Historical Castle Research Articles

Musealization of Wawel Castle 1945–61 – Royal heritage and political legitimacy in early socialist Poland

ABSTRACT This article’s aim is to analyse why Poland’s socialist authorities decided to transform Wawel Castle into a historic house museum and how they took advantage of its new role in order to bolster their political legitimacy during their rule’s initial period. My argument is that Wawel Castle’s transformation into a historic house museum was motivated by the building’s status as the ultimate national symbol and its specific geopolitical situation. Situated in Cracow, far from the capital city, it could have played only a marginal role as an official residence in Poland’s highly centralised political life. Therefore, the socialist state ventured to exploit this heritage’s symbolic potential differently. The establishment of the historic castle museum demonstrated the regime’s attachment to national heritage, serving also to adapt the castle to its socialist vision. The castle’s musealization could legitimize the regime in the eyes of non-socialists without sacrificing its ideological agenda.

PROSPECTS OF FUNCTIONAL ADAPTATION OF THE CASTLE COMPLEX IN VILLAGE PODZAMOCHOK OF TERNOPOL REGION

The historical castle complex in the village Podzamochok of the Ternopol region has significant resource potential for adaptation to modern functions. However, the architectural monument of national importance is increasingly destroy due to adverse anthropogenic and natural factors. In order to preserve this unique object of cultural heritage of Ukraine, it is necessary to form a program of functional adjustment of the castle complex. In the course of the research, the author analyzed examples of global scientific and project experience, projects of adapting historical castle complexes to new functions, and the resource potential of the historical castle complex in the village Podzamochok. Based on the obtained results, a corresponding program of functional adaptation of the complex formed. The most important points of this program are the following: • carry out emergency and restoration works for the planning and spatial structure of the castle complex; • create of a tourist water route along the Strypa River. The route will pass through the village Podzamochok, Buchach, village Zhiznomir, village Rusyliv, village Skomorokhy, village Sokilets and village Berem'yany. A mooring for watercraft must should be arrang 400 m from the castle fortifications in the village Podzamochok; • organize of museum expositions of objects of art and daily life of the ancient inhabitants of Opil'a. Exhibitions will be place in the restored rooms of the pentagonal corner and the palace (northern corner of the castle fortifications); • create of a "sports and tourist center of hang gliding (paragliding) and extreme tourism". Place the instructor's room and the first aid station on the first floor of the pentagonal corner (southern corner of the fortifications of the castle complex). Place a hang-gliding and paragliding area on the western side of the castle complex. Therefore, the most promising functional purpose for the historical castle complex in the village of Podzamochok is a tourist attraction. Such a function will contribute to the most complete disclosure of the resource potential of the complex.

Damage assessment of Siverek Castle during the Kahramanmaraş Earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023: Remediation and strengthening proposals

On February 6, 2023, two significant earthquakes with magnitudes (Mw) of 7.7 and 7.6 struck Turkey, occurring nine hours apart. In addition to the tragic loss of over 50,000 lives in the earthquakes centered in Kahramanmaraş, hundreds of thousands of engineering structures, such as residences, schools, hospitals, historical landmarks, highways, and more, were severely damaged. This study assesses the damages and risk scenario following the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes concerning Siverek Castle. In addition, remediation and strengthening proposals, required to eliminate the damage and the possible risk, have been developed. The initial stage involved observational damage assessments on the castle and surrounding slopes as part of field studies, identifying five different types of damage and potential risks. Subsequently, a precise 3D digital model of the damaged castle and its slopes was generated using the digital photogrammetry method. Additionally, geological and geophysical studies were conducted in the field to determine the characteristics of the mound structure, historical castle walls, soil and rock on the slope. Non-destructive, geophysical methods consisting Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Seismic Refraction Method (SRM) and Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) measurements were specifically employed in the area with historical remnants. To verify the obtained data, five boreholes were drilled in the lower parts of the slope, and experimental studies were conducted to determine the soil and rock material properties of the slope. In the numerical studies, a total of 54 2D stability analyses were performed under static, long-term static, and dynamic conditions. Additionally, 1000 different probabilistic rockfall analyses were conducted, both in 2D and 3D, to calculate the run-out distance, bounce height, velocity, and kinetic energies of the blocks that fell or were about to fall during the earthquake. In the final stage of the study, remediation and strengthening recommendations were prepared for the strengthening of the fortification walls and slopes where failures occurred, and stability analyses were conducted. Consequently, a design proposal recommending five distinct approaches to remediate and strengthen the castle and slopes impacted by the Kahramanmaraş earthquakes was endorsed by the relevant authorities, and construction has commenced. When the remediation and strengthening works are completed, the security of the cultural heritage will be ensured, and it is planned to be opened to visitors.

