Historical Area Research Articles

Revitalizing Heritage: The Role of Urban Morphology in Creating Public Value in China’s Historic Districts

In the context of historical districts becoming a key to the urban transformation and high-quality development of Chinese cities, this paper investigates the regeneration of historic environments in China, emphasizing the creation of public value through urban morphology. By analyzing five distinct case studies—Chengdu KuanZhai Alley, Shanghai TianZiFang Alley, Guangzhou EnNing Road, Taiyuan ZhongLou Street, and Beijing NanLuoGu Alley—this study explores the relationship between urban form and public value creation from 2000 to 2020. The research posits that the spatial attribute of “public nature” is central to the regeneration process, highlighting the importance of understanding how urban spaces can foster community engagement and social interaction. An evaluation system is constructed to assess the regeneration of historic areas based on spatial “publicness” and people’s perceptions, addressing the need for a more nuanced approach to urban planning. The findings reveal that effective urban regeneration not only preserves historical significance but also enhances the quality of public spaces, thereby contributing to social equity and cultural integrity. This study aims to provide valuable insights for urban planners and policymakers, advocating for a public value-oriented approach to the renewal of historic districts that balances economic development with the preservation of cultural heritage. The integration of public value concepts into heritage management is crucial for creating vibrant urban environments that resonate with community needs and aspirations.

Presence of Potentially Toxic Elements in Historical Mining Areas in the North-Center of Mexico and Possible Bioremediation Strategies

This paper provides an overview of the impacts of mining-related environmental liabilities on humans, soils, sediments, surface water and groundwater across various mining districts in Zacatecas, Mexico. An analysis has been carried out on the areas of the state most affected by the presence of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) such as arsenic, lead, cadmium, copper, chromium and zinc, identifying priority areas for environmental assessment and remediation. Likewise, a review of the concentrations of PTEs reported in different environmental matrices of the state’s mining areas with the presence of environmental liabilities was carried out, most of which exceed the maximum permissible limits established by Mexican and international regulations, generating an environmental risk for the populations near these districts due to their potential incorporation into the food chain. Additionally, this study explores research focused on the biostabilization of PTEs using microorganisms with specific metabolic activities. Phytoremediation is presented as a viable tool for the stabilization and elimination of PTEs, in which endemic plants from arid–semi-arid climates have shown favorable results in terms of the phytostabilization and phytoextraction processes of the PTEs present in mining waste.

Study on the prehistoric decorated spindle whorls in Haidai region of China

Spindle whorls are a kind of spinning tools of crucially important in prehistoric period. Haidai region is one of the main historical and cultural areas of prehistoric China, and had a relatively developed textile handicraft production, where a large number of spindle whorls were unearthed, including many decorated ones. In order to make clear the uses of the decorated spindle whorls and the meanings of the patterns on them, the data of prehistoric decorated spindle whorls unearthed in archaeological sites of the period from Beixin Culture to Yueshi Culture in Haidai region of China were collected and analyzed, and the morphological data (dimension and shapes) of them were compared with that of undecorated ones. The patterns on the decorated spindle whorls were analyzed and classified, and the characteristics of the patterns in different cultural periods were studied, and based on this, the purpose of making decorated spindle whorls and the function and meanings of the patterns were discussed. The results showed that the range of morphological data of the decorated spindle whorls in Haidai region is consistent with that of undecorated ones belonging to the same period and unearthed in the same site, while compared with undecorated spindle whorls, decorated ones are more affected by regional culture and thus show different features from the ones unearthed in other archaeological sites belonging to the same cultural period. It is concluded that the most basic function of the decorated spindle whorls should be as practical tools for normal spinning production, and the patterns on them should have multiple meanings such as practical, decorative, distinctive and symbolic. The study of decorated spindle whorls can help us understand the prehistoric regional culture in Haidai region.

