Historical Process Research Articles

The internal conflicts and contemporary dilemmas of America’s national characteristics

Since the twenty-first century, the political landscape of the United States has undergone dramatic changes. One of the key manifestations is the rise of evangelical Christian nationalism and its significant internal and external political consequences. While the causes behind the rise of evangelical Christian nationalism in the United States and its resulting political effects are multifaceted, fundamentally, these developments are closely linked to issues that have existed throughout the history of the American nation-building process, such as the ambiguity of national objectives and the conflict of value systems. The root cause lies in the instability and multifaceted nature of the American national characteristics. Since its founding, the U.S. has consistently wavered in its national characteristics, presenting three competing models of the modern American state: the empire of liberty, the liberal civic state, and the Anglo-Saxon Protestant nation. The positioning of these three national characteristics, which are seemingly contradictory yet often coexisting, has, on the one hand, shaped the unique character of the United States, while on the other hand, it has exposed the U.S. to periodic conflicts and crises. It is important to note that the rise of evangelical Christian nationalism in the twenty-first century, coupled with the increasing polarization of American politics, may disrupt the previously existing balance of conflicting yet coexisting national identities. With the continuous decline in the population of the white majority, this balance is likely to break down further, potentially resulting in prolonged internal strife within the U.S.

Shifting Focus to Quality: An Innovative Modeling Approach Includes Processing History for Rubber Part Quality Simulation

Shifting Focus to Quality: An Innovative Modeling Approach Includes Processing History for Rubber Part Quality Simulation

How bacteria initiate DNA replication comes into focus.

The ability to initiate DNA replication is a critical step in the proliferation of all organisms. In bacteria, this process is mediated by an ATP-dependent replication initiator protein, DnaA, which recognizes and melts replication origin (oriC) elements. Despite decades of biochemical and structural work, a mechanistic understanding of how DnaA recognizes and unwinds oriC has remained enigmatic. A recent study by Pelliciari etal. provides important new structural insights into how DnaA from Bacillus subtilis recognizes and processes its cognate oriC, showing how DnaA uses sequence features encoded in the origin to engage melted DNA. Comparison of the DnaA-oriC structure with archaeal/eukaryl replication origin complexes based on Orc-family proteins reveals a high degree of similarity in origin engagement by initiators from di domains of life, despite fundamental differences in origin melting mechanisms. These findings provide valuable insights into bacterial replication initiation and highlight the intriguing evolutionary history of this fundamental biological process.

“I think they are actually a bit racist in not giving us everything that we need in terms of medication”: Racialised governance and asylum seeker access to healthcare in England

This paper critically examines the lived experiences of asylum seekers accessing primary and secondary healthcare in England. We employ a framework of racialised governance to assess how historical and political processes of racialisation can manifest in healthcare. It draws upon longitudinal interviews with asylum seekers currently living in the North and South of England. Our findings evidence the multiple barriers to healthcare for asylum seekers in England, including the complexity and opacity of the English healthcare system; significant difficulties accessing face-to-face appointments; denial of access to interpreters; and being dismissed and disbelieved by administrators and clinicians. We demonstrate how these barriers to healthcare can be racialised, marking asylum seekers as a racialised ‘Other’ and contributing to inadequate care. We do also, however, find positive experiences of healthcare and document cases in which poor access to healthcare among asylum seekers aligns with wider institutional resource constraints within the NHS. Nevertheless, we argue that the racialisation of healthcare is fuelled by a politically racist policy agenda, accompanied by complex and often opaque healthcare entitlements for asylum seekers, which together legitimate misinformed and, at times, prejudicial attitudes within the NHS, leading to inconsistent care for asylum seekers across NHS Trusts. We argue it is essential to listen carefully to the healthcare experiences of asylum seekers to understand how equitable and accessible services can – and should – be provided.

