Settlement History Research Articles

Is the Traditional Rural Architecture in the Periphery of Istanbul Climate-Friendly? The Case Study of Şile, Gökmaslı

Nowadays, the decrease in available resources due to excessive use and the deterioration of ecological balance haverevealed the necessity of developing approaches compatible with nature for the whole world. The effects of theseapproaches have been seen for a long time in the construction industry, which constitutes a significant part of energyconsumption, and therefore in the field of architecture. There is an increasing environmental awareness not only ofthe design and implementation phases of new buildings but also of reconsidering existing historical rural settlementsbuilt according to natural and climatic conditions in the past. This paper aims to verify/falsify the theory that it wouldbe beneficial to protect and sustain the traditional rural architectural heritage in combating the negative effects of theclimate crisis, which is widely accepted in the literature. These criteriawere questioned in-depth on a case, which have rural heritage value. The existing physical environment in the Gökmaslı rural settlement of Şile on urban periphery of Istanbul was examined in terms of ecological sustainability, and the possible contributions of the preservation of historical settlements to climate adaptation studies are discussed.

ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFIED HISTORIC BAZAR OF SULTANATE PERIOD TOWARD TOURISM AND ECONOMIC UPLIFTING IN THE REGION OF SOUTHERN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Internationally, historic bazars are being regenerated to maintain and sustain the ambience of heritage core of the city. In Pakistan, this concept is also being followed in historic cities like Lahore, which have meaningful results by saving endangered heritage of specific time period as well creating economic, recreational and tourism activities having direct impact on uplifting of the community. There is need to apply this concept of regeneration in the other historic cities of Pakistan especially the remote areas like Southern Punjab where the heritage is being detoriating due to lack of maintenance and encroachment and need to protect on priority basis. Southern Punjab, Pakistan is a cradle of many civilizations and full of historic monuments with a most important era of Sultanate Period in which numbers of shrines were built spiritually in the memory of Sufi saints who played a vital role in spread of Islam in the region. Regular visits by their followers, especially during URS, led to the establishment of commercial and recreational activities in the form of bazars and mela grounds around these shrines. However, as city centers evolved over time, these bazars have deteriorated, necessitating regeneration for the revival of the historic core's ambiance This research focuses on the regeneration of historic bazars during the Sultanate Period in one of the historic settlements of Southern Punjab, Pakistan. The methodology involves a comprehensive survey and interviews with experts, contributing valuable insights to the existing body of knowledge. Emphasizing compliance with SDG-11.4, which underscores the importance of ensuring the safety of indigenous heritage, the study aims to provide practical recommendations for the sustainable regeneration of these historic bazars, safeguarding Southern Punjab's rich cultural legacy.

Memoirs of African farms: Land, settlement, and belonging in white life writing from Southern Africa

ABSTRACT Building on previous discussions of the plaasroman, or farm novel, this article establishes the autobiographical subgenre of the white, southern African farm memoir, drawing on texts and writers from the former Rhodesia and modern Zimbabwe (Daphne Anderson, Alexandra Fuller, Doris Lessing, and Muriel Spark). Anderson’s The Toe-Rags and Fuller’s Don’t Let’s Go to the Dogs Tonight are read here as indicative of the differences and continuities between successive cohorts of white life writers in southern Africa. While Anderson’s autobiography is markedly anti-imperial, later memoirists like Fuller offer a more ambivalent response to white belonging and land ownership in postcolonial Zimbabwe. When Fuller’s generation inherit the white farm from their predecessors, they return to this location to elide the controversial histories of colonial settlement. Ultimately however, these farms become microcosms of the doomed settler state, offering neither a permanent home, nor a secure future after the end of colonial rule.

Nobody's land? The oldest evidence of early Upper Paleolithic settlements in inland Iberia.

