United Kingdom Coalition Government, after the now infamous Trojan Horse incident, insisted that all children learn Fundamental British Values. Cameron, as Prime Minister, argued that such values, coupled with “muscular liberalism” would “challenge extremist ideology, exposing it for the lie that it is.” This article exists at the place of the apostrophe—as the scare mark (‘ ’) becomes an enclosure, enclosing a manufactured possession. “Is Britishness just a made up concept? Who determines what is or is not fundamental? I want to problematize what they include and exclude in their concept of “British Values.” What is this “British” they talk about and why do they feel a need for this “Britain” to exist? Within the enclosures provided by ‘ten scare marks’, I present research into historical and contemporary formulations of Britishness taken from academic texts, school textbooks, and websites. In addition, by invoking the work of Serres, Bhabba, and Billig, I seek to confront Cameron’s challenging discourse. Within this article, I do not though attempt to detail an authentic Britishness but rather from the outset argue that there is, and This analysis is disturbing. It disturbs my thoughts but also my personal history- it is troubling. never was any authenticity in this concept. What I seek to argue here is that their “British-ness” is nothing more than a portable, lean-to concept of violence. A “manufactured concept” (Nationalism and the origins of prejudice, International Journal of Historical Teaching, Learning and Research) which locates an inclusion but by default formulates an exclusion whose antecedents lie more in the government counter terrorists’ strategies than any substantial historical fact If it is manufactured where does this leave my schooling – which told me Britain was great? (Britishness from a linguistic perspective in school textbooks). The paper concludes by suggesting that their “Britain” is a rhetorical trope. It is itself a Trojan horse—which through flagging and banal nationalism (Banal nationalism) indoctrinates and radicalizes our children into an invented—pererted nationalism that the political elite employs to deal with a perceived/conceived/contrived threat of an internal other to our geographical, historical, and ideological borders.

Cartographic modelling of administrative divisions in the “Historical Atlas of Poland”

Abstract The author’s aim is to reflect on the cartographic modelling of historical borders based on the example of the series “Historical Atlas of Poland. Detailed maps of the 16th century” (HAP). HAP presents secular (state, palatinate, district) and religious borders (dioceses, archdeaconry, deanery, parish). The belonging of historic settlements to administrative units is determined on the basis of written sources. During work on the current volumes of HAP, the borders were reconstructed through their manual interpolation (the so-called linear model). Digital tools enable the automatic generation of administrative units based on settlements in point geometry (Thiessen polygons) or the use of modern divisions (precincts [obręby ewidencyjne]) as a reference to them (semi-automatic method). The article compares and assesses the three mentioned methods of determining historical borders and the possibilities of harmonizing them in relation to contemporary administrative divisions. The source material consisted of 18,357 settlements from the volumes of HAP published so far and 235 parishes for detailed analyses. Precincts were adopted as reference areas due to the possibilities of data harmonization.

Assessing the Imprint of the Long‐gone Hapsburg Empire's Border on the Romanian Students' Migration Intentions

AbstractThis article aims to identify if belonging to one side or another of the former Hapsburg Empire's border matters in relation to migration intentions. Based on a survey of 3,051 students enrolled at three Romanian universities, and using geo‐referencing, data mining tools, logistic regressions and prediction nomograms, we found that students who have their homes in different parts, depending on this historical border, manifest different sensitivity levels towards recognition of their own value and the poor quality of public institutions and services, as they have different perceptions concerning the role of individual freedom, parental role models, the work ethic and interpersonal trust. These differences further generate opposite migration intentions for the two sub‐samples. Therefore, students who have their homes in the former Empire's area have lower migration intentions than those outside it, despite their proximity to the western borders. The results suggest various economic and non‐economic determinants as important predictors of migration intentions.

