Historical Aspect Research Articles

THE HISTORY OF DIGITIZATION OF MODERN KAZAKHSTAN IN THE CONTEXT OF THE GLOBAL CHALLENGE: ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON

The history and importance of the development of the "problem of digitization" and "smart city" are discussed as the subject of the article. In this study, the concept of "smart city" is considered as a general vector of further socio-economic development of cities. To reveal the historical aspect of the topic, historical reviews of the digitalization process of countries such as Singapore, Japan, and the USA are given. At this point, research methods: control and mixed methods are used. Using the methodology of qualitative analysis as a research methodology, the author compares the new digitization methodology, its development, developed in domestic discourse, with world experience. The authors come to the conclusion that the transfer of the state management system to a digital format serves as a means of developing the state's national interests and raising its image in the international arena. Today, the main task is to create conditions for the development of all types of cities, to ensure the uniformity of the economic and social development of the country's territories at the expense of increasing their competitiveness. Here, not competition, but competition, interaction and mutual aid relations based on the effective use of limited resources, primarily intellectual resources, play a decisive role. The practical importance of the article is to study the history of the complete digitalization of Kazakhstan and put the data into use. The research article will be useful and relevant for all readers who are studying the history of development of modern Kazakhstan or who are studying the humanitarian field.

Nineteenth-Century Contextualization of “Race-Religion”

In her wide-ranging article, “An Imperial History of Race-Religion in International Law,” Rabiat Akande delves into the realms of history illustrating how the “race-religion” constellation became formative in current international law, specifically in Western discrimination toward minorities. As Akande writes, “the legacy of that past survives in the continuing interplay of the racial and religious othering of the non-Euro-Christian other.”1 This racialized-religious heritage, for instance, is evident in Western debates on the Hijab, Jewish circumcision (Brit Milah), and various other rituals practiced by religious minorities in the West. As a historian of the nineteenth century, in this essay I mainly focus on Akande's reconstruction of the historical aspect of the “race-religion” nexus. I begin by partially validating Akande's argument concerning the emergence of race-religion during the end of the nineteenth century, and by emphasizing Western racial discrimination against Islam and Judaism—the two “sister Semitic” religions. I then add what I see as important nuances that must be considered in the historical analysis of race-religion. Primarily, I illustrate how race-religion was “fluid” at times, allowing specific groups to “enter” Western civilization, while in other cases, race-religion was rigid, barring the inclusion of groups. Akande argues that the nineteenth century colonial expansion (in Africa, the Middle East, and India) dramatically contributed to the rise of the shared European categories of whiteness and Christianity. This emerging Western identity was antagonistic to the alleged “barbarism” of the non-whites and non-Christians. Nevertheless, further nineteenth-century inner-European contextualization is needed since the exclusion through race-religion also targeted, exactly at the time of this European imperial expansion, other “fellow Christian whites,” such as the Catholic Irish and Poles. It is not only “whiteness” per se that became prevalent, but a specific form of “whiteness” (e.g., Anglo-Saxon, Teutonic, Aryan) that was constantly reimagined and redefined.

The Khakass language in the context of a museum holiday based on the ritual traditions of the Khakass

The article deals with the issues of popularization and use of the Khakas language within the framework of museum events addressed to multinational and younger children (including those with inclusion) audiences of visitors. The author shares his experience in organizing a museum festival based on national rituals and clearly demonstrates how interesting it is to present folk traditions on a modern museum site. The problematic nature of such a concept is associated with the historical aspect of the formation and development of the Khakass language, which differ from similar processes of most Turkic languages. Nevertheless, the desire for self-identity inherent in the indigenous population of Khakassia dictates its own rules and conditions when presenting the national language, folk rituals and traditional ethical norms to a wide multinational audience of museum visitors. The Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov much attention is paid to the national aspects of the work. At the same time, the language of the indigenous people and the development of ethnographic tourism complement each other, in which the author sees prospects for the development of the museum, as a republican institution of culture, and for the popularization of the Khakass language. Therefore, many museum projects are aimed at supporting and developing the Khakass language within the framework of diverse museum events. The article discusses in detail two such events — the festival “The Sun in the Sleeve” and the grant project “My Khakassia” — implemented by the Khakassian National Museum of Local Lore named after L. R. Kyzlasov in 2022. In the author’s opinion, these are the most successful developments that can popularize the topic of the Khakass language for a wide audience of residents and guests of Khakassia, regardless of their nationality.