Neighborhood Connection Density-Neighborhood Morphology Connection: The Case of Antalya Kaleiçi

Can neighborhood boundaries be defined in terms of morphological and functional characteristics in cities that have developed different formations due to various influences in the historical process? While neighborhood units in planned settlements are pre-planned with an integrative approach, in unplanned traditional settlements, residences come together as pieces and ultimately form the settlement. In this study, which was carried out in Antalya-Kaleiçi, qualitative and quantitative research methods were used. In the study, the neighborhood formation system was discussed based on the hierarchical structure. A set of buildings including residences that are next to and opposite a residence and directly open into a shared urban space is defined as the neighborhood cell of that residence. The functional relationships among residential elements were defined as neighborhood connections, and a method to determine neighborhood connection density was developed. In morphological development, an arrangement involving religious buildings accepted as focal points, neighborhood cells of different degrees forming around them, neighborhood blocks of different degrees belonging to neighborhood cells of different degrees, and neighborhood units formed out of neighborhood blocks was observed. It is understood that the density of neighborhood connections is influenced by the number of residences defining neighborhood cells, the number of connection points between residences such as building doors and gates, and the spatial sizes of neighborhood spaces in which neighborhood connections take place. In other words, the tendency for dense neighborhood connections emerges in areas with more residences and connections but low square footage area. This situation was considered a reflection of the relationship between the morphological and functional structures. It was concluded that unplanned traditional neighborhood units were formed in a way that did not show the self-sustaining and enclosed character of planned residential units, and this structure was a characteristic that should be taken as an example and maintained in terms of settlement culture.

Understanding the Role of Spatial Configuration on Social Behavior in Educational Buildings

Educational buildings, which appear as a design problem when viewed through the historical process, appear as a whole of structures consisting of educational units of different functions and sizes, shaped through a main corridor space and attached to this main space. On the other hand, when educational buildings are considered through their plan schemes or spatial layouts, it is possible to say that they positively or negatively affect different but interrelated parameters such as students' potential to come together, their motivation in crowds, and their involvement with each other in social relations. In the space syntax theory, buildings are separated from each other in terms of programming; that behavior is shaped and determined by the configuration (strong programming) or possible new forms of behavioral patterns occurring against the layout (weak programming). This study uses a comparative methodology to investigate the effect of the spatial layout of educational buildings on how social interaction is generated and motivated in the relations of 'syntactic programs' in school settings. The study focuses on recess time behavior in relation to the spatial layout and uses behavior maps and space syntax methods to examine the effects of the spatial setups programming parameters in educational buildings. Results show that if an educational building has a flexible structure (weak programming) with its spatial organization, socialization is oriented naturally by the layout with enriched behavioral patterns. However, when the design starts to behave strongly programmed, social behavior becomes monotonous and prevented. As a result, this study shows the importance of understanding social logic in the architectural design of educational buildings in structuring social relationships. Revealing the relationships between these concepts is thought to guide the evaluation of the design criteria of educational buildings and the contents presented for new designs.

Judicial Statutes of 1864 and Criminal Proceedings: Historical Role and Legacy

The article reveals from a modern perspective, the historical role and significance of the Judicial Statutes adopted on November 20, 1864, which were the roots of the historical process that laid the foundation for the establishment of democratic principles of Russian criminal procedure. Among the complex phenomena and events of the judicial reform, which affected the fate of criminal proceedings, the most important will be the formation of the system and mechanism of criminal proceedings as the embodiment of judicial power, the establishment and development of the institution of jury trial as a national historical phenomenon in the Russian criminal process, the transition to the formation of a new for that era mixed historical form of criminal proceedings, as well as the introduction of true differentiation of criminal proceedings

Architectural decoration of the eastern frontier

The article presents the results of the study conducted by the authors with the support of the grant of the Russian Science Foundation “Military Theme in the Architectural and Spatial Development of the Far East”. Based on the materials of field surveys and archival data, the authors have made the first attempt to comprehensively understand the historical process of architectural design of Vladivostok as a key Russian port on the Pacific coast. The surviving and lost buildings of the naval department, which were erected in the city and its environs at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, are considered. Their importance in the formation of the structure of the city panorama from the water area is noted.

