Historical Animosities Research Articles

Exploring factors influencing Koreans’ intention to visit Japan through decision tree analysis: focusing on discharge of ALPS-treated water and low-yen perception

ABSTRACT In this study, factors influencing Koreans’ intention to visit Japan were examined using a decision tree. It is known that a negative national image generally adversely affects the intention to visit tourist destinations. Japan and Korea have maintained various political, economic and historical conflicts from the past. However, Koreans accounted for the largest proportion of tourists visiting Japan. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the decision-making process for Koreans’ intention to visit Japan and analyse the priority of influencing factors using a decision tree. As a result of the analysis, low-yen perception, historical animosity, interest in treated water, cultural familiarity and age were identified as major influencing factors. These results confirm that changes in Koreans’ perceptions of Japan are progressing despite the fact that the anti-Japanese sentiment towards Japan still exists. Such changes are affecting the selection of tourist destinations. This study is significant in that it considers factors influencing international tourism demand from various perspectives by inputting various predictive variables such as politics, economy, social culture and so on.

ტექნოლოგიური პროგრესი საერთაშორისო შეიარაღებულ კონფლიქტებში

The role and influence of modern technologies on the dynamics of the development of international armed conflicts and their consequences are analyzed. International armed conflicts can be caused by a variety of factors, including territorial disputes (over land and sea boundaries), competition for resources (water, oil and minerals), religious or ideological differences or historical animosities, geopolitical power struggles, nationalism or desire for independence. Also, armed conflicts can be caused by the personal interests of states, the failure of diplomatic negotiations and the development of military weapons. International armed conflicts have significant political, economic and social consequences, which greatly affect not only the states involved in the conflicts, but also neighboring countries and even the international community as a whole. Over the years, technological progress has played a decisive role in shaping armed conflicts. Consequently, the development of technology has significantly influenced the strategies and results of modern military operations.

Role of Mediation in Territorial Disputes in East Asia

Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyze the role of mediation in territorial disputes in East Asia. Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries. Findings: In East Asia, mediation plays a pivotal role in addressing territorial disputes by fostering diplomatic dialogue and negotiation. It aims to de-escalate tensions and find mutually acceptable solutions, preventing conflicts from worsening. Despite challenges like historical animosities and power imbalances, mediation remains a crucial tool for managing territorial disputes in the region. Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Structural realism, constructivism & regional institutionalist theory may be used to anchor future studies on mediation in territorial disputes in East Asia. Mediation offers a constructive mechanism for de-escalating tensions and facilitating dialogue between disputing parties. Promoting mediation as a preferred method for resolving territorial disputes in East Asia can enhance regional peacebuilding efforts and promote a rules-based international order.

Dynamics of Pakistan-US relations after US withdrawal from Afghanistan: challenges and prospects

Since the 1950s till February 2023, ties between Pakistan and the United States (US) have seen many highs and lows. The current dynamics of Pakistan-US relations after the US withdrawal from Afghanistan have posed myriad challenges and further complicated the relationship between the two countries. The withdrawal has impacted the dynamics of the relationship between Pakistan and the US, and the implications of this shift have far-reaching consequences for regional security and stability. The paper discusses those challenges and brings forth the prospects that will shape the future of the relationship after new developments, including security concerns, geo-economic, people-to-people ties, and climate change. The researchers put the study together by using a qualitative research design. The theoretical framework of research is based on using soft power, which suggests that Pakistan-US relations could be improved by prioritising diplomacy, trade, dialogue, and cooperation rather than relying on threats and coercion. Overcoming the historical animosity in the Pakistan-US relationship presents a significant challenge for both states. Engaging in sustained and constructive dialogue will require mutual trust, prudence, determination, and strong political will. The paper concludes by stressing the importance of cooperation over common issues, trust-building, and a geo-economic approach to the relationship.

“Geopolitical Dynamics and Their Impact on Trade between India and Pakistan: A Comprehensive Analysis”

Trade among neighboring nations holds significant economic importance, influencing the socio-economic development of countries. India and Pakistan represent one of the most persistent conflicts in contemporary international relations. The continuation of this conflict poses significant challenges to the establishment and nurturing of robust economic ties between the two nations. Deep-rooted historical animosity between neighboring nations often adversely affects regional economic relations, leading to noticeable disruption and disparities in trade patterns. This study focuses on examining the impact of geopolitical dynamics on trade relations between India and Pakistan. Bilateral trade relations between the two countries have been examined in three distinct time periods: 1965–2011, 2011–2016, and 2016 onwards. The findings revealed that whenever there were hostile relations between the two countries, their trade relations were also adversely affected. Furthermore, it is recommended that emphasizing the importance of peaceful relations is crucial for fostering bilateral trade between the two countries.