PROGRAMMING THROUGH IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECTS: STRATEGIES

The article examines the project-based learning method in the context of teaching programming. The historical aspect of the origin of the project-based learning method, which dates back to the 20th century, is described and found to be an effective means of stimulating critical thinking, developing team skills, and increasing student motivation. Key characteristics and principles of the project-based method are presented. The authors provide practical examples of educational institutions where the project-based method has been successfully integrated. The results have shown its utility in both higher and secondary education. A particular case of successful application of the project method in teaching programming, the "Code in the Classroom" project (USA), which showcases its distinct effectiveness, is discussed. A structure of the project approach to teaching programming is proposed, and practical recommendations for step-by-step development of school programming projects are developed. Through this method, students have the opportunity to deeply immerse themselves in the subject and convert theoretical knowledge into practical skills by implementing specific projects. However, for effective integration of the method, it is essential to ensure quality preparation of methodological and didactic materials, judiciously combine theory and practice, and consider individual student characteristics. It is proven that modern technologies play a crucial role in supporting the project-based method. The authors argue that combining this method with other pedagogical approaches, especially gamification, can further enhance its effectiveness. At the same time, it is noted that successful implementation of the method requires substantial resources, qualified educators, and a cautious approach to curriculum realization. Future research may include studying the impact of various technological tools on the project-based method, as well as adapting this method to different cultural and social contexts.

Historical aspect of sustainable development in globalization

Introduction. The article analyzes in a formal-historical approach, the conceptual evolution of the terminology of sustainable development, which initially has mainly ecological interaction, but later begins to include social values in its definition, when a connection is established with the well-being of future generations. As a result, international society introduced the concept of "sustainable development", which involves preventive actions, with the practice of government regulation related to initiatives that involve economic growth, social justice and environmental preservation in the context of globalization. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the conceptual evolution of the terminology of sustainable development in the context of globalization. Method (methodology). The methodological basis of the research is scientific works on issues of sustainable development in the conditions of globalization. The research methodology is based on the fundamental principles of dialectics, induction and deduction, which allow to identify the main characteristics of the studied socio-economic phenomena and processes in their relationship, to determine the key trends of their formation, formation and sustainable development. Results. The results of the study allowed us to conclude that despite different approaches and understandings of "sustainable", "balanced", "stable" and "sustainable" development, it is worth noting that the goals of development are directly related to peace and stability. The relationship between peace, on the one hand, and food security, on the other, is one of the factors determining the absolute necessity of balanced sustainable development on a global scale at the current stage. Balanced sustainable development is the development of a society in which living conditions improve, and the impact on the environment remains within the economic capacity of the biosphere, so the natural basis of human functioning is not destroyed. With sustainable balanced development, the satisfaction of needs is carried out without harming future generations, and the concept of development is perceived as a prerequisite for the long-term progress of mankind, accompanied by the increase of capital and the improvement of environmental conditions. It is worth noting that for Ukraine, balanced development must necessarily be accompanied by a departure from the "debt-dependent economic model" focused on consumption.

РАЗВИТИЕ КОНКУРЕНТНОЙ СРЕДЫ В СИСТЕМЕ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОГО РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЯ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИИ – ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ ПРИМЕРЫ