The Iberian Peninsula is a key region for unraveling human settlement histories of Eurasia during the period spanning the decline of Neandertals and the emergence of anatomically modern humans (AMH). There is no evidence of human occupation in central Iberia after the disappearance of Neandertals ~42,000 years ago until approximately 26,000 years ago, rendering the region "nobody's land" during the Aurignacian period. The Abrigo de la Malia provides irrefutable evidence of human settlements dating back to 36,200 to 31,760 calibrated years before the present (cal B.P.) This site also records additional levels of occupation around 32,420 to 26,260 cal B.P., suggesting repeated settlement of this territory. Our multiproxy examination identifies a change in climate trending toward colder and more arid conditions. However, this climatic deterioration does not appear to have affected AMH subsistence strategies or their capacity to inhabit this region. These findings reveal the ability of AMH groups to colonize regions hitherto considered uninhabitable, reopening the debate on early Upper Paleolithic population dynamics of southwestern Europe.

Assembling Cities in Contemporary Discursive Practices

The article presents issues that reflect modern strategies and tactics for constructing a holistic image of a city. The so-called assembly (reassembly) is executed in response to the challenges of a scattered, fragmented, decentralized, hybrid city, but a developing city nonetheless. We reveal several types of “assembly”, depending on who the “outlook collectors” are: each time these are either those who generally approve of the policies of the powers that be, or opposition-minded bloggers, popular leaders of urban communities; or members of research groups. The authors consider the city as a dynamic system that forms many vectors of development and makes for diversity of urban discourse. The article proves that in the media three types of discourse compete in the city space: the discourse of sustainable development, critical urbanism, as well as a softer version referred to as the discourse of new urbanism. We conduct subject analysis of texts and statements made by members of social media communities (from three Siberian cities: Novosibirsk, Barnaul, Tomsk), who conduct spatial development audits and offer their own scenarios for putting together a city. The role and the importance are shown of virtual assemblies, which, if social media communities are anything to go by, can lead to creating actual assemblies and to the interaction of all city actors in the process of transforming space, to revising the modes of involvement of citizens in process of designing urban life. Discussions related to putting together a city may also slow down the process of implementing urban projects and hamper practices of further developing cities that are considered historical settlements. Moreover, citizens’ demands for an authentic urban space that can be called genuine and historic are often neglected by government officials. Each of the analyzed cities demonstrates its own unique set of institutional mechanisms and interactions of participants in decision-making arenas that are a product of a certain unique cultural, social, political and historical context.

Historical Development of the City of Sochi in the First Half of the 20th Century. Typology Experience (to the Subject of Protecting Historical Settlements)

В статье представлены результаты типологизации объектов исторической застройки города-курорта Сочи, сформировавшейся в течение первой половины ХХ века. Территориальные рамки исследования определены границами Сочи-Мацестинского курортного района, установленными в середине 1930-х годов. Рассмотрены основные типы исторических зданий и принципы планировки земельных участков, оказавшие наиболее существенное влияние на формирование уникального пространственного облика исторического поселения Сочи. В качестве критериев типологизации зданий были применены их хронологические, планировочные и объёмно-пространственные особенности. Подчёркнуто особое значение природного фактора в создании образа города-курорта Сочи, обретшего целостность в советскую эпоху.

Prediction intervals for concrete face sandy gravel dam settlement using Kalman filter-based kernel extreme learning machine

Accurately predicting settlement of concrete face sandy gravel dams is a crucial yet challenging task. The conventional approach of point forecasting can hardly describe the uncertainties inherent in the complex dam system. Hence, a hybrid prediction interval (PI) method using Kalman filter-based kernel extreme learning machine (KELM) is proposed to quantify the uncertain information associated with dam settlement prediction. The Kalman Filter (KF) is integrated into the original KELM by incorporating real-time actual measurement. The wavelet multiresolution analysis is employed to eliminate irrelevant information from historical settlement time series for more accurate prediction. Additionally, a Bayesian method is used to detect change points in the KF modified-KELM model. The proposed method is demonstrated in the settlement monitoring of the Nazixia dam and is compared with three popular machine learning methods. Results indicate that the PI constructed by the proposed method can exhibit better interval coverage and a comprehensive index.