German-Polish Reconciliation and Sino-Japanese Reconciliation: Comparative Reflections

Certain parallels exist between the perception of Germany in Poland and Japan in China. This similarity was observed by Chinese historian Yinan He. Poland and China associate their neighbouring nations with a negative, bellicose stereotype that harks back to the Second World War. However, this war is perceived as merely the latest incident in a long history of transgressions. Post-war, both countries came under communist rule, further demonising the former enemy. In the 1970s, both China/Japan and Poland/(West) Germany set aside historical grievances in favour of immediate diplomatic normalisation. In the 1980s and 1990s in Poland, this superficial reconciliation evolved into genuine reconciliation, thanks largely to the efforts of the Catholic Church and the joint membership of Poland and a united Germany in NATO and the EU. Concurrently in Japan, but particularly in communist China, practices of elite mythmaking only served to accentuate historical animosities. In East Asia, there appears to be a mutual lack of willingness for true reconciliation and forgiveness

RETHINKING OF SOUTH ASIAN NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION IN THE CONTEXT OF MIDDLE EAST CRISIS

This article explores the complex link between South Asian nuclear capabilities and the current Middle East conflicts, offering a first analysis of how they interact. South Asia has been dealing with a fragile nuclear balance ever since India and Pakistan conducted nuclear tests in 1998. This delicate balance has been mostly driven by historical animosities and regional geopolitical conflicts. Nonetheless, the paper makes the case that a careful reevaluation of the implications of South Asian nuclear capabilities is required due to the complexity brought about by the Middle East crises, which are characterised by sectarian wars, geopolitical realignments, and external interventions. The historical consequences of South Asian nuclear developments are first highlighted in the research, with a focus on how deterrence shaped India and Pakistan's nuclear postures. The influence of Middle East crises on South Asian strategic planning and threat assessments is then examined in the paper, taking into account the complex nature of these assessments. In the context of diplomatic endeavours and possible sanctions during Middle East conflicts, the involvement of key international powers including the United States, Russia, China, and European nations is examined. The article also discusses issues with nuclear non-proliferation in South Asia and beyond the world. It highlights how India and Pakistan are subjected to increased scrutiny amid the Middle East crises and the possible repercussions for global non-proliferation efforts. The necessity for greater international cooperation on non-proliferation measures is emphasised, as are the diplomatic imperatives for South Asian nations to address concerns and uphold transparency. The paper finds this by analysing the economic implications of the Middle East's strategic importance as an "energy hub." It examines the possible effects on the economies of South Asia, with a focus on energy security and resilience, and recommends proactive steps to reduce economic risk, such as diversifying energy sources and investing in renewable technology.

The Sino-Soviet Alliance: An International History by Austin Jersild

<i>The Sino-Soviet Alliance: An International History</i> by Austin Jersild

GEOPOLITICAL IMPLICATIONS OF REGIME CHANGE IN AFGHANISTAN ON CPEC

With the recent regime change in Afghanistan, questions have been raised about the future of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). The CPEC is a giant economic and infrastructural developmental project that connects China's Xinjiang region with Pakistan's Gwadar Port in Baluchistan. It is a central constituent of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The regime change and the Taliban rule in Afghanistan has maximized worries about the security, economic and political stability of the region, as well as the future of CPEC. This abrupt change in the region has raised crucial apprehensions about the potential for increased regional uncertainties, particularly given the historical animosity between the Pakistan and the Afghan government on Durand Line, and other security misunderstandings. This, in turn, may impact CPEC as well multilateral relation between China, Afghanistan, Pakistan and their relationship with other regional powers and which would further complicate CPEC’s progress. This paper analyzes the geopolitical impacts of regime change in Afghanistan on CPEC, including security concerns, potential disruptions to supply chains, changes in economic and political relationships, and the uncertain nature of the new Afghan government's relationship with China and Pakistan. The paper also examines the potential impacts of geopolitical tensions between China and the US during its stay in Afghanistan and after withdrawal. By analyzing these factors, the paper aims to provide insights into the future of CPEC and its role in shaping the economic and political landscape of the region.