Degrees of Destruction of Historical Castles and Fortifications of Ukraine - the Basis for the Complex Process of Restorative-Reconstructive Transformations in them

The article proposes determining the current state of historical castles and fortifications by establishing a qualitative indicator that reveals their historical and architectural value and integrity, respectively, through the degree of historical and architectural value and the degree of destruction. The definition of the concept of destruction is given. Three degrees of destruction of historical castles and fortifications have been identified. The I degree of destruction – is insignificant, point destruction; the II degree of destruction – is significant destruction; the III degree of destruction – is ruin. The systematization of the existing historical castles and fortifications of Ukrainian Volyn and Podillia according to the degree of destruction has been carried out. Depending on the degree of destruction during the complex process of restorative-reconstructive transformations (RRT), it was proposed to use various methods (preserving and restoring) to preserve, recover, and activate them. Historical castles and fortifications of the I degree of destruction are recommended: museumification and modification of the original function, as the preserving PRT methods, and fragmentary restoration, integral restoration, revalorization with functional development or functional addition, as restoring RRT methods. For the II degree of destruction - museumification with modification of the original function and adjustment, as preserving RRT methods, integral restoration, revalorization, regeneration with adaptation to new functions, as restoring RRT methods. For the III degree of destruction - conservation and museumification, respectively, with a functional interpretation and modification of the original function, as preserving RRT methods, as well as fragmentary restoration and adaptation to completely new functions, as restoring RRT methods. Recommendations are given on topical new functions for these castles and fortifications in their functional adaptation.

Https://science.lpnu.ua/uk/fortyfikaciyi/vsi-vypusky/suchasni-problemy-doslidzhennya-zberezhennya-ta-restavraciyi-istorychnyh-0

The historical castle complex in the village Pniv of Ivano-Frankivsk region - an architectural monument of national importance. The castle complex is unique in its planning and spatial structure, which to this day in fragments preserved. However, every year the surviving authentic elements more and more are destroyed. The reason is the influence of anthropogenic and natural factors. The issue of preservation of the Pniv castle complex has been relevant for a long time. Saving such a "diamond of architecture" is important for national identity. It is necessary to develop proposals for functional adaptation. The purpose of these proposals is to preserve the historical castle complex. An analysis of examples of foreign and domestic scientific experience and implemented projects of functional adaptation of historical castle complexes carried out. The most promising direction of use for the Pniv castle complex is tourism and recreation. The most important thing is to create constant interest in potential visitors. This can be achieve by taking into account three levels of perception - cognitive, emotional and behavioral. The cognitive level is aim at conveying certain historical facts to visitors. These events and figures should be associated with the Pniv historical castle complex. The emotional level is aim at realizing the value of cultural heritage. The behavioral level encourages the appreciation of authentic features, originality, and traditions. These features are reflect in the specifics of the architecture and fortification of the Pniv castle complex. Means of information transmission can be diverse. These tools should affect the sensors of the sense organs - vision, hearing, touch, smell, taste, etc. When preparing certain activities, it is desirable to use all sensors. Visuals perceive visual materials well. Audials will be able to absorb what they hear. Kinesthetics give meaning to emotions and feelings. According to this information, functional adaptation measures are planne for the Pniv historical castle complex. These activities are aim at experiencing an interesting experience and positive expectations of visitors from staying on the castle grounds.