Childhood Community Disadvantage and MRI-Derived Structural Brain Integrity After Age 65 Years

Prior studies associate late-life community disadvantage with worse brain health. It is relatively unknown if childhood community disadvantage associates with late-life brain health. To test associations between childhood residence in an economically disadvantaged community, individual income and education, and late-life cortical brain volumes and white matter integrity. This cohort study was conducted in the ongoing harmonized cohorts KHANDLE (Kaiser Healthy Aging and Diverse Life Experiences Study; initiated 2017) and STAR (Study of Healthy Aging in African Americans; initiated 2018) using all available data collected out of a regional integrated health care delivery network in California between cohort initiation and analysis initiation in June 2023. Eligible participants were Kaiser Permanente Northern California member ages 65 years or older. Data were analyzed between June and November 2023. Residence at birth was geocoded and linked to historical Area Deprivation Indices (ADI). ADI is a nationally ranked percentile; community disadvantage was defined as ADI of 80 or higher. Regional brain volumes and white matter integrity measures were derived from a random subset of participants who underwent 3T magnetic resonance imaging. Models adjusted for race and ethnicity, sex, and parental education. Of a total 2161 individuals in the combined cohort, 443 individuals were eligible for imaging (mean [SD] age, 76.3 [6.5] years; 253 female [57.1%]; 56 Asian [12.6%], 212 Black [47.9%], 67 Latino [15.1%], 109 White [24.6%]). Imaging participants had a mean (SD) 15.0 (2.5) years of education, and 183 (41.3%) earned $55 000 to $99 999 annually. Fifty-four participants (12.2%) resided in a disadvantaged childhood community. Childhood community disadvantage was associated with smaller gray matter volumes overall (-0.39 cm3; 95% CI, -0.65 to -0.10 cm3) and in the cerebellum (-0.39 cm3; 95% CI, -0.66 to -0.09 cm3), hippocampus (-0.37 cm3; 95% CI, -0.68 to -0.04 cm3), and parietal cortex (-0.25 cm3; 95% CI, -0.46 to -0.04 cm3) and larger mean lateral ventricle (0.44 cm3; 95% CI, 0.12 to 0.74 cm3), third ventricle (0.28 cm3; 95% CI, 0.03 to 0.55 cm3), and white matter hyperintensity volume (0.31 cm3; 95% CI, 0.06 to 0.56 cm3). Educational attainment and late-life income did not mediate these associations. In this cohort study of racially and ethnically diverse health plan members, childhood community disadvantage was associated with worse late-life brain health independent of individual socioeconomic status. Future work should explore alternative pathways (eg, cardiovascular health) that may explain observed associations.

Data Science Enables Management of Stealth Asphaltene Flow-Assurance Risk

_ This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 216216, “Managing Stealth Asphaltene Flow-Assurance Potential Risk in Gas-Injection Field Based on Data Science Using Over 20-Year Accumulated Data Set,” by Hideharu Yonebayashi, SPE, and Takeshi Hiraiwa, SPE, Japan Oil Development, and Khuloud T. Al Khlaifi, SPE, ADNOC, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed. _ Gas injection is recognized generally not only to improve oil recovery but also to increase the risk of asphaltene destabilization. The recent discovery of asphaltene deposits in a subject field motivated the operator to launch an immediate investigation to evaluate what critical risks might exist and consider appropriate mitigation. It was found that precipitated but invisible asphaltenes still can be flowable. This stealth asphaltene behavior could explain a possible mechanism of the first asphaltene observation in the upper reservoir. Introduction The subject giant offshore field in the Arabian Gulf has not experienced asphaltene-induced production deterioration during long-term lean hydrocarbon gas injection. The gas has been injected into the crestal area of two reservoirs (upper and lower) with peripheral powered seawater injection. Both reservoir fluids contain a small amount of asphaltenes (0.1–1.5 wt%) distributed at higher concentration at deeper locations. In May 2022, the first discovery of asphaltene deposits from the historical no-issued area in the upper reservoir motivated an immediate investigation for risk assessment and mitigation. A resulting study captured stealth asphaltenes, which were detected by a laser-light-scattering technique while high-pressure microscopy detected no visible asphaltene solid particles. Historical Asphaltene Data Accumulation The permeability range and pore-throat size of the subject field are relatively low in the lower reservoir compared with the upper. Both reservoirs are under highly unstable asphaltene-stability conditions. The reservoir pressure-maintenance scheme, consisting of dump-floodwater injection followed by peripheral powered seawater injection and crestal gas injection, however, has maintained asphaltene-free production except for the gas-injection pilot (GIP) during 2005–2009. No asphaltenes have been observed in the crestal gas-injection area; however, asphaltene deposits were observed in the GIP area in 2007. The injected gas was enriched gradually by a vaporizing gas-drive process. The previous studies involving numerical modeling analysis and laboratory experiments reported that enriched hydrocarbon gas can more easily allow asphaltene precipitation compared with lean hydrocarbon gas. GIP Asphaltene Risk Analysis (Upper Reservoir). In 2009, an asphaltene flow-assurance risk evaluation was conducted using the single-phase bottomhole sample collected from Well 6, which is 90 ft shallower that the GIP area and far from the crestal gas-injection area. Therefore, the Well 6 reservoir fluid was not affected by injection gas. The bottomhole condition of the GIP production well was entered into the asphaltene precipitation envelope (APE) that was expanded by injection-gas enrichment but never covered by the APE without an enrichment process. Latest Laboratory Analysis (Lower Reservoir). In 2022, an asphaltene flow-assurance risk evaluation was conducted. After the location was narrowed to a depth range, Well 1 was selected by taking an asphaltene gradient into account.