BREAD, POWER, AND NEOLIBERAL MUNICIPALISM: THE HALK EKMEK A.Ş. AS A CASE OF BREAD AND CIRCUSES POLITICS

This article explains the historical process and political importance of Halk Ekmek A.Ş., a public bread production company, since its establishment. In this context, Halk Ekmek A.Ş. was considered an example of a Socialist Municipality in the past, but today, it is used as a political tool in neoliberal municipalism. Although municipal enterprises such as Halk Ekmek, which are taken as an example in this study, are generally presented as social enterprises, they have also become enterprises of profitability and political gain, especially as a result of neoliberal municipal practices. Bread is both a fundamental part of culture and nutrition for the Turkish people and a unique part of the control system in which the government is also involved. For this reason, public bread enterprises, such as Halk Ekmek A.Ş., are seen as valuable by those in power to control society and create a political argument. As a result of this examination, it will be investigated that this order established through public means is essentially a part of a "bread and circus" politics that appeases the public and strengthens the political power of the governments. As a result of the findings obtained, it will be seen how Municipality Participation can create a system that serves political purposes and kills competition. This study contributes to the public administration literature, where there are very few studies on this subject, by critically analysing how the socialist municipality period implemented in the historical process has essentially transformed into neoliberal municipal practices. As a result, the sustainability of this system will be questioned.

Экзистенциальные и концептуальные истоки взглядов Владимира Соловьева на роль и место России в мировой истории

The article is devoted to the study of Vladimir Solovyov's historiosophical views on the role of Russia in the world historical process. The author analyzes the role of V. Solovyov's existential experience having had an important influence on his philosophical research and led to the emergence of a unique thinker's view of the historical mission of Russia. The article examines the internal contradictions of his historiosophy, which the author associates with the philosophical and prophetic duality of V. Solovyov's personality and his desire to combine a rational understanding of history and a religious worldview. The mosaic and multilayered worldview of V. Solovyov is emphasized, where metaphysical and religious ideas are closely intertwined, creating a single concept of the future. Special attention is paid to the metaphysical category of the other Absolute and the idea of self-denial, which are key to understanding the logic of V. Solovyov's historiosophy. It is emphasized that despite his disappointment in Russian society in the last years of his life, Vladimir Solovyov's faith in the spiritual potential of Russia and its world mission remained unchanged. The final conclusion is made that V. Solovyov's historiosophy is a deep reflection of his personal and spiritual searches. The inconsistency of his views, manifested in attempts to reconcile the religious and the rational, makes his historiosophy especially relevant for modern discussions about the role of Russia in world history. The legacy of V. Solovyov offers a unique perspective for understanding national and religious identity, calling for the rejection of national egoism in favor of the common good and a multi-layered understanding of the historical process.

Intellectual and Political Sociability Between the Late ECLAC and CIEPLAN: From Criticism of the Chilean Economic Model (1973-1990) to the Birth of Neo-Structuralism

The paradigmatic rise of the Chicago Boys during the Pinochet regime (1973-1990) was a radical response against the state-led import substitution industrialization and its intellectual influence from CEPAL. Although CEPAL's ideas and history have attracted great interest, reflections on CEPAL’s role during the Chilean authoritarian regime are often limited. In this paper, I intend to offer systematic new evidence and perspectives on the behavior of CEPAL during Pinochet’s government. I argue that, in a context where CEPAL had been losing its influence and experimenting with several problems, some of its economists developed political and intellectual sociability with members of the think tank called Corporation of Studies for Latin America (CIEPLAN) to criticize Chilean economic policies. Moreover, this complex historical process was one of the sources of the birth of neo-structuralism in the late 1980s.