Understanding the Nuclear Landscape in Southern Asia: Complexities and Possibilities

ABSTRACT The nuclear playground in Southern Asia is marked by an exceptional level of complexity. A number of players; their disparate thinking on how to establish deterrence; nuclear dyads that elongate into strategic chains; inter-twining of nuclear issues with conventional, space, cyber realms; disparities in military capabilities; historical animosities accentuated by unresolved territorial conflicts; divides that spawn ideologies, religions and civilizational issues; all make for an immensely complex situation. The consequent regional nuclear dynamics has fair potential for crisis and arms race instability. As a way to address the regional nuclear challenges, the paper explores the character of Pakistan–India and China–India nuclear dyads along three specific axes: drivers of conflict; points of commonalities, similarities and differences; and implications of these for their nuclear stockpiles. Armed with this understanding, it then offers some policy recommendations to address the concomitant dangers.

Integrated clinical animal behaviour

Abstract In this paper I outline the drawbacks with the two main behavioural approaches to animal behaviour problems and argue that each alone is insufficient to underpin a field of clinical animal behaviour. Applied ethology offers an interest in an animal’s spontaneous behaviour in natural contexts, understood within an ecological and evolutionary framework but lacks an awareness of mechanisms that can be manipulated to modify the behaviour of individual animals. Behaviourism in the form of Applied Behavior Analysis offers a toolkit of techniques for modifying the behaviour of individual animals, but has seldom been applied to non-human species, and often overlooks phylogenetic aspects of behaviour. Notwithstanding the historical animosities between the two fields of animal behaviour they are philosophically highly compatible — both being empiricist schools stemming ultimately from Darwin’s insights. Though each individually is incomplete, I argue that an integrated approach that synthesizes the strengths of each holds great promise in helping the many animals who need our assistance to survive and thrive in human-dominated environments.

Consumer Boycotts, Country of Origin, and Product Competition: Evidence from China’s Automobile Market

Triggered by a territorial dispute as well as historical animosity, a nationwide civilian boycott of Japanese products took place in China in the summer of 2012. Using detailed data on vehicle sales in four major Chinese cities (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Nanjing), this study investigates the impact of boycotts on sales and advertising effectiveness of products from different countries of origin. The boycott dramatically reduced the market share of Japanese brands and benefitted Chinese and non-Japanese foreign brands. Consumer switching to other brands accounted for the majority of the loss in sales. Advertising became less effective for Japanese brands during the boycott but more effective for non-Japanese brands, especially at the parent-brand level (e.g., Toyota) than sub-brand level (e.g., Camry). The sales impacts were strongest in Nanjing, the city that had the most atrocious war experience with Japan during the Battle of Nanjing in 1937, and weakest in Beijing, where local government agencies explicitly discouraged public demonstrations. Finally, although the decline in sales of Japanese brands did not vary by quality or production location, competing non-Japanese brands that were had better quality or were manufactured locally benefitted more. This paper was accepted by Juanjuan Zhang, marketing.

A Few Implications of the COVID‐19 Pandemic for International Business Strategy Research

A Few Implications of the COVID‐19 Pandemic for International Business Strategy Research

Impossible Allies? When History and Security Collide: South Korea—Japan Relations in Context

To what degree are historical animosities regarding another country relevant for foreign policy in the face of changes in the security environment? This paper seeks to answer this question in the context of Korea–Japan relations. While pundits have pointed to the Korean public’s negative views of Japan—rooted in the colonial experience—as the explanation for the lack of cooperation between Japan and Korea in the security field, this paper argues changes in the level of common external threat can shift the public’s priorities from perceived historical injustices toward the needs of security. Surveys from the period when the security environment was shifting markedly—the final years of the Cold War (1986–1990)—reveal that public opinion regarding Japan relative to other powers in the region began to deteriorate only after the security environment improved, pointing to a limit to the extent that “history” trumps security.