Determining the Urban Morphology of Historical Settlements through Water Supply Lines: The Case of Eğrikapı Neighborhood

Determining the Urban Morphology of Historical Settlements through Water Supply Lines: The Case of Eğrikapı Neighborhood

Human-land relationship in the construction of historical settlements based on Complex Adaptive System (CAS) theory: evidence from Shawan in Guangfu region, China

The relationship between humans and land environment within historical settlements reflects the intricate interplay between human societies, their construction activities, and the specific geographical contexts. Inadequate research into this relationship hinders a comprehensive understanding of the social spatial intricacies inherent in historical settlements. This paper adopts the theoretical framework of complex adaptive system and takes Shawan Ancient Town in Guangfu area of China as an example. Under the geographical background of sustainable land growth in the coastal zone, this study analyzed the subtle changes in the relationship between people and land during the historical construction, and the key findings of the investigation are threefold: (1) Land resources play a central role in the construction of human-land relationships in historical settlements. The geographical environment and social institutions serve as configuring factors in the formation and evolution of human-land relationships. These factors collectively determine the formation and evolution of human-land relationships. (2) Social space emerges as a pivotal manifestation of the human–environment relationship in historical settlements, transcending mere physical dimensions. Consequently, a holistic study of this relationship necessitates a comprehensive exploration not only of spatial configurations but also of the intricate interconnections among social bonds, structural formations, societal order, and settlement spatiality. (3) Drawing on the framework of complex adaptive systems theory, the study disentangles intricate elements within the human-land relationship of historical settlements. It distills and examines the manifestations of four intricate adaptive capacities—namely aggregation, non-linearity, flow, and diversity—alongside the mechanisms of tags, internal models, and fundamental building blocks. It is believed that the study of historical settlements in coastal areas needs to grasp the invariable social-spatial objects such as geographical environment, land form, local beliefs. Take it as a clue to sort out how other elements of change have iterated and transformed in the process of historical evolution, such as the rise and fall of families, land ownership changes and social class evolution. This paper explores the value connotation of historical settlements from the perspective of dialectic thinking of change and invariance with CAS theory, which has theoretical significance for protection of settlement's human-land relationship from the perspective of "social-spatial".

The Science of Vegetation with Reference to India

Pt. I Vegetation is the sum total of plant population covering a region and its descrete units circumscribed by characteristic environment, are communities. The species content is the flora. The physical and the biological surroundings characterise the environmental complex. Both plants and their environment are dynamic systems interacting within and with each other. The amplitude of variations in the environment is generally met with synchronised adaptive responses of the plants in time and space. Differentiation of ecads and ecotypes within the plastic species is the result. However, many forms and invaders may get eliminated also if the situation goes beyond their range of tolerance set by the genetic organisation as the factors may become critical at different stages of the life-cycle. The species around provide the genetic material for recruitment and ecesis within the community.pt. II Migration of species involving mobility of disseminules, their germination, aggregation, competition and final ecesis-ever continuing processes lead to colonisation and invasions. All these plant phenomena react upon the environment introducing changes therein. Thus newer community-environment-complex equilibria are set up in the dynamic system. The whole process is called, succession in relation to time and the series of succeeding communities for a given area, a sere. When it happens ‘de novo’ with no trace of plant present originally in the area, it is prisere as a result of primary succession and subsere with disturbed communities in which secondary succession is the rule. The mechanism of succession is driven by the reacting and changing environment consequential largely either to the plant processes themselves or to extraneous forces succession is autogenic in the former and allogenic in the latter case. In every case succession terminates into a more stable climax community generally dependant upon the climate and soil. The taxa used for classifying communities differ widely among ecologists but association is the basic unit accepted by all, though with varying concepts. The concept of ecosystem in relation to energy and matter within the community is the most acceptable basis for comprehending;vegetation types in India.Pt. III Since vegetation evolves out of the flora floristic regions of India should form the basis of its main divisions. For this purpose three main latitudinal belts viz. (1) Eastern and Western Himalayas, (2) Assam, Gangetic Plains and Rajasthan, and (3) Deccan and Malabar are recognised. The seven provinces with their distinct climate including photoperiod can be individually considered for the description of vegetation types along gradients of altitude, humidity-aridity, history and proximity of human settlements and soil fertility. Along these gradients closed, open and desert types of structure within forests, scrub and grass can be described with their combinations wherever necessary. Physiognomy, structure, function, composition, dynamics, habitat relations and history are the important diagnostic criteria of vegetation types. Size, texture and seasonal behaviour of leaves of dominant species may also be given. The hydrophytes can be described in each place as floating, suspended, submerged anchored, floating-leaved anchored and emergent anchored.

