Method Of Historical Analysis Research Articles

THE DISCOVERY OF THE GANESHA STATUE AT BUKIT MAS SITE, LIMBANG SARAWAK: A DISCUSSION

In 1922, a significant artifact was accidentally uncovered at Bukit Mas, Limbang: a statue of Ganesha, the Hindu deity depicted with an elephant head and a human body. This discovery is noteworthy, particularly given the limited historical research on Limbang. To address this, the research will employ a historical analysis method, previous scholarly studies, and historical records to contextualize the Ganesha statue within Limbang's historical narrative. This approach aims to initiate a detailed discussion about the statue's significance and its implications for our understanding of the region's past.

Trials against admirals in France under Napoleon I: on the role of the Investigative Council

The proposed article examines the little-studied institute of the Investigative Council in France under Napoleon I. It was established as the "Fleet Council" by imperial decree of July 22, 1806, to investigate the behavior of senior naval officers if it aroused suspicion and could be considered criminal. The purpose of the work is to determine the role of the investigative council in the system of investigative bodies and the court of the French Navy during the First Empire. For this purpose, an analysis of the regulatory regulation of the Institute of the Investigative Council and its functioning was carried out using the example of the trials of two admirals of the imperial era – Rear Admiral Dumanoir and Vice Admiral Villare de Joyeuse (1809-1810). The subject of the study is the history of the formation of this institute in the era of Napoleon I. Published primary sources and handwritten materials (photocopies) from archival collections and the National Library of France were used in the work on the topic. When studying the material, methods of concrete historical and comparative analysis were used, and a structural and functional analysis of investigative councils was carried out. The following observations were made during the study. The Investigative Council can be defined both as a pre-trial investigation body and as an indictment body. Unlike the indictment jury, it consisted of appointed officers and conducted the preliminary investigation of the criminal case itself. He also evaluated the evidence gathered and made an accusation, which was submitted to the monarch for consideration. Based on the cases of Dumanoir and Villare de Joyeuse, the council appears as an organ of personal imperial power in France. It was created on the initiative of the monarch, the emperor determined its composition and the place of convocation. The sovereign considered the final conclusions of the investigation on the existence of evidence of a crime and decided to organize a trial of the accused. The use of the institute of the Investigative Council was not carried out in every case. In fact, it was seen as a special favor from the monarch, who allowed for a preliminary investigation of the sufficiency of evidence to bring charges and create some kind of pre-trial guarantees against arbitrariness. However, as the practice of using the institute shows, the council did not always cope with the task of uncompromising investigation.

INFORMATION PROVISION OF TOURISM AND ECONOMY IN AZERBAIJAN AND ITS BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS

Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel. Tourism can be domestic (within the traveller's own country) or international, and international tourism has both incoming and outgoing implications on a country's balance of payments. The economy of Azerbaijan has gone through different stages of rapid growth, stability, and crisis. In general, the economy of Azerbaijan, besides field-wise classification, can be divided into three categories: 1. recession period, covering 1992–1995, right after Azerbaijan restored its independence after the USSR collapsed, 2. recovery, from 1996 to 1997, mainly because of increased oil sales, potential oil contracts, partners, and pipelines, 3. boom, from 1998 till 2008, and finally, an economic fall, starting from 2009. After Azerbaijan became independent following the collapse of the Soviet Union, the country started to pursue its sovereign economic policy. For a newly independent country with an economy mainly based on the oil and gas industry, it was quite demanding to keep its say in the world of economy giants. The key objectives of the new and independent economic policy were the establishment of the economic system built on the principles of several types of property, including private property, unlike the Soviet times, integration into the global economy and transition to the market economy. The study of document flow is the most important condition for evaluating the current situation, trends and development prospects in a certain field. The scientific information obtained with the help of the conducted research is successfully applied in various evaluation processes, which in turn allows to accurately determine the development of a certain scientific direction. Among the types of activities carried out in the direction of building an information society in the Republic of Azerbaijan, the organization and management of library - bibliography and information work, the use of modern technologies along with traditional work methods in providing information to readers has become a priority direction of our state's policy in the field of library work. The main goal of t he article is to conduct a comprehensive study of the document flow in the field of tourism and economy and to sup port the information provision of specialists working in this field in the future. One of the priority directions for modern librarian ship and bibliography is the study of information resources in the field of tourism and economy, the determination of the location of these information resources, the study of the current state of the flow of documents in this field, the bibliometric analy sis of fundamental scientific works created in the field of tourism and economy, library- based on the analysis of the current state of information systems, it consists in determining the directions for improving the information provision of different groups of the population. Research methods: special library science, historical, structural-functional analysis, systematic approach, generalization, sociological, statistical analysis and comparative analysis methods were used in the research process. The main conclusion of the article is to achieve the development of information demand and document flow in the field of tourism and economy as a result of the elimination of existing problems in this field. Mentioning certain proposals referring to the works of local and foreign authors is one of the points that attract the main attention in the article.