Stakeholder Participation in The Revitalization of Peneleh Tourist Area in Surabaya City

This study aims to identify the form of stakeholder participation and collaboration in the revitalization of Peneleh tourism area to become an area of historical value and maintain the authenticity of the area. A qualitative method with stakeholder analysis was used to examine the participation and collaboration of stakeholders, including the government, local communities, academics, mass media and financial institutions. The analysis found that the active involvement of stakeholders through the Pentahelix model is crucial for successful revitalization. The results show that stakeholder participation in Peneleh revitalization includes the participation of ideas, skills, energy, property, and money. In addition, collaboration between stakeholders in idea development, decision making, human resource development, revitalization implementation and preservation of revitalization results play an important role in the revitalization of Peneleh. Begandring Soerabaia community, as one of the key players in this project, successfully collaborated with various parties including the city government, academics, pokdarwis, mass media, Bank Indonesia and international institutions such as Time Amsterdam. The conclusion of this study is that strong collaboration between various stakeholders, supported by active participation from the local community and support from other institutions, is the key to success in revitalizing a historical area such as Peneleh. This research also underlines the importance of a holistic approach, which includes physical, historical and cultural aspects in preserving historical heritage. Keywords: Stakeholder Participation, Form of Participation, Pentahelix, Stakeholder Analysis, Revitalization

Spatiotemporal distribution of toponymic cultural heritage in Jiangsu Province and its historical and geographical influencing factors

As a typical intangible cultural heritage, Toponymic Cultural Heritage (TCH) is rich in geographic information and semantic and physical connotations. In the context of the heritage conservation era, it is highly important to study the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of toponymic cultural heritage and explore its historical and geographic influencing factors on the sustainable conservation and development of toponymic cultural heritage. However, most existing studies focus on the toponym cultural landscape, and less attention has been given to TCH. Therefore, on the basis of the data of 357 provincial TCH items in Jiangsu Province, this study investigated the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and historical–geographical influencing factors of the TCH by using geospatial analysis methods, such as the average nearest neighbor, tyson polygon, kernel density estimation, standard deviational ellipse, and superposition coupling analysis, and proposed several strategies for adaptive reuse of TCH. The results show that (1) the TCHs of Jiangsu Province have a spatial distribution characteristic of "sparse in the north, scattered in the middle and dense in the south" and form a high-density agglomeration around the southern part of Jiangsu Province. In the distribution of cultural districts, the Jinling cultural district, the Wu cultural district, and the Huaiyang cultural district have the largest number of TCHs. (2) From the Pre-Qin period to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, TCHs, such as Nanjing, Yangzhou, Zhenjiang, Changzhou, and Suzhou, tended to merge in the southern part of Jiangsu. (3) In terms of type, the roads, streets and alleys of TCHs are the richest, and all types of TCHs are spatially clustered in the southern part of Jiangsu Province, which has a high level of urbanization, industrialization, and a superior geographic environment. (4) TCHs have spatial tendencies toward low altitudes and hydrophilicity, and relatively favorable natural geographical conditions provide a high-quality environment for TCHs in southern Jiangsu Province. Influenced by historical, humanistic, and geographical factors, TCH is unevenly developed spatially. As a historical population concentration area, an important political, economic, and cultural core area, and a center of gravity for cultural development, more TCH resources have survived in the southern part of Jiangsu Province. This study provides a new perspective for interpreting and recognizing TCH as a special intangible cultural heritage and can provide a reference for the sustainable conservation and development of TCH.