Missing Landscapes: A Geohistory of Parkland Landscapes in Northwestern Morocco

Northwestern Morocco is characterized by highly anthropized landscapes under the combined effect of agricultural intensification, resource overexploitation, urbanization, and tourism, but also local reforestation. Reconstructing the recent changes in vegetation in the region of the lower valley of the Loukkos river near Larache and their relationship to the settlement history are particularly helpful for understanding the processes at work within the landscape construction. The geohistorical approach combines paleoenvironmental, documentary, and historical data. The last few centuries have seen the emergence of wooded stands, in which cork oaks are a structural element. As forests were retreating, parklands intended for agriculture, agroforestry, and herding, like the Spanish dehesa and Portuguese montado, began to emerge. Nearly all of them have disappeared today, but we can identify their legacy and evaluate their cultural significance through comparing them with their counterparts in the Iberian Peninsula, but also in other areas of Morocco. Their deep historical roots give this landscape an evolving heritage character that is directly linked to the communities’ lifestyles, culture, and history.

The Quaternary sequence of the Nahr el Kebir, NW Syria: An important repository for evidence of Palaeolithic occupation and landscape evolution in the eastern Mediterranean

The third largest river in Syria, the Nahr el Kebir has a well-preserved record of river-terrace deposits that have produced substantial Palaeolithic artefact assemblages both from within the terrace deposits and from the land surfaces above and around them. At the Mediterranean coastline, the fluvial gravels interdigitate with raised shoreline terrace deposits, providing an insight into the temporal and climatic relations of both of these important geomorphological and morphostratigraphical archives, as well as their relationship with each other. New research is reported here on the Pleistocene geology and geomorphology of the Nahr el Kebir and the associated Palaeolithic archaeology, the latter having been reinterpreted based on reassessment of museum collections arising from earlier detailed work. Field visits revealed an additional, hitherto unrecognized low-level river terrace, whereas one of the previously recognized Palaeolithic levels can be shown to coincide with slope deposits that armour hilltops rather than representing a genuine fluvial formation. The new understanding of these geomorphological and sedimentary archives supports ideas that this corner of the Mediterranean has experienced unusually rapid uplift during the recent Quaternary, as a result of which the local rivers, including the Kebir, have deepened their valleys rapidly. Consequently, only the recent part of the Quaternary is recorded in the Kebir system and the ages envisaged previously for the terrace deposits and the Palaeolithic artefact assemblages were considerable overestimates in many cases, a finding that has significance for their correlation with those from the wider region. Reassessment of the Palaeolithic archaeology suggests a settlement history initially dominated by groups using handaxes, alongside simple core working (0.5–0.3 Ma), followed by a major change with the appearance of Levallois core working alongside handaxes, marking the transition to the early Middle Palaeolithic.