The Third Way – an Effective Coalition in the 2023 Parliamentary Elections

The analysis covers the issue of the participation of the coalition Polish People’s Party and the Poland 2050 group in the parliamentary election in October 2023. This article discusses both the genesis of the coalition and the main assumptions of the program, analyses the lists of candidates proposed by the Third Way (name of the coalition) and the voting results, both in the context of the first (Sejm) and second (Senat) parliamentary chambers. The presented analysis is typically political in nature. The aim of the article is to show the validity of the political strategy assuming the establishment of an electoral coalition by the two discussed parties – PSL and Polska 2050. Several research methods belonging to political sciences were used – historical and descriptive analysis, decisionmaking and comparative methods. They serve to present comprehensive scientific arguments and obtain answers to analytical questions.

Идея христианского единства Вл.С. Соловьева в условиях вызовов XX–XXI веков

This article examines the concept of Christian unity in the context of Russian philosophical thought. The author analyzes the works of Vl.S. Solovyov, as well as the works of Russian religious philosophers of the early 20th century, theologians and church leaders of the 20th-21st centuries, devoted to issues of ecclesiastic unity. The study demonstrates the enduring relevance of Solovyov’s ideas on ecclesiastic unity in the context of modern geopolitical and sociocultural challenges. The work relies on the encyclicals of the Roman pontiffs, the official decrees of the Second Vatican Council, the definitions of the Bishops' Council of the Russian Orthodox Church, the views of Russian philosophers of the 20th century, among whom N.O. Lossky, V.V. Zenkovsky, G.V. Florovsky, S.N. Bulgakov, S.L. Frank, and A.F. Losev. The author implements the historical and philosophical research method, as well as methods of historical analysis and comparative religion. The article analyzes the evolution of the idea of Christian unity in the thought of Vl.S. Solovyov from the project of ecclesiastic unity to the eschatological pessimism of “Three Conversations about War, Progress and the End of World History”. The author pays attention to its reception in the intellectual and church space of the 20th and 21st centuries and the relevance for determining the directions of contemporary Russian society’s development. In essence, the author of the article substantiates the thesis that the idea of Christian unity of Vl.S. Solovyov could be a possible intellectual basis in formulating responses to the challenges that the church faces today regarding its participation in creating humane world order.

Analysis of Aesthetic Education Elements and Values in Chinese Classical Music

In the profound heritage of Chinese culture, classical music occupies an important place, reflecting its unique aesthetic education value. Through consulting relevant literature and adopting the research method of historical and cultural analysis, it is found that Chinese classical music, with its inherent musical beauty, guides people to pursue noble, harmonious and profound emotions, and realizes the education of beauty. A deeper analysis shows that the concept of "harmony" in Chinese classical music, the harmony of music music, as well as the depth and breadth of music all actively shape peoples aesthetic values and personality characteristics. To a certain extent, this improves the individuals sentiment cultivation and spiritual pursuit, and deepens the individuals understanding and praise of the value of the excellent traditional Chinese culture. The results play a strong role in further exploring the educational value of Chinese classical music and incorporating it into aesthetic education.