Patches, Corridors, Matrix, Webs and Clouds. Expanding Richard TT Forman’s Land Mosaic Approach in the Medina of Tunis

This study proposes a framework for analyzing the medina of Tunis, based on Richard T.T. Forman's theory of land mosaics. Departing from traditional preservationist methods, it views the Medina as a multifaceted landscape, integrating both tangible and intangible elements. Drawing from Félix Guattari’s concept of the three ecologies, the paper expands upon Forman’s model by introducing two additional categories: webs and clouds, to encompass the social and subjective aspects of the landscape. Through a literature review and landscape fieldwork, the study advocates for an integrative approach to analyzing the medina's physical and intangible components. The resulting framework offers a landscape analysis tool applicable to other urban landscapes, moving beyond the taxidermy of urban/cultural conservation practices and considering marginalized communities affected by capitalism-driven heritage management and tourism. Such a perspective is integral in promoting social and ecological inclusivity and embedding sustainable practices, particularly in response to the pressing challenges of climate change. Ultimately, this approach would help the contemporary landscape project succeed in “grounding new narratives and topologies” of “re-signification” of other historic urban areas and medinas across North Africa.

Enhancing Urban Connectivity and Regeneration of Historic Areas: Case Study of Heart of Sharjah

This study employs the integrative design process of sustainable urban regeneration of the historical district in Sharjah city in UAE by It also improves physical and visual connectivity and integration within the neighbourhood and among the surrounding areas to encourage walkability in the district provides a liveable community, and increase accessibility and social interaction. Applying comprehensive design strategies to promote connectivity and revitalize the public places in historical district. The study employs a combination of field studies and parametric simulation tools to investigate the district and identify opportunities for improvement. By optimizing the master plan, the research aims to enhance integration and connectivity within the neighbourhood. The study yielded several significant findings; most notable was the increment of the integration value of the optimized master plan by approximately 41% in comparison with Shurooq proposed master plan 2025, as a result of improving the urban configuration, the street network enhances the connection between the old district and the waterfront, and introducing a central plaza to be connected with Al Rola park to achieve the holistic desired approach. The study's outcomes offer practical implications for urban planners and policymakers in the Gulf Region, highlighting the importance of integrative design strategies in fostering sustainable urban regeneration and improving social interactions within historical districts. The study contributes to the promotion of sustainable urban development methods in the Gulf Region by providing insights into how to improve social interactions, promote a holistic approach to urban regeneration in historical districts, and enhance urban sustainability.

Multi-attribute-based procedure for seismic loss scenario in a historical area

AbstractSeismic events have shown to be exceedingly damaging to structures over time, with serious social and economic consequences. As a result, large-scale seismic risk assessments are essential for reducing the potential damage from future earthquakes. Therefore, the proposed study attempts to examine the vulnerability and risk of unreinforced masonry buildings (URM) placed in aggregate conditions in a historical area of the city centre of Lisbon. To this purpose, a comprehensive exposure model was developed combining satellite remote sensing, GIS software, and census data. Subsequently, seismic hazard was evaluated in the area, considering both Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) and macro-seismic intensity for different return periods (i.e. 2-50-100-475-975-2500-5000 years). Vulnerability was assessed by introducing a novel approach to earthquake risk assessment using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making methodologies. Specifically, the method employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) computational methods to evaluate parameter weights and vulnerability index. Damage scenarios, fragility curves and mean damage ratios curves were provided to offer an overview of the vulnerability of the assets exposed to risk. Finally, the expected consequences were evaluated in terms of direct economic losses showing an economic loss of 595 M€ for a 475-years return period, while 1108 M€ for 5000-years. This study significantly enhances seismic analysis for urban areas by introducing a Multi-Criteria Approach. This method simplifies vulnerability assessment, ensuring ease of application and reproducibility. Its insights offer valuable support for disaster risk management decisions, facilitating the implementation of resilience and risk-reduction strategies.