FEATURES OF INTEGRATION OF NEW FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS IN THE PLANNING AND SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF HISTORICAL CASTLE COMPLEXES

In a period of extreme political instability and the threat of constant enemy attacks, people looked for a means of security. This basic need became the main factor in the evolution of the stages of existence of historical castle complexes. Later, the threat of internal and external attacks from outsiders and feudal neighbors decreased due to the strengthening of royal power. Such changes in the military and political situation became the main reason for the beginning of the decline of castle complexes. By order of the ruling authorities, some castle fortifications and structures were destroy partially or completely. This done in order to prevent possible military uprisings. The loss of the original functional purpose led to the absence of the necessary repair measures of the castle complexes. The constant influence of wind, precipitation and seasonal temperature changes caused the destruction of many unique objects of cultural heritage. Thus, until our time, most of the historical castle complexes have survived in fragments. The first step for the preservation of objects of cultural heritage is the search for a new modern functional adaptation. The main goal of functional adaptation is to enrich and complement the historical environment of castle complexes. At the same time, an important condition is the preservation of authenticity. The requirements for the integration of new functional elements into the formed historical environment of castle complexes are regulate by legislative and regulatory documents. The concepts of perspective development of the authentic through the integration of the modern based on two principles. The first principle is the maximum preservation of the character of the historical layout of the castle complex. The second principle is the protection of the conditions of species disclosure and visual connections of the complex with the surrounding buildings and natural environment. During the integration of new functional elements into the authentic environment of historical castle complexes, differentiation of these elements is carry out. This differentiation based on a rather broad interpretation of the concept of "function". At the same time, it is envisage combining several of the most promising functions to reveal the potential of a specific object of cultural heritage.

Neutrosophic Multinominal Logistic Regression Technique for Optimizing Adaptive Reuse of Historical Castles

Defining and utilizing Neutrosophic Multinomial Logistic Regression (NMLR) is significant in architecture because it introduces a novel approach to prioritizing the optimal alternative for adaptively reusing a historic building. This is particularly crucial in post-conflict recovery. NMLR presents an intelligent classification system and decision-making tool that optimizes the evaluation process for adaptive reuse projects, even under conditions of uncertainty. The integration of Neutrosophic sets and digital technologies provides decision-makers with a more accurate and reliable tool to make rational decisions regarding functional spaces reuse. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through a case study of the Castle of Aleppo. The study determined that the most suitable alternative for the castle is a multi-purpose facility that caters to tourism. This approach can be adapted to various restoration projects, and the assessment of proposed alternatives can be customized according to the weight of the criteria by creating desktop application which contributes to the sustainability and improvement of post-disaster reconstruction efforts.

Evaluation of the Structural Balance of Large Scale Historical Castle and City Walls Under Environmental Effects By Analytical Methods

Uygarlıkların tanıkları ve medeniyetlerin yansımalarını günümüze taşıyan tarihi yapıların bir kısmı zamanın ve bu zaman diliminde meydana gelen tüm olumsuz etkilere yenik düşmüş, bir kısmı ise günümüze hala ışık tutmaktadır. Asırlara meydan okuyan kale tipi tarihi strüktür örnekleri; genel olarak diğer tip yapılardan farklı formda ve amaçta inşa edilmişlerdir. İnşa edilme nedenleri doğrultusunda diğer yapılardan daha ağır ve daha dayanıklı oldukları bilinmektedir. Bir form ile ifade edilen cami, kilise, köprü gibi tarihi yapılarda genel olarak sütun, kiriş, tonoz, kubbe, kemer gibi strüktür elemanları bulunmaktadır. Bu tip yapıların yapısal davranışları hakkında genel olarak yapısal davranış teorileriyle yorum yapmak daha kolaydır. Fakat kale gibi ağır kütleli ve belirli, düzenli bir forma sahip olmayan yapıların, strüktürel davranışları hakkında yorum yaparken mühendisliğin temel prensipleri doğrultusunda sistematik bir şekilde ilerlemek gerekmektedir. Bu makale de amaç; kale tipi ağır kütleli yapıların sonlu elemanlar hesap yöntemiyle çevresel etkiler altında yapısal dengesinin sistematik bir şekilde yorumlanmasıdır. Sonlu elemanlar modellemesinde üç temel burç formu olan dörtgen, altıgen ve dairesel geometriye sahip burç örnekleri SAP 2000 sonlu elemanlar paket programında modellenmiştir. Bu üç formun zamana bağlı malzeme kaybının yapı üzerindeki etkileri, kademeli lineer statik analizlerle incelenmiştir.