Target. The purpose of the research is to analyze aspects of state regulation of the economy of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia for the period 1990–20220. during transformation in order to improve socio-economic relations with changes in the landscape of the Russian economy. Tasks. The objectives of the study are to consider various forms of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia, emerging and transforming in the 1990s–2000s, as well as state policy for regulating relevant socio-economic relations. Modern economic innovations in the form of the institution of self-employment as a new phenomenon of socio-economic life are considered. Various aspects of changing the competitive environment of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia are considered, taking into account self-employment, as well as measures of state regulation of the economy that are currently being discussed and implemented. Methodology. The historical aspect of the institutionalization and transformation of forms of entrepreneurship in Russia during the transition period of market reforms of the 1990s and early 2000s is considered. An analysis of the dynamics of development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation for the period 2018–2022 is used. A combination of small and medium-sized businesses in the Russian Federation into a single classification was used to model their possible interaction. The current discussion positions of federal authorities are presented using content analysis of public speeches of their representatives. Results. The activities of the state for the period under review, 1990–2020, demonstrate the generally successful systematic work of state regulation in a wide range of socio-economic relationships for the formation of new forms of entrepreneurial activity. As a modern economic phenomenon, the institution of self-employment has become an essential part of modern social relations, playing an increasingly significant role in changing the structure and competitiveness of small and medium-sized businesses in Russia. Increased competition in the form of the emergence of the self-employed as a new category of economic business entities in Russia is a positive phenomenon for the economy as a whole. Conclusions. To ensure sustainable development and increase competitiveness, the state needs to develop effective measures to control and support entrepreneurs, including the self-employed, within the framework of their ecosystem interaction. Ways are proposed to level out the possible negative effects of self-employment for the development of competition within the scope of responsibility and competence of the Federal Antimonopoly Service.

Bilingualism in the Context of the Native Language: Cultural and Historical Aspect of Development

Bilingualism in the Context of the Native Language: Cultural and Historical Aspect of Development

RECEPTIVE ASSIMILATION OF FRENCH BORROWINGS INTO THE BASIC ENGLISH VOCABULARY

Objective. The objective of the article is to analyze the French borrowings come into the English language in the context of the receptive assimilation process; identify the stages of receptive assimilation; analyze the French loan-words during the process of borrowing, appropriate to each stage in order to enable effective intercultural research process connected with historical aspect of philological and linguistic studies. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained using two groups of methods: theoretical and statistical ones. The theoretical methods include: the method of theoretical generalization, which makes it possible to determine and nature of French borrowings’ receptive assimilation; problem- chronological ̶ for considering French borrowings of different periods in dynamics and distinguishing periods; methods of extrapolation ̶ to justify provisions regarding the understanding of the influence of historical experience on the vocabulary of the English language; the problem- genetic method ̶ to justify the provisions regarding the analysis of problems that may hinder effective intercultural research process connected with historical aspect of philological and linguistic studies. The statistical group includes verification of received information by processing and comparing data published in various scientific sources. Results. The theoretical analysis of the nature of the French borrowings makes it possible to identify the stages of receptive assimilation that enable effective intercultural studies in the fields of linguistics, philology, and terminology. The conceptual and categorical apparatus of the study containing the following terms as: “French borrowings” and “receptive assimilation” is formed. The stages of receptive assimilation of French borrowings into the English language are defined. Interpretation and analysis of the genesis of possible stages of lexical borrowings will lead to successful management of the educational process for philology, lexicology and language history students. The generalized seven typical stages of receptive assimilation are distinguished as follows: borrowing; integration; phonological adaptation; morphological adaptation; semantic shift; naturalization; and complete assimilation.

Cross-border and regional cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union: historical and legal aspect

The article examines the historical and legal aspects of cross-border and regional cooperation between Ukraine and the European Union. It was traced that Ukraine’s intentions regarding the development of relations with the European Union were first enshrined in the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine and subsequently recorded in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement between the European Communities and their Member States on the one part, and Ukraine, on the other part. In addition, the requirements for cross-border and regional cooperation were defined in the Action Plan European Union - Ukraine “European Neighborhood Policy” and later became more detailed in the Association Agreement between the European Union and its Member States, on the one part, and Ukraine, on the other part. Although the analyzed normative legal acts of Ukraine have become somewhat oriented towards the norms of the law of the European Union in the field of cross-border cooperation and regional cooperation, they still need improvement.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC RESEARCH IN NATIONAL LIBRARIES OF UKRAINE IN 2016–2020: SUMMARY ANALYSIS