«Поселитель» Яков Жидков и его малороссийские слободы: эпизод из истории правительственной колонизации Нижнего Поволжья 1720-х годов

Introduction. The article is a special study of the history of the Malorussian settlements founded by Yakov Zhidkov. After the completion of the Tsaritsyn line, Peter the Great allowed him to settle the lands between the Volga and Ilovlya rivers with Malorussians (Cherkasy). Methods and materials. This topic was mainly touched upon in the works of Saratov and Volgograd historians and local historians. The author of the article introduces into scientific circulation the office materials of the Census Offices of the First Audit, the Supreme Privy Council, the Governing Senate and the Astrakhan Provincial Chancellery. Analysis. It has been established that the Malorussian settlements inhabited by Zhidkov in 1722, contrary to all regulations, very quickly began to be replenished by runaway Velikоrussian peasants, which caused discontent among the landlords. As a result, Peter the Great’s successors were forced to abandon this practice. In the end of 1728 – beginning of 1729, all the settlements were destroyed, the fugitive Velikоrussian peasants were returned to their owners, and Malorussian were sent home. Results. The government colonization of the lands beyond the Tsaritsyn line by resettling the Malorussians there quickly turned into a popular colonization, which the St. Petersburg authorities had to stop. In the same year, outposts of the Cossacks of the Malorussian Sloboda regiments were temporarily placed to protect empty territories along the Volga. A few years later, the territories between the Volga and Ilovlya were settled by Cossacks transferred by the government from the Don and their families, who formed a new Volga Cossack army. The duties of the voist included the capture of robbers, fugitive peasants and soldiers, as well as countering the “thievish” raids of nomads.

Responses of metro shield tunnels to an adjacent deep excavation in Shanghai soft ground

Deformation in metro shield tunnels is a consequence of conducting adjacent deep excavations. Accordingly, this research examines the response of existing metro shield tunnels in Shanghai’s soft ground to nearby deep excavations, focusing on how tunnel deformation correlates with the distance to the excavation. Utilizing actual measurement data from metro shield tunnels located 12-45 m from an 11.5-24.1-m-deep excavation, the study initiates with a project overview before analyzing the deformation data of the metro tunnels. This analysis includes the settlement and transverse convergence of both upward and downward lines. Furthermore, by integrating the settlement history curve and settlement increment ratio statistics, the study explores the deformation of the metro tunnels across different construction stages of the adjacent excavation. Additionally, the effect of the distance to the excavation on metro tunnel deformation is discussed, considering identical excavation depths, supporting stiffness, construction levels, and soil conditions. This investigation aims to provide insights applicable to similar cases and inform future research.

Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates for Mediterranean Plant Taxa: A New Study Region in Turkey

This study estimates relative pollen productivity (RPP) for plant taxa from Southern Anatolia, an important region in the Mediterranean with a long history of human settlements. RPP estimates are required for quantitative pollen-based reconstruction of past land cover modelling. The application of the reconstruction by the REVEALS model in the Mediterranean basin is constrained due to the scarcity of the RPP values specific to the region. To better understand the relationship between vegetation cover and land use in the Mediterranean area, the present study aims to provide a set of RPPs for Turkey and the Mediterranean region. The study area centres around Gölhisar Lake in southwestern Turkey. Modern pollen data are collected from moss pollsters from 21 sites together with vegetation surveys. RPP estimates for the main taxa characteristic of the Mediterranean region are obtained (referenced to evergreen Quercus t.) using the extended R-value (ERV) model through the analysis of modern pollen assemblages. The most reliable results are acquired with the ERV sub-model 2 and Prentice’s taxon-specific method (using a Gaussian plume dispersal model) to distance-weighted vegetation data, corresponding to a Relative Source Area of Pollen (RSAP) value of 102 m. RPPs of dominant taxa in the study area are obtained for Quercus coccifera/Fagaceae (1 ± 0), Juniperus/Cupressaceae (0.279 ± 0.001), Fabaceae (0.008 ± 0.000), Pinus/Pinaceae (5.782 ± 0.011), and Poaceae (0.112 ± 0.001) and are comparable with other RPPs obtained in the Mediterranean region.