The changing nature of consumer animosity and cosmopolitanism among young, individualistic consumers in emerging Asia: evidence from China

PurposeThis study is designed to address how rising individualism in emerging Asia changes consumer values and subsequent consumer behavior toward foreign brands. For this, we investigate consumer animosity (CA) and consumer cosmopolitanism (COS) in China and their impacts on consumer dispositions toward Japanese brands.Design/methodology/approachThe study hypothesizes that CA and COS mediate the effects of consumer individualism and age on brand attitudes and purchase intentions. Online surveys were conducted with 421 consumers in China.FindingsThe results indicate that consumers with individualistic values show favorable dispositions toward Japanese brands because of weak CA and strong COS values. In addition, the study found that younger consumers also harbor weak CA and do not avoid Japanese brands because of it. However, younger consumers were not found to be more cosmopolitan than their older counterparts.Originality/valueOur findings suggest that the modernization and individualization of a society can have impacts on consumer values in emerging Asia and that changes in consumer values among young and individualistic consumers can lead to increased preferences for foreign brands, especially brands from a country with historical animosity.

Understanding Japan–South Korea Cooperation and Friction Through Neoclassical Realist Theory

The relationship between Japan and the Republic of Korea (ROK) 1 1 Used interchangeably with ‘South Korea’. has largely eluded theoretical explanations as to why these two allies of the USA continue to share a volatile relationship. The friction between these countries has largely been attributed to their colonial past. The historical aspect is no doubt an indispensable factor contributing to a fractured relationship. However, historical animosity in itself cannot explain the causes behind intermittent friction and cooperation. Bilateral relations between the two countries do not follow balance of threat theory predictions either. Alliance theory states that states will ally against a common threat. Despite this, Japan and the ROK have failed to cooperate even when regional threat level was high. Here, Victor Cha's quasi-alliance theory potentially sheds light on the puzzle. It stresses on the role of a third-party patron and its level of commitment to each of its allies as a determining factor in cooperation or friction between the regional players. The purpose of this article is to test the predictions of this theory. The article tries to determine Japan and the ROK’s perception of US commitment during the Obama administration and the Trump administration, respectively. The next task is to ascertain whether Japan and ROK actions reflected the predictions of the theory. The article concludes on theory implications in the recent climate of bilateral volatility.

Theoretical rigor and the study of contemporary cases: explaining post-cold war China–Russia relations

It has been widely noted that China and Russia have grown progressively closer over the last two decades. Although the scholarly literature has offered detailed descriptions and various ad hoc explanations of this trend, the Sino-Russian bilateral relationship has been the subject of very little scrutiny using rigorous theory, which has obstructed hypothesis formation and evaluation. Moreover, the cooperative post-Cold War trend in the bilateral relationship seems puzzling for baseline versions of each of the major paradigms of international relations theory: realism, constructivism and liberalism. For realists, China’s rising power, coupled with its geographic proximity and longstanding border disputes with Russia, made it a present and growing threat to Russian security at the end of the Cold War. Why did China’s rise not incur balancing from Russia and increasing bilateral hostility, rather than reconciliation? For constructivists, the stark differences in political ideologies and national cultures, as well as a long history of antagonism, presaged continued post-Cold War animosity. How have these historical animosities and ideological rifts been mitigated or overcome? Finally, both countries were increasingly integrated into the US-led international order immediately following the Cold War, with relatively low interdependence in their bilateral relationship. From a liberal perspective, why did this not prompt the two countries to improve political relations with the West while holding each other at arm’s length? The papers in this special issue develop and apply nuanced theoretical arguments to derive testable hypotheses for the cooperative trend in China–Russia relations. In contrast to existing scholarship, these papers offer generalizable insights that both improve our understanding of a crucially important contemporary case, while also advancing IR theory in substantial ways.

A Failure of Laïcité: Analyzing the Ongoing Discrimination of French-Muslims in the 21st Century