Границы между приватным и публичным как условие личностной автономии

The subject of this article is the phenomenon of the boundary between the private and public spheres. The research is based on a systematic approach that allows analyzing and combining individual aspects of the phenomenon under study, as well as methods of logical and historical analysis, hermeneutical and logical methods. The ratio of public and private spheres has now become the subject of consideration of a number of social sciences and humanities. If the public sphere is fundamentally transparent and open to everyone, then privacy, on the contrary, is connoted with darkness, opacity, mystery. A person as a social being is characterized by the need for both public and private space. The boundaries between public and private space can be both material (doors, walls) and immaterial (laws, traditions, social norms). It is noted that these boundaries are not static, they change in space and time, depend on culture, generation and social stratum. Socially constructed boundaries of privacy are formed on the basis of existing ideas in this society about the degree of personal inviolability. What a person is allowed to demonstrate and see is subject to public expectations. Different ideas about personal boundaries can lead to cross-cultural confl ict. It is argued that borders protect the right to privacy associated with tact, voluntary refusal to interfere in the personal affairs of another person. The observance of social distance constitutes personal freedom in both public and private space. Deprivation of privacy humiliates human dignity. Therefore, the right to private space, the ability to defend and protect personal boundaries is a necessary prerequisite for personal freedom and autonomy.

რეკლამის განვითარების ეტაპები პოსტერებიდან აუდიოვიზუალურ გამოსახულებამდე (სოციალური და კომერციული რეკლამების ისტორიული ანალიზი)

The contemporary world, without advertising, is unimaginable. A demand for it appeared even in the ancient years. Acknowledging the significance of the advertising activity takes us to the earliest times. Many centuries ago, when information was imprinted on stones, clay, wooden and copper plates, the society of that time had acknowledged that they had to apply additional efforts to market their products successfully. It is mainly the way how the first advertising inscriptions appeared; they had been preserved by history as a result of archaeological excavations. It is noteworthy that ancient advertisements served commercial as well as political aims. Social advertising is a prosocial project of the past century. Social direction occupies an important place in the large “family” of the advertising activity. It is aimed, unlike commercial advertisements, at selling social behaviour instead of a product that generally brings favourable results for society. Simultaneously with the institutional development of the media, advertising (commercial, social, and political) was transformed into a multimedia product. It has easily adjusted to digital platforms that, for that time, all preconditions already existed. The present research was targeted at using the method of historical analysis, collecting/analyzing/reviewing ancient forms of advertising and determining the stages of its development from ancient to recent times. Besides, in the context of the concept of technological determinism, its aim was to represent the theoretic grounds of the topic. Advertising, during the long-term history of its development, has passed through significant transformations and reached contemporariness in a modified form. Social advertising, similar to its commercial variant, had been forming into a multi-media product in parallel with the institutional development of media.

Ukrainian scientists at the Tselinograd State Medical Institute: Contribution to education and science (1960s)

The article examines the work, scientific achievements, and contribution of Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor Viktor Rafailovich Faitelberg-Blank and Candidate of Medical Sciences, Associate Professor Maria Vasilievna Kropelnitskaya to the development of the Tselinograd State Medical Institute in the 1960s. Authors used the methods of microhistory and comparative historical analysis to achieve the goal of the study, which made it possible to comprehensively reveal the activities of scientists and organizers of medical education V. R. Faitelberg-Blank and M. V. Kropelnitskaya in the Virgin Land. The authors used archival funds and documents, and brief historiographical reviews during the research. For the first time, a set of sources have been introduced into scientific circulation that allow a new look and an objective assessment of the activities of Ukrainian scientists at the Tselinograd Medical Institute. Based on documentary materials from the State Archives of Astana, information from the surviving personal files of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank and M. V. Kropelnitskaya, the main stages of their formation as scientists and teachers in the territory of Ukraine, as well as the reasons for their appearance in Kazakhstan to work at the medical institute have been specified. The activities of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank as the founder of the Department of Pathological Physiology contributed to forming a scientific school that received recognition in Kazakhstan. Also he was engaged in the general development of the problems of “physiology and pathology of digestion”. Despite the short time of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank's work at the institute (1965–1967), he was one of the first scientists at the university who contributed to instilling in his colleagues’ scientific skills of experimental work with animals. The article focuses on the fact that the scientist's many years of experience led to the development of long-term scientific interests of the department in the study of functional and somatic muscles and the gastrointestinal tract under static load and exposure to high-frequency physical agents. V. R. Faitelberg-Blank laid the traditions of teaching students, which has become the foundation for the training of qualified medical personnel in Kazakhstan. The authors have proved the enormous role of M. V. Kropelnitskaya in the formation of the Department of Internal Diseases Propaedeutics, which received recognition as a scientific school engaged in the study of specific methods of treating patients with pathologies of internal organs. M. V. Kropelnitskaya paid students great attention to the study of many physiological processes in norm and pathology. For the first time at the university, she accompanied theoretical material with a demonstration of patients during classes and gave relevant clinical examples. In conclusion, a resume has been made about the enormous contribution of the scientific and pedagogical heritage of V. R. Faitelberg-Blank and M. V. Kropelnitskaya to the development of medical education in virgin Kazakhstan.