In Viktor Sokolov’s article «Bibliographic research in the national libraries of Ukraine in 2016–2020: a summary analysis» based on the analysis of materials of scientific publications and reports on the scientific research work of national libraries, the state and directions of the development of bibliographic research are summarized and highlighted using the example of the characteristics of the study books in certain specified institutions. The article clarifies the place and significance of bibliographic research in the study and popularization of specialized funds of national libraries, as well as in the preparation of relevant materials for the State Register of National Cultural Heritage; the topics, peculiarities of conducting and organizing bibliographic studies in the researched library institutions are disclosed; the importance of the study of rare and valuable books, library collections and book collections for the development of national culture is confirmed. The purpose of the proposed article is to characterize the content and directions of bibliographic research carried out in the national libraries of Ukraine in 2016–2020. The research methodology consists in applying both general scientific research methods (description, comparison, analogy, deduction, induction, analysis, etc.) and historical ones (historical-comparative, historical-typological, chronological, etc.). The scientific novelty of the work is that the state and nature of bibliographic research in the national libraries of Ukraine in 2016–2020 was analyzed for the first time; their place and importance in the research work of the mentioned institutions is substantiated. Conclusions. It is substantiated that in the period 2016–2020 in the national libraries of Ukraine, the development of scientific research work in the field of bibliography was characterized by the activation of research in historical, theoretical and methodological directions, among which, in particular, the issue of the creation and functioning of the book as a type of communicative- cognitive tool occupied an important place activities aimed at meeting information needs by means of printed and electronic information. It has been established that the specified bibliographic studies can be classified: by the nature of scientific knowledge into fundamental and applied; according to the scope or limits of the implementation on local, regional, national level; according to the time of implementation into permanent and episodic. It has been proven that medium-term local applied scientific research, designed for 1–3 years, prevailed, and the subject of bibliographic research was aimed not only at ensuring the disclosure of the informational and source- research resource of book funds, but also at solving theoretical fundamental scientific problems. Based on the analysis of the topics of scientific projects, publications and reports at scientific and practical conferences organized by national libraries, it is substantiated that a significant part of bibliographic research was devoted to the historical aspect of the development of book collections and the libraries themselves; analysis of a set of prints by a certain feature; study of individual types and types of publications. It was found out that studies related to bibliography were actively developing, in particular, in the art of books, book historical studies, publishing history, bibliographic studies, library history, Ukrainian history, and other fields of social sciences. It is motivated that bibliographic studies contribute to the mutual enrichment of these sciences, significantly expand the cognitive capabilities of their methods, and have a positive effect on the improvement of theory.

Appeal of notarial deeds or refusal to perform them in court in Ukraine: historical and legal aspect of study (middle of the 14th - middle of the 17th century)

The article is devoted to judicial control over notarial activity during the Polish-Lithuanian rule on Ukrainian lands (mid-XIV - mid-XVII centuries).
 The importance of conducting historical and legal studies of the institution of challenging notarial acts or refusal to perform them before the court is noted. The prerequisites for the formation of the notary institution in the specified time period are studied. In particular, it is indicated that the intensification of commodity-money relations led to the growth and development of various contractual forms of economic transactions. The practice of concluding contracts and other transactions in writing is gradually spreading, especially when the state begins to demand it. But private acts in Poland during the 14th and 15th centuries, and in Lithuania until the middle XVI century were treated as secondary evidence in contrast to witness statements. However, the situation is gradually changing with the emergence of the so- called "right of eternity”, which was expressed in the fact that a certain private document entered in the court record book received not just legal force, but became indisputable evidence in the event of a dispute in the future. It was not required to confirm or deny it with the testimony of witnesses.
 The legal status of officials who, along with their main powers, were called to exercise powers of a notarial nature are being investigated. It is concluded that in this case it is not possible to talk about the introduction of the notary as an independent institution, since the official was primarily entrusted with the duties of performing the powers that were determined by his position (the voivode managed the voivodship, the headman managed the county, judges judged, the court clerk recorded procedural actions, etc.). The specified officials were at different levels of management and had different legal status. The resulting situation determined the peculiarity of judicial control over the activities of officials who recorded private acts in court books or made extracts from them. In particular, criminal or civil liability was assumed for improper maintenance of court books. On the basis of this, it is concluded that within the framework of criminal and civil legal means it was possible to control the behavior of officials who entered private acts in court books or made an extract from them. But this does not confirm the presence in the legislation of an independently developed procedure, not related to the imposition of criminal or property liability, the purpose of which would be exclusively to check the legality of the notarial action taken or its refusal.