Kajian Potensi Lanskap Desa Kamal Kecamatan Arjasa Kabupaten Jember untuk Pengembangan Wisata Sejarah Berbasis Masyarakat

Jember is one of the regencies located in East Java. Jember seeks to explore new tourism potentials that have not been widely developed, including in the field of historical and cultural tourism. This potential can be found in Kamal Village, Arjasa Sub-district. The purpose of this study was to assess the landscape potential of Kamal Village as an initial analysis of the development of a community-based historical tourism area. The analysis used includes land suitability analysis, historical analysis, thermal humidity index analysis, and community acceptability analysis. Based on the results of the analysis, the general condition of Kamal Village has the potential to be developed as a tourist area. Kamal Village has cultural heritage objects in the form of kenong stones, dolmen stones, menhir stones, lumpang stones, direction stones, and slate stones. All of these cultural heritage sites are quite feasible in terms of their historical value. There are two arts and cultures in Kamal Village that can be used as additional tourist attractions in the form of the Kadisah Ritual and Ta'Butaan. Regarding community acceptability, 100% of villagers agreed with the development of the area as a tourist destination. A total of 86.67% are very willing to play an active role in tourism. Therefore, Kamal Village has high potential to be developed as a community based historical tourism area.

THE MAIN TRENDS AND DIRECTIONS OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND REGENERATION OF THE HISTORICAL ENVIRONMENT

Objective: The purpose of this study is an attempt to reveal and analyze the modern trends and directions of the sustainable development and regeneration of the historical environment from the point of view of the harmonious combination of new and historical architecture and to define some methodological principles of its design at the different hierarchical levels. Theoretical Framework: The study is grounded in a thorough literature review that examines existing research and is based on international scientific publications, reports, scientific papers. Diverse practical materials in the area under study were used as well as own experience in designing urban complexes and buildings in the historical environment. Methods: This study is based on a set of scientific research methods, using an extensive review of literature, Internet resources, and the views of stakeholders. Preference was given to methods such as comparative analysis, synthesis, generalization, complex and systemic approaches. Results: Research identifies key areas of the development and regeneration of the complexes and buildings in the historical environment, which can be divided into several directions. The features, conditions, and directions of such implementations on various examples are examined in this study. Some methodological principles of designing in historical areas at different hierarchical levels are considered. Research Implications: Implications of the study: The results and recommendations of this study will be useful for contemporary design practice, may increase awareness of project management in the field of architecture and urban planning, and help to manage practice in this field more effectively.

Environmental suitability throughout the late quaternary explains population genetic diversity

Genetic variation among populations is reflected in biogeographic patterns for many species, but general rules of spatial genetic variation have not been established. In this paper, we establish a theoretical framework based on projecting environmental Grinellian niches back through time to relate the present geographic distribution of population genetic structure to a given species' historical evolutionary context. Thanks to advances in next‐generation sequencing technologies, as well as more accurate climate models and the amassing of information stored in biological collections, it is possible to implement this theoretical framework directly. We develop a case study of the tassel‐eared squirrel Sciurus aberti to jointly analyze spatial, environmental, and genetic data to predict the historical endemic area of this species. Our results reveal that in cases of genetic isolation by geographic distance, the prevalence of environmental suitability over time corresponds to the genetic fixation index (Fst) of populations with respect to a source population. Populations closer to the historical endemic area show higher genetic diversity and a lower Fst value. This empirical example relates back to the theoretical framework, allowing two further advances: 1) a layer of biogeographic explanation for the results obtained from population genomic methods; and 2) predictive maps of this genetic structure to support biodiversity conservation efforts. Overall, this work advances a perspective that integrates population genetics with historical patterns of species distribution. The limitations posed in the theoretical framework should be considered before implementing the suitability prevalence area (SPA) in a general way over different taxa. Otherwise, the predictability of the genetic diversity of populations as a product of environmental stability over time may not be adequate.