“The Philosophy of Ethical Education” In Family Relationships of the Southern Khmer Ethnic Group in Vietnam

Ethics is an area of social and spiritual life, which born from the practice of social relationships between people. It encompasses all notions and beliefs held by humans on morality, conscience, duty, happiness, justice, and other related topics that associates with rules of evaluation, adjustment, and orientation and human's behavior in that society. For that reason, morality, as a type of social consciousness, always represents distinct facets of the social existence of humans. Which is the value that elevates human virtue as the aim and focal point of growth and a gauge of civilization, emphasizing its role, goodness in the core of the human soul and the advancement of human civilization so the Southern Khmer people in Vietnam always take “Ethics” as the foundation and center of organizing, building, and developing society in their educational philosophy. Starting from the above reason, in this entire article, the author only focuses on researching the moral education philosophy of the Khmer people of Southern Vietnam in family relationships to see the diversity deeply rooted in the cultural traditions of a community with a long history of settlement and birth in Vietnam. For the reasons outlined above, the author only focuses on researching the philosophy of ethical education of the Khmer people in family relationships to see the diversity and depth in a group of people who were born and have lived in Vietnam for a long time.

Key issues in the development of sports and recreation infrastructure in the historical settlement of samara

The article examines the main problems of the state and development of sports and recreational infrastructure within the boundaries of the historical settlement of the city of Samara. The main categories and types of objects represented in this territory are listed. An assessment of the technical condition of buildings and structures and the degree of development of sports and recreational infrastructure is provided. A calculation was made of the provision of the territory of the historical settlement with objects of this typology. An urban planning analysis was carried out to identify territorial reserves for the development of a sports and recreational network. The main problems encountered when designing or modernizing sports and recreational facilities within the boundaries of a historical settlement have been identified. The need to revise the design principles and urban planning regulations for the objects under consideration has been identified.

Renovation of the urban environment of the historical center of the city of novaya ladoga

The architectural and urban heritage of large and small Russian cities is currently not fully appreciated and used to improve the quality of life of the population. Medium and small cities of the Leningrad region have a rich natural and historical and cultural potential and need further spatial development. This work is devoted to the master planning of a fragment of the historical settlement of Novaya Ladoga in the framework of the annual competition “The Concept of Spatial Development of Municipalities of the Leningrad Region”, which was held by the Committee for Urban Planning Policy of the Leningrad Region. One of the fundamental tasks of the urban development of the territory in this case is continuity, the preservation of historical and cultural diversity and the memory of the place. The novelty of the conceptual project proposal lies in the creation of not only a coherent and integral system of public spaces at the citywide and regional levels through a system of points of attraction in order to develop tourism, but also in the formation of an identical cultural and educational cluster to increase the level of human potential of the settlement. Thus, as a result of the renovation of the urban environment, an attempt was made to link the times through the formation of a cultural and educational center and a developing modern infrastructure.

Регионализация историко-архитектурных исследований на примере развития исторического поселения Самара

The search for ways to solve the problem of achieving a decent quality of the architectural and urban planning environment of Russian cities and settlements is facilitated by a broad professional discussion. For example, in the Middle Volga region, since the 1980s, a large amount of urban planning documentation has been carried out to protect the historical and cultural heritage, primarily the regional capital, Samara. Currently, a major project “Concept of Sustainable Development of the Historical Settlement of Samara” is being developed, which proposes priorities for sustainable development, approaches to combining the protection of cultural heritage sites with selected areas of cost-effective infrastructural and socially-oriented development of the historical settlement of Samara.

The Sabbatean syndrome, the messianic idea and Zionism

My research, still in its early stages, proposes a basic methodological and historiographic perspective that transcends particularistic analysis. This perspective challenges the crisis orientation that has dominated Zionist historiography and examines the roots of Zionism that are integral to the Sephardic diaspora. The purpose, conscious or otherwise, of Zionist historiography that detaches the sixteenth from the nineteenth century is to ensure that the mighty process of return to the Jewish homeland is attributed exclusively to Zionism of the modern era. This ignores all the momentous accomplishments of the sixteenth century that heralded a new age in the settlement of Eretz Israel. Most Zionist historiographers attempt to ‘normalize’ history so that anything hinting at redemption is summarily excised. This is the meaning of the historiographic dispute taking place over the past few decades concerning messianism and the history of Jewish settlement of Eretz Israel in the modern era.