Historical Case Research Articles

Multi-Model Prediction of West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease With Machine Learning for Identification of Important Regional Climatic Drivers.

West Nile virus (WNV) is the leading cause of mosquito-borne illness in the continental United States (CONUS). Spatial heterogeneity in historical incidence, environmental factors, and complex ecology make prediction of spatiotemporal variation in WNV transmission challenging. Machine learning provides promising tools for identification of important variables in such situations. To predict annual WNV neuroinvasive disease (WNND) cases in CONUS (2015-2021), we fitted 10 probabilistic models with variation in complexity from naïve to machine learning algorithm and an ensemble. We made predictions in each of nine climate regions on a hexagonal grid and evaluated each model's predictive accuracy. Using the machine learning models (random forest and neural network), we identified the relative importance and variation in ranking of predictors (historical WNND cases, climate anomalies, human demographics, and land use) across regions. We found that historical WNND cases and population density were among the most important factors while anomalies in temperature and precipitation often had relatively low importance. While the relative performance of each model varied across climatic regions, the magnitude of difference between models was small. All models except the naïve model had non-significant differences in performance relative to the baseline model (negative binomial model fit per hexagon). No model, including the ensemble or more complex machine learning models, outperformed models based on historical case counts on the hexagon or region level; these models are good forecasting benchmarks. Further work is needed to assess if predictive capacity can be improved beyond that of these historical baselines.

Quaternary Urban Geology and the Foundation of Heritage Building: Notable Historical Cases in Sawahlunto, Indonesia

Sawahlunto is a city located in West Sumatra, Indonesia, known as a city rich in coal mining activities and often referred to as the “City of Batubara.” The history of Sawahlunto coal mining dates back to the Dutch colonial era in the late 19th century when coal was discovered in the area. It has been designated as a national geopark area (KGN) in 2018 and then designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site (WDU) in 2019. One of its prominent landmarks is the Ombilin Coal Mine, which. Sawahlunto also boasts other historical landmarks and preserved buildings. The study objectives are: to identify rock types, topographic features, and other phenomena, along with measurements of heritage buildings; to analyze the rock distribution for determining the origin of rocks for heritage buildings in urban development and to describe the heritage building; and to describe the development of heritage building in Sawahlunto The mixed method was incorporated, where geological mapping method was used to determine information on the distribution of rocks and material origin for urban development, heritage building foundation analysis and content analysis on heritage buildings. The study found the building materials are rocks from the result of erosion originating around the city of Sawahlunto are: Sedimentary rock facies in the Ombilin Basin. The heritage buildings used local materials as they were abundant during that time. Sawahlunto’s heritage buildings not only have historical and cultural heritage, but also contain urban geological heritage that should be further studied as part of urban development.

Quantifying the potential epidemiological impact of a 2-year active case finding for tuberculosis in rural Nepal: a model-based analysis

ObjectivesActive case finding (ACF) is an important tuberculosis (TB) intervention in high-burden settings. However, empirical evidence garnered from field data has been equivocal about the long-term community-level impact, and more...

The Fugitive Underground of British Blackness

This paper historicizes the riotous geographies of British Blackness by focusing on three so-called “riots” in London’s post-World War II development, the 1958 Notting Hill uprisings, the 1981 Brixton uprisings and the 2011 pan-London uprisings. Mobilizing debates in Black (British) Geographies, I challenge state narrations of these events as illegitimate expressions of Black Britons’ political discontent. Based on archival research, I expose such framings as ongoing attempts of whiteness to render Black British geographies “ungeographic” within a supposed white British geography. Employing fugitivity as method, I show how these riotous events constituted possibilities for escaping racialized spatio-political categories of British state geographies. I consider British Blackness as political category and as a historically contingent discursive construction that mobilizes people from the African diaspora in specific ways but also stretches beyond them. Thus, I ask: How does Blackness continue to escape attempts of capturing it in and through British state geographies and in what ways does this escape constitute a transfiguration of Black British (un)geographies? The three historical cases I examine exemplify the struggles between the state’s efforts to enclose and exclude Black Britons and their efforts to forge an underground of British Blackness in the wake of Empire.

The roles of community health workers in understanding COVID-19-related inequities among Black pregnant women

Abstract Background US Black pregnant women have worse birth and maternal outcomes than their White counterparts, and these disparities were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. We sought to examine community health workers’ roles in shaping low-income Black pregnant women’s experiences and perspectives on public health guidance during COVID-19. Methods Between December 2020 and September 2021, we conducted two to four semi-structured interviews and feedback sessions with each participant: community health workers or pregnant/postpartum women who self-identified as Black (thirty-five total interviews and twelve feedback sessions). Using a Longitudinal Qualitative Research approach, we looked at themes over time in perceptions of COVID-19 public health guidance, specifically related to vaccination, throughout pregnancy and the postpartum period. Results Community health workers were essential sources of information about the COVID-19 vaccine, risk and safety, and other related challenges. However, there was extensive distrust of science and of health providers. This was traced to historical and modern cases of medical and scientific abuse of Black Americans. Community health workers experienced much of the same distrust of public health guidance related to the pandemic as their clients. Conclusions Community health workers represent an important group for influencing perspectives of COVID-19 health and vaccine guidance among Black pregnant and postpartum women. Both groups’ views on public health guidance during the pandemic were shaped by complex historical, economic and cultural systems. To support trust- and rapport-building, healthcare providers should take an educated, empathetic approach to working with community health workers and understanding their patients’ histories and experiences.