Compulsory Treatment of Persons Who Have Committed a Socially Dangerous Act in a State of Mental Disorder or Who Have Fallen Ill After Such an Аct: Historical Aspect

Introduction. The object of the study is the legal relationship on the establishment of state compulsory medical treatment for persons with mental disorders who have committed socially dangerous acts established in the monuments of Russian criminal law (1649–1960). Methods. In this study, the historical method was used accordingly. The comparative legal method was also used, which made it possible to draw the main conclusion – about the evolutionary (smooth, not abrupt) state regulation of these legal relations. The application of the theological method led to the conclusion that until the beginning of the XIXth century, these persons who had not committed serious socially dangerous acts were kept either by relatives or in monasteries, being essentially outcasts. Results. One of the main conclusions was the conclusion that it is necessary to return to the list of socially dangerous acts committed by persons in a state of insanity or by persons who became insane after committing such an act, as the basis for applying compulsory medical measures to such a person. Discussion and Conclusion. In this study, the author came to the following conclusions: 1) state compulsory measures against persons with mental disorders were first officially enshrined in the Cathedral Code of 1649: they represented control over the independent healing of a sick person for his subsequent responsibility in court; 2) state compulsory measures for persons with mental disorders in the form of premises: in the monastery were provided in 1715 by the Military Article, in the orders of public charity in 1775, in special homes of the insane in 1845 by the Code of Criminal and Correctional Punishments; 3) state compulsory measures against persons with mental disorders in the form of compulsory treatment of such persons were first provided for in 1922 by the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. At the same time the basis for the application of such measures narrowed: if before the RSFSR Criminal Code of 1922, such a basis (in addition to the crime committed by him) was the danger of such a person (both for himself and for society), then since 1922 such the basis (in addition to the crime committed) began to recognize the danger of such a person only to society. This state of affairs existed normatively until the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in 1996. The statement of this fact refuted the hypothesis of an evolutionary improvement in the attitude towards persons with mental disorders according to the monuments of Russian law. This research can be used in the study of the historical development of the types of state compulsory measures on the treatment of persons with mental disorders (who committed or fell ill after a socially dangerous act), and for determination of the grounds for the application of each of them.

Problematic issues related to forensic examination of written language and handwriting in pre-trial investigation

The article retrospectively examines the genesis of theoretical and law enforcement issues, legislative and other regulatory frameworks relating to forensic examination of written language and handwriting with a view to improving them and further prospects for their use in forensic science and forensic examination. The genesis of the emergence and introduction of the first state, international, religious, economic and other types of documents, methods and types of their execution and registration, and the improvement of the historical documentary system in our country and the persons who could execute them in various fields of use in the country and in ensuring the vital activity of the population, as well as the mechanism of the first identification actions with this category of writing and handwriting are investigated. The role, essence and significance of written language, handwriting and documentary studies in their historical aspect in terms of formation, improvement and use in establishing and identifying the person who executed a certain document or written text are determined. Separate objectives have been identified to improve knowledge, including subculture and skills, on the detection, establishment and preparation for forensic examination of written language and handwriting by detectives, investigators, forensic specialists, experts, prosecutors, investigating judges and court personnel, taking into account the requirements of the time regarding the use by criminals of documents made both by conventional means and with the help of computer equipment, the Internet, mobile communications, as well as other modern telecommunications achievements and digitalisation of the pre-trial process. The article investigates the peculiarities of forensic methods of examination of written language and handwriting objects to be taken into account by officials who, in particular, conduct pre-trial investigation of criminal offences committed with the use of ordinary or forged written documents, handwriting forgery, and other criminal methods of their use with a view to qualitative preparation and conduct of relevant handwriting and authenticity examinations. Based on the results of the study, the author's scientific positions and ways of solving the existing problematic issues have been developed.