Влияние института президентства на культурную политику Приднестровья

The article discusses the institution of presidency, which has a significant impact on the cultural policy and ‘cultural sovereignty’ of Pridnestrovie. It is noted that the development of the culture of the republic is directly related to the personality of the leaders of the PMR, their involvement in the cultural and historical processes taking place in the state. It is noted that the institution of the presidency acts as the effective imperative for the development of the country’s cultural policy under the influence of the legal status, territorial location of the republic and the established educational and award system. Collectively, these form a creative community and cultural leaders, determining the content core of their functioning, the intentionality of the socio-cultural functioning of the region, preserving its uniqueness and “cultural sovereignty”. Using the prism of educational, enlightening and leisure activities, and the correlation of the functioning of national-cultural associations and creative unions, three stages are considered; a different stage for when the young republic had different leaders. It is demonstrated how a change in the socio-moral differentiation of priorities, due to a change in the course pursued by the institute of presidency, leads to certain “swings” in society, a violation of the parity of multicultural interests, and an imbalance in the spiritual consciousness of cultural elites. And it is proven that it is the personal involvement of the head of state, especially in a presidential republic, under the influence of internal political events, that influences the content core and accents in cultural policy, the pace of fulfillment of the designated tasks, and the degree of their implementation. A historiographical review of the cultural policy of Transnistria is presented, examining the identification of the main directions of development at the end of the 20th and the first quarter of the 21st centuries. The author uses promising methodological approaches to conducting cultural research based on a synthesis of practical, experimental methods and theoretical understanding of scientific results.

От «азиатского способа производства» к «политаризму»: становление историософской концепции Ю.И. Семенова

The article examines the origin of the concepts of ‘politarism’ and its derivatives ‘political mode of production’, ‘political society’, which are quite often used in the Russian domestic socio-historical and socio-philosophical literature. It is shown that the immediate predecessor of this concept was the ‘Asian mode of production’ and its various analogues (‘Eastern despotism’, ‘the era of Asian kings’ etc.) in the works of K. Marx, which remained mainly in manuscript form. The fi rst discussion around the Asian mode of production (AMP), which unfolded in the USSR in the 1920s, although it was suppressed by harsh administrative methods, nevertheless brought a significant revival to the Soviet social philosophy, which was already under the powerful pressure of the dogmas of the ‘historical materialism’ and the so-called five-term scheme of socio-economic formations. A second similar discussion, which took place in the 1950s and 1960s, also played such a role, prompting, among other things, a significant part of professional orientalists to large-scale and conceptual socio-historical generalizations. The activities and works of the recently deceased professor Yu. I. Semenov, whose name is directly related to the appearance of the term ‘politarism’ in Soviet and then Russian social philosophy, are specially considered. Y.I. Semenov’s original historiosophical concept, created and developed by its author in the conditions of his conscious opposition to the aggressive ideological environment and administrative dictate, has become a valuable component of the conceptual and scientific understanding of the historical process, retaining its heuristic significance to this day. The concepts used by Y.I. Semenov and, in general, his very approach to understanding social and political reality deserve attention as one of the versions of non-dogmatic, creative Marxism, which occupies a noticeable niche in modern domestic and foreign academic discourse.

მეფის ინსტიტუტის მნიშვნელობა ძველ ახლო აღმოსავლეთში ნანა ხაზარაძის საისტორიო მემკვიდრეობის მიხედვით

The scientific heritage of distinguished scientist Nana Khazaradze incorporates such important issues of ancient history that are also actual for modern times. That is why Nana Khazaradze's works are especially valuable for modern historical studies. Along with many other issues, the researcher's scientific field encompasses issues related to the reconstruction of royal power in the ancient world as well. Nana Khazaradze suggests a encyclopedic analysis of the kingship institution includingexhaustive and detailed studyof the kingship’s political, social, cultural role and functions. Her research is focused on such important issues as the dynasty replacement, secular and divine legitimacy, succession principle, etc. The research of the above mentioned issues is of great importance for the analysis of the ancient history as well as of the modern politics and society processes. The paper also refers to the Nana Khazaradze’s scientific approaches and conclusions in relation to the mentioned issues and points out the significance of the author's distinct vision, which in turn allows us to deeply understand and evaluate historical processes and their correlations with modernity.