THE PRINCIPLE OF “DOLUS SPECIALIS” AND THE PROBLEM OF PROVING THE GENOCIDAL ACTIONS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN UKRAINE

Purpose. The purpose of our study is to investigate the content and legal significance of the principle of «dolus specialis» in international law, to analyze its application in proving genocidal acts, and to determine the specifics of challenges and prospects for the legal qualification of the actions of the Russian Federation in Ukraine as genocide in the context of modern international legal practice and norms. Method. The methodology includes the integrated use of general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative legal analysis of international judicial practices on proving genocide. The method of historical and legal analysis was also used to study the development of the genocide doctrine and the formal logical method to assess the evidence base of the Russian Federation’s actions in Ukraine. Results. It is established that the critical condition under the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide of 1948 for qualifying actions as genocide is the principle of «dolus specialist,» which allows qualifying the actions of the accused party as a specific intent. To fully prove «dolus specialist,» it is necessary to establish the direct intent of the leadership of the Russian Federation to wholly or partially destroy the Ukrainian national group as such. This requires the collection of evidence that would confirm the link between the statements of Russian officials about the «denazification» of Ukraine and the war crimes committed. The critical aspect is to analyze public statements, official orders, and documents demonstrating these actions’ systematic nature. At the same time, it is essential to continue documenting actions that demonstrate the systematic nature and scale of crimes for further use in international trials. The principle of «dolus specialis» remains fundamental to the legal mechanism for combating genocide, ensuring the effectiveness of prosecution and prevention of crimes against humanity. Scientific novelty. The author makes a comparative legal analysis of international judicial practices on proving genocide and provides examples that allow qualifying the actions of Russians in Ukraine as an act of genocide. Practical significance. The results of the study can be used in further theoretical legal and criminal law research, as well as in the preparation of special courses.

Romantic motifs in Chinese art: origins and peculiarities

INTRODUCTION. In traditional Chinese culture, romantic motifs have always been one of the central themes in art. Therefore, the consideration of cultural and historical features of the romantic attitude development in Chinese art seems relevant for a deeper understanding of the “romanticism” phenomenon in world culture at the level of style traits and artistic techniques, regardless of nationality. The aim of the study is to show that Romantic themes in Chinese art have deep cultural and historical roots. The novelty of the study lies in the attempt to show that the unique features of Chinese Romanticism have influenced both Chinese and contemporary world art.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The study is based on historical documents and works of traditional Chinese art and culture, the methods of historical and cultural analysis are used.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. It is revealed that romantic motifs in Chinese art are reflected not only in the praise of natural beauty but also in the desire for inner peace and spiritual freedom.CONCLUSION. A deeper understanding of the Romantic motif in Chinese art is significant for a better comprehension of the content and structure of the core values of Chinese culture.