Borders, Constituency Politics, and “Our Man” Voting in Electoral Geography of Ukraine

The electoral geography of Ukraine is predominantly based on compositional effect studies, which consider nationality, language, and foreign policy orientations as main cleavage lines in Ukrainian society. Alternatively, scholars admit statistical significance of the regional factor and often interpret it as a historically constituted political culture. Both approaches are based on census and state statistics data (most often at oblast (regional) level) and construct artificial regions for research purposes. We assume that such approaches neglect underlying territorial configurations of electoral behavior in Ukraine. The paper is based on data at polling stations level for 2002-2014 parliamentary elections. The thorough cartographic analysis was conducted to clarify in what cases phantom borders are manifested in electoral maps and to reveal other territorial configurations of electoral behavior in Ukraine. We found that historical borders influence is limited to voting for nationalists, communists, and parties which are perceived as pro-Russian, their manifestations are dependent on each elections context and parties’ electoral strategies, and they are complicated by the overlapping effects of the other factors of electoral behavior (including administrative borders). The paper reveals that constituency campaigning in single-member districts (SMD) can influence parties’ results at the national level PR vote and that scaling of “our man” voting is essential for parties’ electoral success and is used in electoral strategies. We also accentuate the role of administrative borders, local-national and regional-national alliances in electoral geography of Ukraine.

Do Political or Ethnic and Historical Borders Affect Values and Beliefs More? Some Evidence From Central Europe

The paper uses data from the World Values Survey on individuals in Hungary and its neighbouring countries to break down the estimated cross-country differences of individual beliefs into two effects: one explained by the difference in ethnicity or history and one explained by the difference in political community. The breakdown is made possible by the fact that parts of the Hungarian ethno-linguistic community can be found in all these countries. The results show that border effects are often amplified by the same ethnicity or history, that within-country differences in beliefs are often larger than cross-country differences, and that it is not the case that beliefs concerned with ‘economic questions’ are less influenced by history or ethnicity than others concerned with ‘deeper’ questions. These results, the paper argues, are in line with an alternative (Austrian) view of culture in economics that understands culture as a heterogeneous context of human actions.

Визначення історичних меж “Старого юдейського кладовища” у Львові за допомогою картографічного методу та інтерпретаційних можливостей архівних аерознімків

Визначення історичних меж “Старого юдейського кладовища” у Львові за допомогою картографічного методу та інтерпретаційних можливостей архівних аерознімків

Postcards from the Chihuahua Border: Revisiting a Pictorial Past, 1900s–1950s by Daniel D. Arreola

Reviewed by: Postcards from the Chihuahua Border: Revisiting a Pictorial Past, 1900s–1950s by Daniel D. Arreola Lauren Judge Postcards from the Chihuahua Border: Revisiting a Pictorial Past, 1900s–1950s. Daniel D. Arreola. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2019. Pp. xx+338, color illustrations and maps, notes, index. $45.00, hardcover, ISBN 978-0-8165-3995-6. The US-Mexico border as we know it today is an increasingly militarized and impermeable geographic boundary. As the current border wall becomes a more extremist reality, one fears for the environment and the cultures being erased in its path. Thankfully, scholars like Daniel D. Arreola are working to facilitate visual experiences that can bring light in a time of darkness. Postcards from the Chihuahua Border recreates a historical border landscape as it formed through economic cooperation, mutual respect, and inclusivity. Using his own postcard collection, which took twenty-five years to amass, Arreola recounts the past of three places (Ciudad Juárez, Ojinaga, and Palomas) located on the Chihuahua border, a region shared between Mexico, New Mexico, and Texas. The "Arreola Collection" includes 1,374 individual postcards about the Chihuahua border, with the majority featuring Ciudad Juárez. These postcards are more than simple illustrative accompaniments. They are primary sources that enable us to see the past as a visual evolution of the Chihuahua border from 1900 to the 1950s. The postcards also provide perspectives on the effects of three key events that helped shape the urban landscape after the international border was established in 1848, namely, the Mexican Revolution (1910–1920), US Prohibition, and the post–World War II economic boom. The book is organized into four parts. Part I establishes the author's purpose "to cast a new eye on an old subject and bring light to a way of seeing the border that has been overlooked" (3). The reader is introduced to the photographers involved in postcard production and their role in representing the border to America during significant events like the Mexican Revolution. Part II reveals more about Ciudad Juárez as a principal hub for cross-border relations. Over the course of six chapters, the author discusses how travel from and through El Paso helped shape Ciudad Juárez, as there were economic benefits from its promotion on both sides of the border. Border crossing and modes of transportation impacted the evolution of the streetscapes in the Mexican hub. Mobility was improved, rather than restricted, as two border cities embraced a future by building each other up through marketing, amenities, and [End Page 136] transit. "During this era, the two border cities may have been closer to complete interdependence than at any time in their nearly century-long relationship" (81). The author effectively portrays how powerful tourism was in building cross-border relationships in the first half of the twentieth century. Many of the postcards featured popular venues in Ciudad Juárez, as the city was the first taste of Mexico for many US visitors. The city's identity developed as visitors consumed its curios, bars, cafés, and cabarets, made even more popular during the time of US Prohibition. A briefer Part III explores Chihuahua's other border towns (Ojinaga and Palomas) and provides a similar survey of themes, affirming this border experience was truly a regional phenomenon and not exclusive to Ciudad Juárez. Part IV is a short conclusion where the author reiterates the most visible concepts in previous sections, as well as the role of postcards, and the density of images from the past, in shaping our understandings of place. For readers interested in the critical visualities of border dynamics, there are some key areas worthy of mention. The serial views of streetscape development curated by the author, like the "16 de Septiembre Time-Series Views" (90–111), take the reader through an evolving economy and culture while also expressing the persistence of landscape. Architecture may have been strategic subject matter for postcard producers and consumers as colonization was followed by capitalism. Buildings, like customs houses, "defined and continued to be emblematic of an architectural authoritative past. They were also captured as images in postcards, thereby perpetuating their importance to visitors as well...