Intercultural Communication According to the Principles of Hegel’s Philosophy of Logic

According to Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, the fundamental tool for understanding the development of thought is logic, and Hegel’s philosophy of logic is approached in three stages: abstract logic, concrete logic, and the logic of spirit. Abstract logic examines the most basic conceptual framework of thought, while concrete logic explains how these concepts transformed into more complex thought processes. The logic of spirit analyzes how thought processes evolve in a societal and historical context. Comprehensive research on Hegel’s principles of reality and intercultural communication has not been found in the literature. Therefore, religious beliefs and cultural communication phenomena have been examined based on Hegel’s philosophy of logic. The research findings are as follows: The principles of reality are based on three basic principles: materialism, causality, and reciprocity. Understanding the interactions between religions and cultures, which represent different conceptual structures is significant in the light of these principles. The research results show that Hegel’s dialectical process explains how conflicts between different systems of thought give rise to more complex levels of thinking. This principle plays a crucial role in resolving conflicts arising from religious beliefs and cultural diversity. The principle of transforming reality emphasizes that thought is not merely a theoretical activity but also a process that impacts social reality. In this context, religious and cultural communication is not merely a mental activity but also a process that shapes reality. The principle of the unity of opposites stresses the need to see the diversity between different religions and cultures as complementary elements with the potential for mutual understanding and enrichment. I addition, the principle of the historical process and social evolution highlights the importance of considering historical and social contexts in understanding the interactions between religious and cultural beliefs and practices. This study demonstrates that Hegel’s principles of dialectical progress, transforming reality, the unity of opposites, and the historical process can be used as a functional methodology in the behavioral sciences.

Tosaka Jun: Problems of Space and Time in the Philosophy of Everydayness

The article is focused on the analysis of the theory of space and time by the Japanese neoMarxist philosopher Tosaka Jun. Tosaka was one of the first in his country to act as a critic of Western philosophy, whilst also being a follower of one of its directions. The relevance of studying this cultural phenomenon lies in the possibility of supplementing knowledge about Asian philosophies in the context of the ongoing pivot to the East. The empirical basis of the research was a series of Tosaka’s essays written in 1920-30s focused on the problems of space and time, as well as his monograph “Japanese Ideology.” The main methods used in the article were the methods of comparative analysis, discourse analysis, and (based on the analysis of concepts and terms) the techniques of logical and semantic reconstruction of the system of ideas associated with a particular problem. The author sets the goal of investigating the content and features of the interpretation of space and time in Japanese thought of the 20th century using the example of Tosaka’s philosophy in the context of discussing the role of everydayness as an epistemological basis for philosophical teachings. In this regard, the task of identifying the original solutions and approaches of the Japanese thinker was realized, allowing us to consider his legacy a significant part of the historical and cultural process, as well as to understand the significance of his philosophical ideas in modern discussions. Another important task of the study was to determine the paths of transfer and transformation of ideas, in particular, the refraction and critical rethinking of Western concepts in the Japanese intellectual space. As a result, for the first time in scientific literature, a detailed reconstruction of the problems of space and time, based on the entire body of Tosaka’s works is presented. The conclusion is substantiated that by introducing a number of concepts (everyday space, historical time, character, configuration, relevance, etc.) and rejecting traditional Marxist ideas about the linearity of time and the value approach to history, the Japanese philosopher rethought the Marxist philosophy of history from the position of his theory of everyday life and common sense, creating an original model of unequal cycles formed from within the historical whole and possessing internal completeness, and, thus, presented history as a non-linear and uneven process that has not only a temporal but also a spatial dimension.