Composer’s interpretation of Guo Wenjing of Chinese traditional opera «Si Fan»

Relevance of the study. Chinese traditional opera is one of the important treasures of the world musical culture. Now there are about 360 regional varieties of this opera in China, which indicates the active continuation of its public life. At the current stage, Chinese traditional musical art became the focus of attention of many Chinese composers-representatives of “The New Wave”. In their creativity, there is a revival of traditional Chinese music and, at the same time, saturation of traditional genres of modern methods of compositional writing. The subject of the consideration in the article is the composer’s interpretation of Chinese traditional opera “Si Fan”, which was made by Guo Wenjing in 2015. Creating arrangement, the composer aims to enrich the thesaurus of Western musician and listener with intonations of Sichuan traditional opera. Its access to the international level actualizes the research of peculiarities of modern interpretive versions of opera compositions of Sichuan traditional theatre. The main objective of the study is to reveal the specifics of transformation of Sichuan traditional opera “Si Fan” in the composer's interpretation of Guo Wenjing. Methodology. In the research of historical origin of the original source of the studied opera, the role of Sichuan traditional opera in modern musical life, the historical method of analysis is applied. In order to identify the specifics of the transformation of an opera of traditional origin in the modern composer's interpretation of Guo Wenjing, the comparative method of analysis was used. Results and conclusions. The historical origin of the original source of the studied opera is traced. The specifics of changes in the semantic load in operas of the traditional theater are revealed in a historical section, using the example of the opera “Si Fan”. The importance of mutual exchange of musical experience between European and Chinese cultures as the important means of actualizing Chinese traditional theater for modern society is highlighted. The specifics of the transformation of the Sichuan traditional opera “Si Fan” in the composer's interpretive version by Guo Wenjing have been researched. It can be traced in the orientation to the maximum preservation of the natural, authentic sound of gaoqiang chants, which would at the same time become accessible to the modern foreign audience. For this purpose, the following means are used: 1. distinct genre features of Chinese traditional theater are preserved; 2. the acoustic sound of instrumentation is not opposed, but acts as a supplement to the sound standard of traditional Chinese music; 3. the ensemble interaction of the traditional composition of gaoqiang performers is not disrupted with the introduction of an academic instrumental ensemble; 4. five-line and hieroglyphic notation is combined. In Guo Wenjing's arrangement, we observe the genre expansion of traditional opera, according to which the composer leaves the basis of the traditional Sichuan opera, but enriches its expressive possibilities, bringing it closer to the perception of the European listener. According to the results of the analyses of the performance version of the opera “Si Fan” of 2015, the peculiarities of live communication of the performers are summarized, in which the central and leading role of the soloist is emphasized. A conclusion is made regarding the stabilizing influence of musical notation, the presence of an auxiliary instrumental ensemble and a conductor on the architectural construction of the opera. The search of new resources to diversify the musical and expressive language of the traditional heritage of Chinese culture is characteristic of the work of many modern composers, which certainly provides prospects for further analytical investigations and awaits further scientific coverage.

Guitar music by Heitor Villa-Lobos: genre traditions of Brazilian choro

The relevance of the article is to consider Brazilian guitar music as an important component of the modern South American repertoire. On the example of choros of famous composer Heitor Villa-Lobos connections with the folklore traditions of the country, Afro-Brazilian, AfroCuban primary and derivative patterns of the genre have been revealed. The main objective of the study is to discover in H. Villa-Lobos's guitar music metrorhythmic and intonation-melodic archetypes of the Brazilian choro genre as an essential component of the southeastern regions of the country. The novelty of the article consists in the introduction to the Ukrainian musicological circulation of the genre-style analysis of the guitar works of H. VillaLobos, which, thanks to the names, are defined by the author as representatives of the specifics of this genre phenomenon. The methodology is based on an interdisciplinary approach and methods of historical, cultural, musicological, systemic, structural, and functional analysis, applied to the study of the genesis of the choro rhythmic archetype, primary ethnic sources, intonation-melodic manifestations and stylistic interactions in the composer's music. Results and conclusions. Choro is considered as one of the main heraldic genres of Brazilian musical culture, spread to a large extent in the southeastern regions of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Among the local folk traditions of music-making in the middle of the 20th century choro (ancient wailing) and samba belong to the hybrid field of genres of Afro-Brazilian roots. The genesis of choro is connected with the local folklore of street musicians (choroens), as well as with tropical soundscapes and noise signals of the "polyphony of the city". Choro is characterized as a genre model, an instrumental composition of performers, singing, dancing and a figurative state of suffering. Linguistic and genre features of choro are revealed in the example of guitar works from the "Popular Brazilian Suite" by Heitor Villa-Lobos and his solo guitar composition from the largescale cycle of the same name "Chôros" for various ensembles of performers. Connections of choro with mazurka, ecossaise (scottish), waltz, gavotte are determined. The means of creating sound effects of ensemble playing thanks to the idiomatic resources of the solo guitar are considered. In the process of analytical research, a schematic generalization of the rhythmic choro archetype is proposed. The basic and derivative patterns of the archetype create a system of variant means of alternating rhythmic formulas that generalize the features of Afro-Cuban, Afro-Brazilian habanera, African lundu and batuk, European and Brazilian polka. The modernist means of choro representation are characterized thanks to the comparison of the guitar version with the language findings of the following parts of the grandiose cycle "Chôros": the use of Indian ritual-tribal folklore elements, techniques of sound imitation, stylistic allusions, a modern language arsenal, which together with the further development of the fundamental technique of playing the guitar with movements of the same positions along the guitar neck formed their individual and stylistic platform of musical thinking.