Vietnam and Bien Dong in the 17th and 19th Century: Organization Background and Activities of Hoang Sa Company

The conflict between Vietnam and China over Bien Dong is getting severer. Both countries, bordered by land and sea, had to go through several adjustments between ‘colonial times border’ and ‘historical border’ to define the current border, and in the end, the land border and Tonqing bay border issues were settled, but the Bien Dong dispute remains as a problematic issue. Both Vietnam and China are claiming sovereignty over ‘Bien Dong’ based on historical reason. Then, What is Vietnam s position? What historical material would prove the jurisdiction of the 17th century Bien Dong? It is Hoang Sa Company that emerges in this discussion. Hoang Sa Company was the organization established for the maritime management and safety at the time when Nguyen s regime extended its territory to the south. Since the 17th century, along with the activities of Hoang Sa Company, Bien Dong has gradually been incorporated into the real jurisdiction of Vietnam. The activities of the Hoang Sa Company are the primary source of evidence for Vietnam s jurisdiction over Bien Dong, creating new perceptions of ocean boundaries and territories and requiring a series of inequality treaties.

Book Review on “Enciclopedia curiozitatilor. Trecut si prezent”, authored by Ion Xenofontov, LUMEN Publishing House

Within the volume Enciclopedia curiozitatilor. Trecut ?i prezent (Encyclopaedia of Curiosities. Past and present), author Ion Xenofontov, published by the LUMEN Publishing House in Iasi, Romania, under the auspices of the Scientific Library (Institute) Andrei Lupan, the Center for Encyclopaedic Research in the Republic of Moldova, a volume that is the subject of the present review, topics related to the holy places, personalities, nature, localities, ethnic imagery, education, spaces and memory, violence, historical borders and leisure - all with reference to objectives in the Republic of Moldova, but also partially with references to such objectives in Romania.

THE CONSISTUENT ASSEMBLY OF GEORGIA AND ISSUES OF GEORGIAN-RUSSIAN RELATIONS (APRIL-MFY 1920)

The article depicts the attitude of the Consistuent Assembly, the Supreme Legislative Body of the Democratic Republic of Georgia to events taking place between the Soviet Russia and Georgia in April-May 1920: At the end of April 1920, the Soviet regime was almost invigorated in Azerbaijan, there was revealed union of the Soviet Russia and Turkey of Mustafa Kemal, which, according to Georgian politicians, resembled the "Brest-Litovsk New Deal" for division of the South Caucasus. The threat of Bolshevism actually threatened Georgia as well. In this situation, the Democratic Republic of Georgia expressed its readiness both to defend itself and negotiate with the Soviet Russia. The developments showed that both of these proved to be necessary: By the beginning of May 1920, Red Army units invaded the territory of Georgia from within Azerbaijan. The Georgian Armed Forces repulsed the enemy and forced them to retreat. Negotiations with the Soviet Russia on May 7, 1920 also led to the conclusion of a peace treaty between the two countries in Moscow. Under the treaty, Russia unconditionally acknowledged Georgia’s state independence and recognized it within its historical borders. There are revealed unknown before details of the negotiations between the Democratic Republic of Georgia and the Soviet Russia in May 1920 in Moscow; are covered the views of the Georgian political spectrum within the Consistuent Assembly on Bolshevism as a political regime of the Soviet Russia, its imperialist nature and ideology; There is analyzed the work of the sessions of the Supreme Legislative Body of Georgia on April 30, 1920 and May 11, 1920, dealing with critical issues concerning the regulation of relations between Russia and Georgia.