The characteristics and historical aspects of the emergence and development of volleyball in Ukraine as a means of physical activity of applicants of the higher education institutions

Modern volleyball is an athletic form of team sports, which is recognised as an Olympic and professional sport in more than 200 countries. The specifics of competitive activity are characterised by high variability of game situations and their rapid change.
 Purpose of the study: to provide a meaningful description and highlight the history of the emergence and development of volleyball in Ukraine as a means of physical activity of applicants of the higher education institutions. Results of the study. The article describes the game of volleyball. The historical aspect of the formation of the game in Ukraine is considered.
 Conclusions. Volleyball is a sports team game with a ball played by two teams of 12 people (6 playing and 6 substitutes) on a special court separated by a net. The aim of the game is to send the ball over the net to the opponent's side so that it touches the opponent's area.
 Volleyball began to be played in Ukraine in 1925 in Kharkiv.
 As a sport, volleyball appeared in Kyiv in early 1926, in Dnipro around 1925–1927, and in Odesa in the second half of the 1920s.
 The news of the new game came from Kharkiv, along with a list of basic rules.
 Over the years, the popularity of volleyball has grown. The game has spread to other cities in Ukraine. It is gaining national recognition as a sport.
 Today, the Ukrainian Volleyball Federation unites representatives from all regions of the country. Ukraine has produced an impressive lineage of Olympic volleyball champions.
 Ukraine's strongest players play in prestigious foreign clubs. This demonstrates the high level of development of Ukrainian volleyball.
 The volleyball is an effective means of optimising physical activity in different segments of the population, including in the applicants of the higher education institutions.

Project approach as a tool for the implementation of national projects in Russia

Purpose: of the presented research is to evaluate various methods of project management, including methodological approaches already used in our country, for their application in the implementation of national projects of the Russian Federation.Methods: the work used traditional methods of scientific theoretical analysis, including system analysis, as well as an induction approach.Results: the authors consider the historical aspect of the formation of the project approach as a method used in the professional field of management. In the work, various management approaches presented by different countries were studied and systematized. The analysis of project management experience in the leading countries of the world, as well as in the Russian Federation, was carried out. The study presents the use of the project approach in the implementation of national projects, an assessment of the work of the project implementation monitoring system is given. Based on the identified methodological and organizational problems in the formation of new and implementation of current national projects in Russia, the authors conclude that it is necessary to improve project management methods and monitoring the achievement of performance indicators of national projects.Conclusions and Relevance: the specifics of public administration in Russia require the development of their own design methods in the management system, which will only rely on those already created in the world, but not copy them completely. So, according to the authors, the best practice will be the use of flexible management methods. Existing methodologies and individual strategies of other countries can only help in developing ideas for both the general concept of the implementation of existing national projects and for designing new ones.

Language Policy in Turkic States and Societies Historical Aspect

The roots of the communication history of the Turkic language, which has a history of at least 1300 years as a written language, are, of course, much older. If we take into account the features of the words in the language of the Orhon-Yenisey monuments, which are the first written sources, and the similarities of words in other languages, we see that the Turkic language has a history of four to five millennia as a language of communication. The Turkic language, whose origin goes back thousands of years, has been influenced by many languages as a result of the cultural, social, and political relations of Turks with other nations. The settling of large territories by Turks, leading a sedentary and nomadic life, constantly migrating for new lands, and coming into contact with many peoples against the background of these events led to the contact of the Turkic language (the languages of the Turkic-speaking peoples and tribes) with many related and unrelated languages. As a result of these relations, sometimes the Turkic language influenced these languages from the lexical and even grammatical aspects, and sometimes, on the contrary, it borrowed words from those languages. In this research article, we will try to talk about the language policy in the Turkic state and societies and the developments in the historical process.