DIGITAL REDESIGN OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE TEXTILE PATTERNS: A SYNTHESIS OF NATIONAL TRADITIONS AND INNOVATIONS

Purpose: the study explores the complexity of digitally transforming ancient Chinese textile patterns and allows identifying the stages of its digital redesign, blending national tradition craftsmanship with contemporary intellect. Methodology. A Systematic Exploration of Digital Redesign for Traditional Chinese Textile Patterns presents a methodical approach to investigating the potential of digitally redesigning traditional Chinese textiles. Using the method of historical and retrospective analysis provides a study of the history and origin of cultural references to traditional patterns. Art historical analysis of traditional ancient patterns requires researchers to make full use of previous records from history, literature, and visual works in order to understand the corresponding culture, social condition, and artistic world related to these patterns. Methods Archival research, Stylistic analysis, and Iconographic analysis and methods of digital redesign allow to outline ways of integrating traditional motifs into design practices, demonstrate their adaptability and ability to rethink their use in a digital environment. Forecasting method demonstrates the universal appeal of Chinese textile patterns in fostering creative bridges that uphold culture and promote good designs without boundaries. Results. It is proved in the work that traditional Chinese textile patterns have undergone changes over time, yet they have not entirely vanished in their transformation. This study outlines the author's approach to manufacturing innovation, which involves a structured, holistic process for producing contemporary designs using traditional national textile motifs, based on a redraft of cultural patterns. Five key stages of redesign of Chinese textile patterns are highlighted, such as Traditional Inspirations, Adaptation and Simplifications, Integration into Design Practices, Digital Transformation and Cross-Cultural Fusion. These stages extend beyond Chinese textiles, serving as a universal model for product development that incorporates traditional elements of national heritage. It ensures a seamless fusion of tradition and contemporary design. It also underscores the strength and durability of Chinese textile heritage, which illustrates its capability to pass down creativity for new forms in a world that is rapidly changing. The results highlight the importance of maintaining heritage while using modern technology. Scientific novelty. This work describes an original method of digital re-design for traditional textile patterns, based on a five-phased model. The research links each stage with its core and talks about how their commonality has significance to the more general conversation of cultural heritage preservation in contemporary design. It was proved for the first time that they serve as the foundation for a universal redesign protocol, equipping designers worldwide with knowledge and tools that enhance both cultural and digital design studies.

Parallel Imports: The Principle of Domestic Exhaustion of Trademark Rights and the Strict Non-infringement Exception

Abstract: With the development of globalization, parallel importation has been one of the efficient instruments to promote free trade worldwide. However, the trademark protection involved in parallel importation is complex as it concerns many elements. There is no consensus among countries on the legal nature of parallel imports. This essay comprehensively applies the case law rules, the comparative research rules, the literature analysis and the historical analysis method, analyzing reasons for the dilemma of parallel imports and different postures of countries and regions towards it. Some countries oppose parallel importers based on the theory of domestic exhaustion of trademark rights, while other supports the act for the theory of international exhaustion of trademark rights. Then the essay compares different legal measures taken by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom and China in the face of parallel imports, and finally concludes that China should adhere to the principle of domestic exhaustion of trademark rights and the strict non-infringement exception for the balancing of private rights and public interests.