Future-proofing estate landscapes

Climate change and urbanization have substantial ramifications for the management and protection of cultural-historical landscapes. This is especially true for historical estate landscapes – landscapes whose character is defined by several historical castles, country houses (along with their gardens and parks), and landed estates – where climate change adaptation constitutes a major task. Issues of concern include an excess or shortage of water and changes to vegetation as a result of rising temperatures. That pressure is compounded by increasing urbanization and the associated recreational needs. These landscapes are also susceptible to spatial fragmentation due to urbanization, changes in ownership, changes in function, and so on. Combatting these pressures calls for a future-oriented design approach that deals sensitively with historically valuable landscape characteristics. It involves safeguarding the spatial quality of estate landscapes by striking a new balance between utility value (economic exploitation), amenity value (identity and familiarity), and future value (ecological sustainability). Such is the complexity of the task that a regional perspective is required in order to fully comprehend the cohesion and systemic relations between individual country estates and to develop a common basis for collaboration.
 This article proposes a landscape-based regional design approach aimed at understanding and designing future-proof estate landscapes. It details a preservation-through-development strategy based on spatial development in sympathy with historical landscapes structures in a process of meaningful stakeholder involvement. Key to this process is collaboration and co-creation with owners, experts, policy advisers and others. Design-based research is employed as a method for addressing the complex spatial tasks facing estate landscapes in an integrated and creative manner. Spatial design, at every level of scale, becomes a instrument for working out development strategies and principles for context-specific landscape formation. But also for highlighting possible solutions that can contribute to the protection and development of historical estate landscapes. In other words, this is not about opposing change or locking up the existing landscape, but about creating new landscape qualities through well-designed new developments. This coincides with a collaborative process in which stakeholders jointly weigh the pros and cons, learn and come up with solutions. The combination of substance, involvement and process makes the landscape-based regional design approach a powerful method for increasing the resilience and adaptability of the estate landscape and in so doing making this landscape future-proof.

Preliminary Observations on Historical Castle Trakošćan (Croatia) Performance under Recent ML ≥ 5.5 Earthquakes

Trakošćan Castle, built on a rocky peak in the late 13th century, is a cultural heritage site protected as a historical entity by the Republic of Croatia. The Castle is constructed as a highly irregular masonry structure with timber or shallow masonry arches, vaults or dome floors. It was substantially renewed, upgraded and partially retrofitted from the 16th century until the year 2000. The M5.5 (VIII EMS) and M6.2 (VIII-IX EMS) earthquakes, which struck the city of Zagreb on 22 March 2020 and the Pokupsko-Petrinja area on 29 December 2020, strongly shook the Castle’s structure. Earthquake damage was observed and assessed by visual inspection accompanied by ambient vibration measurements. The slight cracks that appeared on masonry arches were found to be critically positioned, and can likely lead to the arches’ collapse if their spreading is not prevented. Ambient vibration measurements, which were compared to pre-earthquake ones, revealed the decrease in the fundamental frequencies of the Castle’s central tower unit and the second floor, thus possibly indicating the loss of structural stiffness as a consequence of the earthquake damage.

The urban development of castles within the historical cities of Iraq (Case study Hit Castle)

The study of historical castles has a great impact on the urban and urban development of historical city centers and has a great importance in forming the urban body of these cities. Because of its impact on the social, economic, political, cultural and tourism levels in addition to its physical and spiritual importance to successive generations that link them with the cultural and social heritage. Historic castles suffer from a state of neglect, deterioration, vandalism and transgression that is a result of successive periods as a kind of negative effects of wars that happened in the country in successive periods. The work on studies and researches specialized in developing historical castles is one of the responsibilities of the local and global level. Which contributes to strengthening the role of moral standing of the castles cities community tourist attraction and raise the country’s economy. The choice of the historic castle of Hit to study in this research is due to its historical and urban depth. Which is the main seed in shaping the structure of the city of Hit with time, and what this city is witnessing today from an urban renaissance in Anbar Governorate. From seeing the studies and researches that dealt with the urban development strategies of the city, the research problem crystallized with (lack of architectural, urban and archaeological studies specialized in dealing with the method of urban development of the Citadel and the lack of clarity in determining its development strategy). The hypothesis of the research was formulated as (The urban development strategy of Hit Castle affects the integration of the castle with the surrounding urban fabric and its historical characteristics). Depending on putting theoretical terms on the development strategy by analyzing strategies for similar examples, and by comparing its terms and identifying its advantages and disadvantages, the optimal strategy for urban development is been chosen according to the index that will be extracted from the practical study of Hit Castle.