Luonto historiakuvan loimilangaksi? Luonnonympäristölle annetut merkitykset pohjoiskarjalaisessa matkailussa

Nature and culture are often seen as two separate entities in the travel industry. In this article, it is argued that nature is an essential part of human culture, and nature tourism should also be interpreted through cultural concepts. Cultural nature is addressed by examining the historical imaginaries used in the tourist attractions within the North Karelia Biosphere Reserve in Eastern Finland. The main scope of interest is how nature is implicated in the local narratives of the past, and how history and nature are intertwined in nature attractions such as national parks. The findings will be viewed with the help of a museological significance assessment, which enables the examination of the different meanings given to cultural nature in tourism. The cultural information about local nature and human traces of human life in nature can be regarded as enhancing the attractiveness of the area and as constituting an integral part of the nature experience. National parks can be seen as nature museums, which originally sought to preserve samples of virginal forests, thus representing the nature relationship of the previous generations. Nature, the key attraction of the area, is deeply connected with the local history culture and imaginaries of the exotic wilderness of Karelianism. The national romantic view bypasses to some extent the local experience and stories by emphasising the 19th-century national romantic artists and images related to historical Border Karelia.

Geography and State Fragmentation

Abstract Some of the richest places in the world have very high historical border presence, and are often located in particular geographic environments. In this paper we compile grid-cell level data on borders between sovereign states in Europe and surrounding areas from 1500 until today to document that state borders tend to be located in rugged and mountainous terrain, by rivers, and where it rains a lot. Moreover, two commonly used measures of economic activity—night lights and population density—are higher in cells with more borders, in particular more stable borders. This result holds also when controlling for geography. However, by the same metric, cells with more borders than neighboring cells are less developed than those neighbors. These patterns are consistent with a theory in which state competition benefits long-run development, but these benefits accrue more to the center than the periphery of states.

Mapping the core and periphery applied to a choronym (the case of Székely Land)

Abstract. A cultural region could be only a choronym in the common knowledge. This choronym is applied with different intensity to different geographic locations. In the core a lot of criterion is present, in periphery they may be missing. The cultural criteria can be transformed to Boolean indicators, so we can understand the phenomenon as a 3D statistical surface.We analyze the case of Székely Land. The Székelys are a subgroup of Hungarians, who use the Hungarian language; they live in Romania. The Székely seats were administrative regions from approx. 1300 until 1876: in Hungary, later in Transylvania and in the Habsburg Empire. After the dissolution of the seats, the area of the former seats was part of Austria–Hungary and after 1918 (mostly) of Romania. Since 1876 several administrative reorganizations touched the region. The Székely population at censuses professes itself ethnically and linguistically as Hungarian. The choronym is applied to a cultural region, where a set of similar characteristics occurs all over this region, but the boundaries of these characteristics are different. The perception of Székely Land has adapted to these administrative or ethnographic– linguistic factors, its former historical borders became fading.The author compiled 6 criteria (2 historic, 2 administrative and 2 linguistic one) to define the core and periphery of the area to which is applied this choronym. The paper summarizes the local intensity of these criteria on choropleth map, this thematic map shows the core and periphery of the area applied to the choronym of Székely Land.