Sustainability of the real sector of the Russian economy: Economic security and sanctions realities

Aim. To investigate the essence of the real sector of the Russian economy and identify the features of its impact on achieving economic security under sanctions.Objectives. To determine the essence of the real sector of the economy and assess its contribution to the stability of the national economy under sanctions; to identify the stages of development of the real sector of the Russian economy; to form an approach to regulating the real sector in the context of achieving economic security.Methodology. The research uses methods of comparative, structural, functional, and historical (retrospective) analysis, as well as tools of systemic and institutional approaches.Results. The real sector of the economy includes the production of goods and services, its functioning is associated with the creation of new value. This distinguishes it from the virtual and financial sectors where real, tangible goods are not created and where, in fact, the product formed in the real sector is redistributed. In crisis conditions, the developed real sector serves as the basis for the functioning of the economy and the satisfaction of basic economic needs, its stability determines national economic security.Conclusions. In modern conditions, characterized by sanctions pressure on Russia from unfriendly countries, the real sector of the economy plays an important role in ensuring the stability of the country’s economy as a whole. Its dynamics largely determines protection against traditional and new (sanctions-related) threats and risks to economic security. At the same time, there is a need for government support and regulation of the development of the real sector, which is associated with many different difficulties. To increase the effectiveness of this regulation, a permanent search for a balance between the use of planned and market instruments is required, the development of a mixed system of economic regulation that combines the tools of market and planned approaches. This will make it possible for the state to flexibly and adaptively manage the process of ensuring national economic security.

The Soviet-Japanese Basic Convention of 1925 (the Historic and Legal Aspect)

The paper is devoted to the problem of international cooperation between the Soviet Union and Japan in the 1920s. The author uses the method of historical and legal analysis to examine the convention on the basic principles of relations between the USSR and Japan that was adopted in 1925. The Convention was one of the first significant historical instruments of the 20th century within the framework of the development of the Russian Far Eastern political program. The author examines the document from a historical and legal point of view in order to reveal its legal component and deepen the understanding of its diplomatic significance and influence on the development of international relations in the first half of the 20th century. The paper presents historical resources on the key reasons and conditions that led to the signing of the Convention. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the Convention’s content, basic principles of cooperation enshrined in the Convention that laid the foundations for the regulation of relations between the Soviet Union and Japan. The author also examines the consequences the Convention had for both countries both in the short and long run. The study presents the author’s standing regarding the contradictory nature of the Convention of 1925 expressed in realization by the parties of their foreign policy objectives through unequal concessions, particularly for the USSR. The contribution of the Convention to the formation of political and economic relations between Japan and the USSR in the following years is emphasized.

Phenomenon of Screen Dance in the Context of Dialogism of Choreographic and Audiovisual Arts

The purpose of the article is to reveal the peculiarities of the phenomenon of screen dance in the context of dialogism of choreographic and audiovisual art. Research methodology. The method of analysis and synthesis was applied (to study the scientific literature on the research topic and identify the main concepts of screen dance), the terminological method (to clarify the concept of "screen dance"); the typological method and the method of historical and cultural analysis (to identify the peculiarities of the interaction of choreographic and audiovisual art in historical retrospect), the method of generalisation. Scientific novelty. The phenomenon of screen dance is studied in the context of dialogism of choreographic and audiovisual art in historical retrospect; the concept of "screen dance" has been clarified; the properties of screen dance are understood, the points of common influence and mutual exchange between film and dance are considered, which define it as an autonomous practice; little-known and unknown sources, as well as the results of research by modern foreign scientists, were introduced into scientific circulation. Conclusions. The study found that there are no strict criteria for defining screen dance in the scientific literature. During the historical development, this art form was usually denoted by a number of terms limited by indications of materiality (video dance, film dance, dance film), but it is screen dance that formulates the common denominator between them. Within the problematics of dialogism of choreographic and audiovisual art, screen dance can be considered as a form of research that studies the relationships between composition, choreographic language, and the meanings of body, movement, space, and time in the context of contemporary debates about cultural practices. Screen dance can take many forms and features and cross genres, with no limits on how it can be produced, filmed, edited and distributed. The coexistence of choreographic and audiovisual in the concept of screen dance is characterised by a constant dynamic interaction, the specifics of which are determined by innovative technological inventions and trends in the socio-cultural space.