Brand of Brothers?

This article explores two modes of innocence at work in the making of the Humboldt Forum, Germany’s biggest cultural project. It examines the legacy of the historical castle’s “cabinet of curiosities” and the elevation of the Humboldt brothers, especially Alexander von Humboldt, to patron saints. Through these cases, the article identifies an exculpatory mode of innocence focused on the past and an anticipatory mode focused on the future. These modes, it argues, exemplify a tension between the imagination of history as a timeless realm that eschews redemption and as fungible materials that can be recombined to start anew and redeem the past.

WALL STONE EXTRACTION BASED ON STACKED CONDITIONAL GAN AND MULTISCALE IMAGE SEGMENTATION

Abstract. The historical castles (castellated walls), which are cultural heritages in Japan, require regular maintenance, and it is necessary to record the arrangement of individual wall stones in the maintenance work. Recently, image processing techniques are practiced to optimize maintenance and management of the infrastructure assets. In the previous study, we proposed an automatic method for efficiently extracting individual wall stone polygons by improved multiscale image segmentation technique. However, the problem has remained that wall stone polygons could not be extracted properly when there were no clear gaps or boundaries between stones. To address this problem, we improved the multiscale image segmentation technique used in our previous studies. The first improvement is that in the region growing process, selecting the best combination of a plurality of objects instead of two. The second improvement is the modification of the shape criterion to be used. Besides, we proposed three-stage Stacked cGAN for wall stone edge detection that enables us to complement areas with weak or broken boundaries of stone edges. This approach is composed of a coarse-to-fine based image-to-edges translation network. The edge images derived from this method are used as the additional channel in multiscale image segmentation with a higher weight compared to the other RGB channels. It was confirmed that the separation performance of individual wall stone polygons was improved by the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed method is highly effective to reduce the difficulty in setting of the scale parameter, which is usually sensitive to segmentation results and requires trial and error.

Ancient Mining and Metallurgy Activities in Mazayjan District, Fars Province

Ancient Mining and Metallurgy Activities in Mazayjan District, Fars Province

Bird exploitation in Viljandi (Estonia) from the Late Iron Age to the early modern period (c. 950–1700)

This paper examines archaeological bird bones from Viljandi – one of the strongest centres in prehistoric and medieval Estonia – and covers material from the Late Iron Age to Early Modern Period, c. 950–1700. Over 5000 bird bones were analysed in this study. Our main aim was to explore the role of birds in people's diet and its relevance to social status, but also to explore the birds' habitats and environmental background, including commensalism and seasonal occurrence. This study highlighted differences between the four areas of Viljandi – the prehistoric rural settlement, historic castle, town, and suburb. We discuss diachronic trends in the utilisation of birds in these areas, largely determined by the 13th century Baltic Crusades and the transition from the Prehistoric to the Middle Ages, but also by population expansion and the social divergence that followed. In Prehistory, we witnessed more chicken exploitation, while wild birds seem to have played a smaller role. In the Historic Period, on the contrary, the utilised species are more diverse – probably to manifest social status. The main use of birds was for meat, eggs, and other products. Some species might have been used for hawking.

Rehabilitation of historical ruined castles based on field study and laboratory analyses: The case of Bigalı Castle in Turkey