A few comments on the historical borders in Poland

The main topic of this paper are the borders of Poland in the 16th century. The country's state and province borders were first delineated by Bernard Wapowski on his 1526 map from (scale 1:1 000 000). While the map is known only from fragments, Gerardus Mercator used Wapowski's borders in his map of Europe published in 1554. In 1880, Stanisław Smolka proposed elaborating maps of territorial divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the 16th century. The first implementation of this program was the Atlas of the Ruthenian Lands of the Crown, elaborated by Aleksander Jablonowski (to the scale of 1:300 000) and published in 1904. In 1964, a plan to publish a series of maps under the title of Historical Atlas of Poland: Detailed maps of the 16th century was announced by the Institute of History at the Polish Academy of Sciences. The series aims at to cover ethnically Polish lands within the Crown. Out of the planned eight volumes, five were published in the years 1966-2008, and then their content was combined and published in English in 2014. The newest volume to date, published in 2017, concerns Greater Poland. Central large-scale maps (to the scale of 1:250 000) depict all towns and villages that existed in the second half of the 16th century. The maps indicate state borders, borders of voivodeships, lands, districts, and, in relation to lands owned by the Roman Catholic Church, the borders of dioceses, archdeacons and parishes. Settlements and borders of state administration were recreated with the use of extraordinary tax registers called "pobór," and the basis for marking church boundaries was the documentation of canonical visitations. Additional maps to the scale 1:500 000 concern the distribution of landed property, with borders marked between various categories of land ownership. Interpolation of settlements belonging to different administrative units and having a different ownership status was used as a method in the reconstruction of borders of territorial units. This is the most detailed study on the shape of borders on historical Poland lands, not only presenting this element of geographical space in the 16th century, but also serving to further our understanding of border shapes in the earlier and later centuries.

Regionalization, decentralization and administrative reform in Europe: theoretical and methodological aspect

Basically this article is divided into three parts – theoretical points of the decentralization of powers, methodological points of territorial and political regionalization and the basis and principals of administrative systems, especially concerning the historical borders of the territories and regions, in different countries of Europe. We found out that all that kinds of abovementioned processes principally are counted as a theoretical part of the decentralization process. We opened in this paper such definitions as decentralized unitary country and regionalized unitary country. We strongly think that decentralized unitary country precedes the regionalized unitary country, because as we found, process of decentralization and regionalization basically are the parts of one united historical process, where the decentralization is first, and regionalization is a second part. Abovementioned processes are actual for Ukraine, because now our country is on the way of reforms, especially into the reform of decentralization. So, we could try to analyse how deep decentralization and administrative reform could go and supposed that except of decentralization, regionalization of powers could not be actual in close perspective, but is actual from the theoretical and methodological points of view.

ПОЛІТИКА МАСШТАБУ ТА ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНА ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЯ ЕЛЕКТОРАЛЬНИХ УПОДОБАНЬ В УКРАЇНІ, 2002–2014

Nationalization of the party system and electorates not obviously results in the territorial homogenization of voting behavior or shifts from the territorial to functional cleavages. Elections outcomes in Ukraine are broadly analyzed from the perspective of regional divisions, compositional effects, cleavages, and polarization of political beliefs. However, we assume that spatiality of electoral behavior in Ukraine is more complex and might be better understood from the perspective of the TPSN framework – intertwined and mutually constitutive effects of territory (T), place (P), scale (S) and networks (N). The paper aims to analyze territorial homogenization, heterogeneity, and polarization of electoral behavior in Ukraine using data at polling stations level for 2002-2014 parliamentary elections. We use Lee index (the analysis of variance using mean absolute deviation divided by two to avoid double counting) to analyze territorial homogenization. The study reveals that in 2002-2014 Ukraine was continually territorially homogenized, while, at the same time, territorially polarized – national territorial homogenization index was decreasing (higher homogenization), while the index for particular regions (Galicia and Donbas) was permanently high (higher polarization) in 2002-2012 for Galicia and in 2006-2014 for Donbas oblasts. The cartographic analysis reveals that electoral behavior patterns and territorial polarization often follow administrative borders (oblast or rayon level) as well as historical borders (the interwar border between USSR and Poland and the border between Austrian and Russian empires). Analysis of Manafort trial court documents also reveals strategic deployment of geographical scale by Party of Regions. Despite being empirically very limited, this study shows that mutual effects of bounded territories, place contexts, scale, and networks are crucial for the understanding how parties territorially structure Ukraine.

The Historical and Archaeological Significances of the Mohe Cultural Layers at Utesnoe-4

The authors of this article aim to demonstrate that the archaeological evidence of Jurchen (Mohe) and Bohai civilisations at the Utesnoe-4 site suggest a great degree of fluidity in the political and economic history of this meeting point of Russia's Far East, China's North-East and northern Korea. Utesnoe, in Ussuriysk district, is a multilayered site with archaeological artefacts which prove the importance of this historical border region - and of archaeology as a historical tool.