A Study on the Activating Tradition and the Will to Practice in the LiuTao

LiuTao is one of the WuJingQiShu compiled during the Yuanfeng reign of Emperor Shenzong of the late BeiSong Dynasty (1078-1085), which delineated the vertical and horizontal aspects of East Asian military science. Throughout the history of East Asia in this period, library science and bibliography, as official books, formed a huge collection. At the end of the reign of Emperor Shenzong, due to the failure and death of WangAnshi's reform, this was a historical period that could predict the trend of imperial power in the reigns of Emperor Zhezong and Emperor Huizong for more than 40 years. It also foreshadowed a large-scale war, as the capital of the BeiSong Dynasty was relocated to Hangzhou in the NanSong Dynasty (today) due to political struggles and chaos during the war. In addition, the political, social, historical, religious, linguistic, artistic and other cultural areas in this period, in addition to the geopolitical factors in East Asia, also through the textual research of various scholars in the ChunQiuZhanGuo periods, indicate the areas where ancient customs [易俗] can change the development of knowledge and information in the Middle Ages. The distribution and staging of the gains and losses in history, regional, and sociology during the ChunQiuZhanGuo periods have played a role in the development of human civilization and the spirit of war and political humanism in the common track. This is both an economic and moral, legal and educational issue, and also lies in rediscovering the ‘TaoHai (韬海)’ of hegemonic victory to inquiry the Probability variable. In order to investigate the outcome of the ‘Wuyi (无疑)’ military expert hegemony, specifically criticized the traditional activation of military politics based on probability variables and the differences in mercenary techniques and utilitarian positions reflected in the outbreak of war.

Effective management of endangered Blanding’s Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) populations in Nova Scotia, Canada, requires consideration of threats posed by legacy gold mine contamination

The Nova Scotia, Canada, Blanding’s turtle (Emydoidea blandingii) population is designated as endangered both federally and provincially. Currently, its range is confined to five disjunct sub-populations in the province’s southwestern interior. With fewer than 500 breeding adults in the wild, current recovery efforts are focused on reducing mortality risk to adult and juvenile turtles. However, little is being done to address the cumulative impacts of environmental contamination on species fitness and reproductive capacity. This paper focuses on legacy impacts of Nova Scotia’s gold mining industry within present-day Blanding’s turtle critical habitat, with a focus on mercury and arsenic contamination. To date, previous studies have not considered the impacts of legacy gold mining contaminants on Blanding’s turtle recovery and conservation. Three historical gold mining areas were identified as overlapping with Blanding’s turtle ranges (West Caledonia District, Brookfield District, and Pleasant River Barrens District). To address the current knowledge gap, site assessments for Blanding’s turtle presence, food web contamination surveys, turtle claw tissue sampling, and overall site remediation are recommended to complement existing recovery efforts. Keywords: Blanding’s turtle, critical habitat, environmental con-tamination, gold mine tailings

Urban Historiography and Graphic Reconstruction of a Historic Area in Valencia, Spain

The conservation of cultural heritage is a well-established fact recognized by public administrations, the scientific community, and society at large. Understanding this heritage strengthens the historical memory of communities. However, there is a type of heritage that, as it disappears or evolves over time, cannot be physically recovered: the urban fabric of historic cores. This article aims to implement a system for integrating historical urban data into a Geographic Information System (GIS) to enable the graphic recovery of urban evolution within a territory. This system facilitates the storage of alphanumeric and graphic data in a centralized database, providing a holistic view of the transformation process of a historic center’s landscape. This case study focuses on an area in the historic center of Valencia, a territory influenced by multiple cultures since the city was founded by the Romans. Each culture has altered the spatial structures within the area. Georeferenced documents from historical archives, historical cartography, and the scientific literature were utilized for this study. The results have been integrated into the current cartography of Valencia in the GIS, producing plans of successive urban stages through the overlay of historical maps and current cartography.