The castle structures, which were designed for defense purposes during the period they were built, as a result of the loss of their functions over time, some of them disappear completely, while some of them survive to the present day as a ruin. The rehabilitation of the structures requires a scientific approach and a knowledge of the cultural background to preserve historical identity of the structures. Utilizing these kinds of specific knowledge and the scientific method, the aesthetic and historical values of the structure can be provided. Rehabilitations require an interdisciplinary approach to gain a full understanding of the construction technique and member properties and, also its material characteristics of the structures based on historical documents. In order to restore such structures to their authentic form and prolong their service life, the historical research that started on the date they were built and continued to the present day should be researched, and the material characteristics of the original structural members should be identified. The present study covers the rehabilitation works carried out on a historical ruined castle that was built as a defensive structure in the early 1800s, but has since lost its structural integrity and authentic form. The study is carried out in four stages, beginning with a research of the historical process of the ruined castle, followed by a field study, laboratory analyses and rehabilitation applications. The historical process of the castle was aimed to identify the structural changes that castle has undergone since its construction, while the field study involves a visual examination of the structural defects and the gathering of representative samples from different points of the structure. The laboratory analyses involve mechanical and density tests as well as chemical and mineralogical analyses on the gathered samples. At the last stage, rehabilitation applications were carried out based on the data obtained in the first three stages. In the scope of application works, the joint losses and abrasions to the castle walls was repaired using mixtures formulated through laboratory analyses, and degraded stones was replaced, taking into account their authentic form. Structural cracks were filled following the properties of the original materials. In the completion applications, the abraded and ruptured stones of the castle were completed taking into account the original sizes, types, construction techniques and masonry forms of the stones. As a result of all of the applications, the castle structure was rehabilitated to its authentic situation from ruin, allowing it to survive as an asset of cultural heritage. The study can be deemed important based on its focus on the geometric and material restoration of historical castles that have lost their structural integrity and authentic form, but also in its examination of a defensive structure that was built on the coast of the Aegean Sea in the Dardanelles.

The Use of UAV in Archaeological Excavation: A Case Study in Şanlıurfa Historical Castle

The Use of UAV in Archaeological Excavation: A Case Study in Şanlıurfa Historical Castle

The rejuvenation on historical ruined vaults using lab analyses and numerical simulation

The exposure of historical masonry structures to climatic conditions and to user interventions, as well as the loss of their functionality over time, leads to the divergence of these structures from their original form and their dilapidation into ruin. With the aim of preserving such structures as cultural assets, the material characteristics of the original members are determined in a laboratory and their seismic capacity is determined by means of numerical analyses. The present study covers the works carried out to return to its original form a ruined vault in a historical castle that was built as a defensive structure in early 1800s, but which has in time lost its structural integrity. The study consisted of four stages: field work, laboratory analysis, preservation applications and a numerical simulation of the examined structure. The field study involves a visual inspection of structural deterioration and the gathering of representative samples from various points of the structure. The laboratory study includes mechanical, chemical and mineralogical analyses of the samples taken from the structure. Applications for the restoration of the structure to its original form are presented in the third stage, while the seismic performance level of the structure against seismic effects is defined. The study is important in its presentation of the process of reverting a vault structure that has suffered a deterioration of structural integrity over time into its original form from a geometric and material point of view. Such vaults are of particular importance as elements of castle structures that were used for defensive purposes at the time. The findings obtained from the research have been foreseen to contribute the understanding of structural behavior and intervention decisions in the restoration process of load-carrying brick vault systems in historical structures.

A Délvidék/Vajdaság turisztikai kínálata és kereslete

In the study I present and summarize the tourism of the Southland, its supply and demand caracteristics. Themain tourist attractions of the Southland are the cities’Art Nouveau values, the historic castles, folkarchitecture and folk traditions, spas and gastronomic heritages. I collected the tourism offer of the area interms of natural values (protected areas, spas), cultural values (built values, intellectual values, gastronomy)and accommodation services. While analysing the tourist demand in the Southland, I compared theperformance of the Hungarian-populated districts with the performance of the majority Serbian-populatedareas. During the tourist demand analysis, I examined the change in the number of guest and the overnightstays between 2012–2018. Studies show that the primary tourism products of the Southland are productsbased on cultural resources, but it can also be emphasized that most of the actual tourism performance of theregion is provided by the number of guest and guest nights spent in the spas.

Restoration of a Rudolfine Mannerist historical castle garden

This paper discusses plant assortments in historical Mannerist gardens and their use during the restoration of such a historical garden. Mannerist gardens were founded in the territory of Bohemia at the time of Emperor Rudolf II. The model garden for the purposes of this paper is the castle garden in Brandýs nad Labem. There are no reliable historical resources which could specify the plant assortment cultivated in this garden at the time of its creation. However, the period of Rudolfine Mannerism is defined by known determinative elements of garden architecture as well as certain cultivated plant species. For this reason, it was possible to compile a list of elements which must conform to the individual forms of greenery (solitary, hedges, alleys, climbers, containers) and their spatial arrangement (point, line, shape) typical for Renaissance and Mannerist composition. The list was created with respect for the current cultural and climatic conditions by evaluating the current utilisation of the garden.