Frame Design in the Visual Culture of Modern Author’s Directing. Part 2. Projecting the Objective World in Films by Author-Directors

The purpose of the article is to determine the artistic and aesthetic toolkit for designing the objective world of the frame in the visual culture of the author's film by the director, artist, cameraman. Research methodology. An integrated approach was used in the development of the topic, in particular, methods of systematisation, comparison, verification, comparative, and textual analysis. The analytical method and the method of figurative and stylistic analysis in their unity were used to consider the art historical aspect of the problem. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that the director's creativity is investigated in the context of the visual culture of frame design and for the first time it became the subject of a special study. The appropriateness of using the systematic method in studying the features of the author's plastic film language has been proven. A comprehensive analysis was carried out and the features of frame design in the author's film creativity were revealed. Conclusions. The materials presented in the study expand the arsenal of knowledge about the specifics of the visual culture of the author's directorial film language in various worldview models and enable their application in educational courses, the creation of educational and methodological literature on the theory and history of cinema and television, directing. Keywords: fine art, artist, audiovisual art, director, shot, design, image projection.

Strengthening the Shafi‘i Madhhab: Malay Kitab Jawi of Fiqh in the 19th Century

The supremacy of fiqh in Indonesian, and Southeast Asian, Islam has been widely acclaimed; the subject concerning the affairs of daily life, the core substance of fiqh, has its fertile grounds in Muslims religious ideas and practices. This article presents a historical analysis how the fiqh became popular in the region, which can be traced back to the 19th century. Taking Malay kitab jawi as the main subject of discussion, the shifting of religious concerns among the ‘ulamā’ (Muslim scholars) was of crucial significance. They increasingly engaged in dealing with the Muslims’ need of guidance in primarily prescriptions for worship (‘ubūdiyah). This study traces the historical aspect in the spread of the Shafii school, along with the development of the Malay textual tradition. As a result, kitab jawi on fiqh by Southeast Asian ‘ulamā’ grew considerably, in both number and religious authority, in line with the rise of learning institutions (pondok), leading the subject to appear as religiously essential to be produced, and reproduced, to become an established school for Muslims of the region.

AXIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE MORAL TRADITIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINISTRY

We consider moral traditions from the point of view of an axiological approach, since it is this approach that unites the idea of values in our consciousness and society. Human values are the basis of an employee’s inner world and behavior, the result of his professional activity. To date, global changes are taking place in the Russian Federation in the sphere of politics, economy, and society, which accordingly aff ects the education of the personnel of the internal aff airs bodies, their worldview, and value orientations. Now more than ever, such qualities as cour-age, courage, courage, fortitude, tolerance, compassion, selfl essness, professional duty and honor, loyalty, mutual assistance, etc. are important and necessary. At the moment, it is important to form and multiply moral traditions in the internal aff airs bodies of Russia. Assessing the signifi cance and relevance of this problem in the article, we con-sider the historical aspect of values, the signs and principles of moral values, their features, the stages of mastering values, the methodological basis of the axiological approach, the fundamental moral values: citizenship, statehood, patriotism. The application of the axiological approach is a necessary component in the educational process of em-ployees of the internal aff airs bodies of Russia. This approach helps to consider moral values in professional activity.

GANDER, CHANGE, AND EDUCATION : CASE STUDY: NON-FORMAL EDUCATION PERSPECTIVE IN PEPI Al-BAYQUNIE’S BOOK "CALABAI PEREMPUAN DALAM TUBUH LELAKI"

The historical aspect of the story contributes to the unhealed trauma and strong stereotypes in traditional society about the position of men and the demands placed on them. Puang Matoa Saidi, later called Calabai (in Bugis), is a man with the character of a woman. He was born into a different situation, and grew up under the harsh upbringing of his father (Puang Baso), who considered Saidi's physical condition a disgrace to the family. However, the female character in Saidi's male physique, rejects all treatment from Puang Baso (Saidi's father), that the activities of hoeing, gardening, lifting heavy things, being the head of the family are symbols that should be pinned to a man. By using the Content Analysis Approach-descriptive method. It leads us to understand that there are several main factors that build gender labeling itself, including the development of globalization which focuses on the argument that, labeling of men in the era of globalization has shifted meaning due to technological advances and behavioral changes. Differences in geographical conditions make people's choices very much determined by the conditions in which they live and patriarchal culture contributes more or less to the debate about the position of women before men. And the presence of religious normative interference looks more at aspects of behavior that are based on whether it is prohibited or not.