Семейно-родовые фетиши тюрок Хонгорая

Purpose. The author analyses a traditional cult of fetishism, which used to be common in the traditional life of turks of Hongoray (Khakassia) and others nations of Sayan-Altai region. The scientific novelty is in systematizing the materials available belonging to different ethnic groups of the Khakass (the Kachints, Sagai, Kyzyls, Beltyrs). Results. Functional particularities of the Khakass fetishes “tös” described used to protect clan and family health and served as patrons of cattle breeding and hunting. The author discovers many previously unknown signs and describes their ancient roots. Related myths recorded in Khakassia by the author are of great interest. The first research on the famous fetish “tös” of the Khakass was conducted by ethnographer D. A. Klements, who presented special work on these items. He made a description of them according to his personal collections and observations. Now his collection of “tös” is stored in the Minusinsk Museum of Local History. Unfortunately, D. A. Klements did not speak the Khakass language, so many of the item names were not translated properly. In present work, the author describes new functional features of Khakass fetishes “tös”, especially those related to the protection of the health of the family, the patronage of cattle breeding and hunting. Many previously unknown designations have been discovered, and the ancient roots of such representations have been revealed. At present, the cult of fetishism for the Khakas is a thing of the past; therefore, this research seems to be relevant for ethnographic science in terms of ancient myth-making of the population of Hongoray and neighboring regions of southern Siberia. Conclusion. There is evidence of a significant historical depth of the origin of the “tös”. So, as a result of studying anthropomorphic images on the “engraved pebbles” of the Late Bronze Age originating from Khakassia, their certain successive connections with the Hongors’ “tös” were traced. Thus, having a uniform name and functional characteristics, the cult of “tös” to a certain extent characterizes the origin of the popular beliefs of the Hongoray Turks, as well as their evolution in the historical borders of Sayano-Altai and Central Asia.

Ekscerpty źródłowe do dziejów archidiecezji gnieźnieńskiej i diecezji poznańskiej w czasach nowożytnych

It is already the author’s fourth publication in the excerpta series in which he makes available to Polish historians the abundant material on Polish affairs housed in the Vatican archives. The tradition of publications of this type has a long standing in Polish historical sciences. This time the author crossed the boundary of the Vatican and consulted two important Roman institutions: Archivio di Stato di Roma and Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Roma. The subject matter of this part of the excerpta refers to the territory of the historical Greater Poland and the representatives of the episcopate and religious orders active there. Each of the presented persons had to be connected to the history of the archdiocese of Gniezno or the diocese of Poznań in the times of Old Poland in their extensive historical borders.

Commercial Archaeology and 3D Web Technologies

ABSTRACTThis contribution summarizes the multiple uses of 3D web technologies in commercial archaeology. Considering the breadth of this topic, we will describe each different branch of these technologies with the example of case studies based on work of the Italian company Arc-Team. Our overview begins with 3D visualization for scientific purposes, showing a project funded by the Autonomous Province of South Tyrol (Italy) in order to improve knowledge about WWI. Second, we analyze a similar project, funded by the Autonomous Province of Trentino (Italy), but with the aim to increase tourism at a high alpine WWI site. The third example is the development of another prototype for tourism: a 3D web-map for the cultural valorization of the historical border (1753) between the region Tyrol and the Most Serene Republic of Venice. In the forth case study, we discuss the implementation of 3D within web platforms for archaeological project management of RAPTOR (Ricerca Archivi e Pratiche per la Tutela Operativa Regionale), a webGIS developed to aid in preservation and conservation efforts of cultural heritage for the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Activities and Tourism (MiBACT). Fifth, we explore recent uses of 3D models for web-coworking during the process of excavation management, thanks to the developments of real-time 3D acquisition techniques based on SLAM algorithms and archeorobotic devices. Finally, 3D web-coworking is also analyzed illustrating some simple web tools that afford rapid feedback in data visualization, considering not only excavation field-work but also exploration projects. This overview, based on six different case studies, represents the four fields in which 3D web technologies are currently used in commercial archaeology: scientific communication; tourism improvement; preservation of cultural heritage; and real time field-work management. Some specific topics such as tourism improvement and field-work management are investigated in greater depth in order to allow us to analyze variables deriving from customer requests (e.g. restrictions regarding sensitive geolocation or preferences for specific web platforms) and from differences among data acquisition technologies based on various sensors.