Comparative Analysis of the Telephone Fraud Liability in the Criminal Law of Russia and Foreign Countries Based on the Dynamics of Damage Example

Introduction. The telephone fraud is a serious problem faced both in Russia and abroad. With the development of digital technologies and Internet, the fraudsters find the new ways to deceive citizens by calling them on the phone, pretending to be the representatives of banks, law enforcement agencies or other official institutions. The dynamics of damage caused by such crimes is constantly growing, therefore, the efficient measures should be taken to prevent and suppress fraud. The aim of the article is to conduct a comparative analysis of the criminal law with respect to telephone fraud liability in Russia and foreign countries based on the dynamics of damage example.Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research included the general and specific scientific methods of cognition. Among the general scientific methods, the dialectical and legalistic methods were used. In addition, the method of historical analysis, data analysis and synthesis methods were applied, the legal acts regulating the public relations on countering the telephone fraud were investigated. Also, a comparative legal method was used to analyse and compare different legal provisions. For more complete understanding of the problem, the analysis of the judicial practices of the Russian courts was carried out, which made it possible to evaluate the existing law enforcement practices in the specific situations.Results. The analysis of the criminal law on fraud liability in Russia and foreign countries, as well as measures enforced to counteract fraud in the Russian Federation, the People's Republic of China and the United States of America, has been carried out. The consequences of fraud as a type of crime have been studied, and the general dynamics of damage from the registered and investigated telephone frauds in the Russian Federation has been analysed. The main trends and features of such cases have been revealed.Discussion and Conclusion. The analysis of the criminal law demonstrates that fraud liability in Russia and foreign countries has its own features. Studying these differences will help to identify the best practices in countering fraud and to develop the more efficient measures for preventing this type of crime and punishing the fraudsters.

The Evolution of Indian Sculptural Traditions: Interweaving Art, Culture, and Contemporary Practices

Indian sculptural art has historically been intertwined with various artistic forms, such as music, dance, and painting, creating a distinct narrative that has shaped the country's cultural identity. Among these, religious idol-making holds a significant role in reflecting societal values, spiritual beliefs, and artistic expression. Over centuries, idol-making techniques have evolved while adhering to traditional aesthetic and religious principles. This paper explores the evolving traditions of Indian sculpture, with a particular focus on Rajasthani stone sculptures, and examines how modern Indian sculptors are adapting ancient practices to contemporary sensibilities. The research adopts a qualitative approach, employing historical analysis and interpretative methods. Archival materials, such as ancient texts and scholarly commentaries, are used to trace the continuity and transformation of traditional sculptural practices. Fieldwork conducted in Rajasthan, specifically in Jaipur and Alwar, documents the current state of traditional sculpture workshops. Interviews with contemporary sculptors provide insights into the adaptation of traditional techniques to modern artistic trends, while secondary literature on art history situates these changes within a broader cultural and religious context. Results indicate that religious idol-making continues to be a central form of artistic expression in Indian culture, with Rajasthani sculptors preserving traditional methods while incorporating modern materials and techniques. Proportions, aesthetic purity, and spiritual symbolism remain key components of traditional idol-making, influencing contemporary works. However, modern sculptors are expanding their themes to include social, political, and philosophical concepts, reflecting the changing socio-political landscape of India. In conclusion, Indian sculptural traditions have shown resilience and adaptability, balancing cultural heritage with modern innovation. This study highlights the evolving nature of Indian sculpture, particularly in Rajasthan, as artists continue to redefine their craft in response to contemporary cultural shifts.