The question of how to deal with the “Muslim problem” has once again arisen in France, opening old wounds of colonization and cultural racism. France’s rich Christian past and the historical context of the French-Algerian conflict are key players in the modern suffering of Muslims in French Society. Its colonization of Africa included nations such as Morocco, Indochina, Madagascar and notably in this context, Algeria in 1830. In their valiant fight for independence, the National Liberation Front was launched by Algerians and resulted in a bloody struggle that still haunts the Muslim-French relations in modern France. Though Algeria achieved its independence in 1962, the overall negative attitude towards immigrants from the region remains. Beyond the impact of colonization, the imbalanced living conditions of Muslims and their fellow Frenchmen, as seen by the French banlieues, have turned into a hunting ground for jihadists. The skewed standard of living, exacerbated by the predatory manner of jihadists, suggests that the French be held under a standard of collective responsibility. Thus, under the failing social constructs of the banlieue, Abdelmajid Hannoum’s article “Cartoons, Secularism, and Inequality,” published following the attack on Charlie Hebdo, speaks to the means by which the French ideals of fraternity and equality do not apply to the Muslim populace on the basis of historical animosity and ingrained Islamophobia. Moreover, failure of the French government to unbiasedly enforce their policy of complete secularism plays into the discrimination against Muslims and interferes with the performance of religious traditions, such as in the case of the 2004 ban, which unjustly prevents females from wearing their hijabs, burkas and niqabs. As addressed in The Republic Unsettled: Muslim French and the Contradictions of Secularism by Mayanthi Fernando, there had been attempts to police the religious headwear of Muslim women previously which calls into question the validity of France’s claim to secularism. Legislation like the ban of 2004 allows for blatant discrimination. Unchecked, these factors lead to violent outbursts of extremist retaliation, which is followed by the notion of collective responsibility and pushing of a narrative that holds all Muslims as potential terrorists. Through media, unchecked publications run rampant with this damaging ideal, supporting islamophobia to help to justify discrimination. In the instance of the Charlie Hebdo attack, the common narrative pointed to the attack occurring from born and bred Muslims, but in reality, the guilty parties were driven into jihadism by a number of failings in social service programs. To supplement the research and cold fact, the novel I Die by This Country by Fawzia Zouari, which is based on a real French headline, speaks to the ongoing, every day struggle that French Muslims still endure. There is an evident link between the lasting economic, political and social inequalities faced by 21st century French-Muslims and their historical conflicts with French imperialism and deep-rooted Christian attitudes. The influence of history on the struggle of French Muslims in the 21st century is displayed by the grouping of Muslims into lower income communities, as well as headlines of police violence and anti-Muslim attitudes taken on by political leaders. The conflicts faced by Muslims within the French state is not secularism and until all citizens are, in the eyes of the state, regarded as French first and foremost, conflicts of violence and terror will continue to gain a foothold.

Dismantling the Discourses of the “Black Legend” as They Still Function in the Episcopal Church: A Case against Latinx Ministries as a Program of the Church

The Episcopal Church's failures in ministry to, with, and among Latinx persons and communities are related to the centuries-long historical and discursive animosity between England and Spain. This serves as a background to understanding today's major challenges with respect to ministry with Latinx persons and communities, which function as hyphenated-ministries: programs or projects of the church. The overt and covert insidious replication of the discourses of the so-called Black Legend continue to play out in the inability of TEC to have a substantial breakthrough in ministry with and among Latinx persons and communities.

Geographical, Historical and Political Conditions of Ongoing and Potential Ethnic Conflicts in Central and Eastern Europe

For centuries Central and Eastern Europe has been the scene of frequent changes of borders and numerous ethnic conflicts. Contemporary ethnic diversity of this region is much smaller, however, the growing nationalisms of the various societies, mutual mistrust, and the temptation of politicians to use ethnic issues in the regional geopolitical competition pose a real threat to the stability and peace in Central and Eastern Europe. The dynamic political, legal, social and economic changes which have been taking place in this part of Europe for three decades now, which overlay its clear civilization division into the Latin and the Byzantine parts and are intensified by historical animosities, must have had an impact on the situation and the perception of minorities. In contrast to Western Europe, the contemporary ethnic diversity of Central and Eastern Europe is primary the consequence of various, often centuries-old historical processes (settlement actions, voluntary and forced migrations, border changes, the political and economic expansion of particular countries), and in the ethnic structure especially dominate the indigenous groups, migrants, particularly from the outside of the European cultural circle, are of marginal importance. Moreover, national minorities are usually concentrated in the border regions of countries, often in close proximity to their home countries, becoming – often against their will – element of the internal and foreign policies of neighbouring countries.&#x0D; The main aims of the article are to explain the threats to peace arising from the attempts to use minorities in inter-state relations and regional geopolitics as well as engaging minority groups into ethnic and political conflicts (autonomy of regions, secession attempts) and still the very large role of history (especially negative, tragic events) in the shaping of contemporary interethnic relations in Central and Eastern Europe.&#x0D; However, the varied ethnic structure typical for this region does not have to be a conflict factor, on the contrary – it can become a permanent element of the identity and cultural heritage of each country.