Thinking heritage places in Latin America: frameworks and reflections on historic urban areas

ABSTRACT Theories and ideas about built heritage produced in Latin America and the Caribbean are rich and revealing. This article lays out and compares the most relevant authors and works to critically appraise them and their influence. By reviewing the literature on theories within the region, as well as practical cases across the continent, three main frameworks are discussed and compared: positivist frameworks (i.e. planning and valorisation), critical theories and imaginaries. The type of heritage researched is built heritage, specifically historic urban areas as they have been extensively studied, and disputed, across the region. Some ground-level practices are also exposed, as they reveal gaps and dissonances among urban planning laws, conservation rules, heritage-based tourism development and the social usage of heritage. The conclusions reveal an extent of common ground among these three different streams of thought, albeit only a few of their ideas are echoed in development plans; so good practices are still hard to find in the region.

Interference of Cultural Codes of the CIS Countries of Central Asia: Civilizational Transformations

For centuries, Turkic peoples have lived in close interaction, which contributed to the formation of similar cultural traditions, languages and customs. This has made them a unique and distinctive historical and cultural area on the map of Eurasia. The study of the interpenetration of cultural codes of the CIS countries of the Central Asian region becomes particularly relevant, as it allows us to identify the main trends and patterns of interference of interacting cultures.The novelty of the study lies in the methodological approach to the analysis of cultural codes of nations, according to which the interference of cultural codes is considered here as an instrument of cultural interpenetration, which reveals the specific relationship between cultural codes and national identity, as well as identifies the reasons for the universalization of cultural codes of border cultures.The purpose of this paper is to explore precisely those features of cross-border cultural interaction that fall under the description of cultural interference in its original sense, which implies spontaneous, uncontrolled cultural interpenetration resulting in the strengthening of some characteristics and weakening of others, in the absence of a dominant culture and deliberate influence on the qualitative characteristics of each of the interacting cultures. This publication offers an analysis of the spontaneity and uncontrollability of civilizational transformations of border cultures, acting as a natural process of interference of cultural codes. The research material is the cultural practices of the CIS countries of the Central Asian region.The main study measures used are conceptual and phenomenological analysis, axiological and analytical research techniques, method of classification analysis, etc.The study of the CIS countries of Central Asia revealed a number of coinciding elements of culture of these countries, indicating the presence of their common national cultural and civilizational identity, which stem not only from the cultural roots common to these peoples, but also a consequence of cultural interference and integration in the process of centuries of coexistence in the neighboring territories.

Changeability, adaptability, and resiliency of Indonesian historic area: a case of Kesawan, Medan

Abstract This paper aims to analyse changes in buildings and plots in a historical area in Medan, Indonesia, in 1875, 1945, and 2023. Change is discussed from the aspect of physical and functional change. The ability of an environment to change and adapt is in line with the concepts of resilience and sustainability. This paper shows that buildings change functionally from hotels and clubhouses to banks. Plots became smaller as previous plots were divided into smaller parts separated by new streets or alleys. This pattern was more pronounced in large, square-shaped plots. Factors that drove these changes were influenced by political factors (lack of government regulation and social movement against Dutch colonialism) and economic factors (Kesawan’s role as a business center).

Beyond perceived risk: COVID-19 vaccination more strongly linked to individual risk perception in wheat areas than rice areas

Vaccines save lives, but vaccine hesitancy remains a global health challenge. That makes it critical to explore the factors that influence whether people get vaccinated. Perceived risk is a pivotal factor in traditional theories of health behavior, such as the Risk Perception Attitude framework and the Health Belief Model. However, studies have found that these models are less predictive of COVID-19 vaccination in some cultures. Studies that test culture by comparing nations are useful, but nations have different healthcare systems and policies that are hard to equate and control for. We addressed this question by testing regional cultural differences in China. Drawing on the rice theory, we compared residents in China's historical rice-farming areas (which are more interdependent) with those in wheat-farming areas (which are more independent). Our survey data from 1872 participants in 29 provinces found that models of perceived risk explained COVID-19 vaccination mainly in historically wheat-farming areas. Conversely, in historically rice-farming areas, perceived risk did not explain vaccination behavior. These findings suggest that cultural factors that are rooted in historical farming practices influence vaccination behaviors. By comparing regions within the same country, we can rule out confounds of national policy and healthcare systems. These insights could help policymakers understand how to tailor vaccination campaigns to people from different cultures.