International Sports Studies: What’s in a name?

As an academic field, ‘International Sports Studies’ has tended to be understood as a broad, multi-disciplinary academic field that seeks to understand sport as a complex global phenomenon. It recognises that sport is not merely a recreational activity or competitive pursuit but a cultural and social institution with far-reaching implications for individuals, communities, and nations. By adopting a global perspective, International Sports Studies examines how sport influence and are influenced by historical, cultural, economic, and political processes.

Отдельные аспекты эволюции инсигний в контексте развития основ государственной идеологии в период становления Русского государства

The article examines certain issues of the development of the act of investiture and the accompanying complex of insignia in the context of state ideology during the formation of the centralized Russian state and the influence of this socio-political phenomenon on the formation of the state symbols of Russia. The evolution of the complex of insignia of the centralized state of the 15th-17th centuries make it possible to study the historical process of the formation, formation and development of the complex of state regalia of the Russian state in all its objective facts and sources, in their logical and chronological sequence. The versions of the origin of the double-headed eagle are presented. The evolution of the complex of insignia and the politically justified act of investiture, which have deep historical roots, on the one hand, and the desire of our state for openness and integration into the world political space, on the other, is one of the important problems of the country's development.

A brief overview of the therapeutic alliance: historical, theoretical and contemporary debates

The therapeutic alliance has a historical importance in psychiatry, especially in the effectiveness of psychotherapies. The therapeutic alliance is a critical concept that reflects the quality of the relationship between the patient and the therapist in the psychotherapy process and for many clinicians it is the main factor in the patient's recovery. While a strong alliance increases the success of the therapy, in cases of weak alliance, it is difficult to achieve therapeutic goals. Although different psychotherapy approaches position the concept of therapeutic alliance differently, in the future, in-depth exploration of the therapeutic alliance in different contexts and populations will contribute to the scientific knowledge in this field. The therapeutic alliance is a valuable concept not only in psychotherapy, but also in every field of psychiatry, and even wherever there is a physician-patient relationship. In this article, the therapeutic alliance is examined in the historical process, its importance in psychotherapy is discussed, and the prevention of rupture or what to do in case of rupture is explained.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC NATURE OF TOPONYMS: THEORY AND ANALYSIS

The study of the lexico-semantic nature of toponyms is increasingly relevant in today's anthropocentric world, focusing on language through human experience and interaction with the environment. Toponyms reflect how people conceptualize space and convey cultural and social perceptions through geographic names. Globalization and urbanization threaten local linguistic and cultural characteristics, making the study of toponyms essential for preserving diversity. This process aids in the creation of a systematized knowledge base that can serve as a foundation for further scientific and applied research. It includes the classification, analysis, and synthesis of existing approaches and data, fostering a deeper understanding of the toponymic system and its role in the cultural-historical context. The theoretical significance lies in the systematization of existing approaches and methods for analyzing the toponymic system, which promotes a deeper understanding of the processes of naming and forming geographical names, as well as their role in reflecting the cultural-historical context of toponyms in the regions of Kazakhstan. The practical significance lies in the potential for use in linguistic, ethnographic, and sociolinguistic research, contributing to a deeper understanding of the ethnocultural composition of the regions and the historical processes that have influenced the formation of Kazakhstan's toponymic system. The methodological foundation of the article is based on the works of leading domestic and international scholars in the fields of linguistic cultural studies, country studies, and sociolinguistics, whose names and research problems are thoroughly presented in the introduction. The main conclusion of the research: the study has revealed the existence of diverse scientific approaches and paradigms that reflect the multifaceted and complex nature of Kazakhstan's toponymic system. Various theoretical and methodological approaches allow for a deeper understanding of the lexico-semantic features of toponyms, their historical and cultural significance, and their role in shaping national and cultural identity.