Long-Arm Jurisdiction in Cross-Border Data Flows: EU-US Gaming and Balancing

In the era of digital economy, the power struggle and legal challenges arising from cross-border data flows have become increasingly prominent, making data governance a focal topic in the international community. Countries are competing and cooperating in formulating rules on cross-border data flows, as this phenomenon becomes more significant with the global popularity and rapid development of big data-based digital products like ChatGPT. As traditional powers in this field, the United States and the European Union have established long-arm jurisdiction systems with unique characteristics and have engaged in multiple rounds of fierce gamesmanship over dominance in global data flow governance standards, while constantly seeking power balance in bilateral cooperation. Through historical research, comparative analysis, and case studies, this paper analyzes and summarizes the governance principles, regulatory models, and competitive and compromising processes of transatlantic data flows, leading to the conclusion that Chinas data governance strategy should balance data security and data freedom, while transforming its approach to regulating data outflows and emphasizing the importance of efficiency values in maintaining data sovereignty. By expanding international cooperation and promoting the signing of regional data flow agreements, China can enhance its voice in the global data governance system.

Evaluating the Performance of ChatGPT in the Automation of Maintenance Recommendations for Prognostics and Health Management

Until now, automation of maintenance recommendations for Prognostics and Health Management (PHM) has been a domain-specific technical language processing (TLP) task applied to historical case data. ChatGPT, Bard, GPT-4 and Sydney are a few examples of generative large language models (LLMs) that have received significant media attention for their proficiency in natural language tasks across a variety of domains. Preliminary exploration of ChatGPT as a tool for generating maintenance recommendations has shown promise in its ability to generate and explain engineering concepts and procedures, but the precise scope of its capabilities and limitations remains uncertain. Currently we know of no performance criteria related to formally measuring how well ChatGPT performs as a tool for industrial use cases. In this paper, we propose a methodology for the evaluation of the performance of LLMs such as ChatGPT for the task of automation of maintenance recommendations. Our methodology identifies various performance criteria relevant for PHM such as engineering criteria, risk elements, human factors, cost considerations and corrections. We examine how well ChatGPT performs when tasked with generating recommendations from PHM model alerts and report our findings. We discuss the various strengths and limitations to consider in the adoption of LLM’s as a computational support tool for prescriptive PHM as well as the different risks and business case considerations.

Spatio-Temporal Attributes of Varicella-Zoster Case Number Trends Assist with Optimizing Machine Learning Predictions

The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) (chickenpox) is a problematic infectious disease with regular outbreaks occurring seasonally in most countries. Being able to predict with accuracy the expected number of cases in future weeks based on historical case trend information is an important goal both locally and nationally. Space and time-related attributes extracted from the case number trends for the previous 12 weeks of historical VZV cases recorded in Hungary. These attributes are able to generate reliable predictions for expected VZV cases for multiple weeks ahead. Supervised machine learning (SML) combined with feature selection optimizers can identify combinations of the most effective of 15 local trend time-series attributes supported. These features are complemented with an additional 10 regional trend attributes providing the spatial dimension. The most practical combination of influential trend attributes varies depending on the number of weeks ahead being forecast. SML models are developed using weekly VZV case data (2005–2014) for the regions of Hungary focusing on the region of Komarom-Esztergom (Kom) northwest of Budapest. SML predictions for up to 4 weeks ahead are most strongly influenced by the local time-series attributes including moving averages (MAs) and seasonality components from recently past weeks. However, for predictions further forward (up to 13 weeks) the SML models also exploit regional trend attributes related to recent past rate-of-change in VZV case numbers to provide effective predictions. The proposed trend-attribute method provides more accurate case predictions than the commonly used univariate case-forecasting methods relying on MA and autoregressive integrated moving models. The applied method also provides a means of data mining the most influential trend attributes and the time ranges of their effectiveness. The flexibility and transparency of the technique provide a robust method that could be applied for forecasting short-term epidemiological case numbers associated with other infectious diseases.

Supratentorial hemangioblastoma: correlation between phenotype, gender and vascular territory affected.

Supratentorial hemangioblastomas are rare, vascular lesions. The presence of peri-tumoral cysts and edema has meaningful clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of both cyst and edema formation is not fully understood. This study sought to determine if the radiologic phenotype of supratentorial hemangioblastoma is affected by the different cerebral arterial circulations. Review of the English-language literature from 1973 to 2023 yielded 53 cases of parenchymal supratentorial hemangioblastomas eligible for analysis. Patients were divided by the vascular territorial distribution of the lesions: anterior circulation (n = 36) or posterior circulation (n = 17), and the groups were compared for demographic, clinical, radiologic and molecular variables. Univariate analyses yielded a significant difference between the groups in five variables. Cystic changes and "classic" radiological phenotype were associated with hemangioblastomas of the posterior circulation (OR = 0.19, p = 0.045 and OR = 0.287, p = 0.048, respectively), while female gender, significant peritumoral edema and purely solid phenotype were associated with hemangioblastomas of the anterior circulation (OR = 3.384, p = 0.045 and OR = 5.25, p = 0.05 and OR = 14.0, p = 0.015; respectively). On multivariate analysis, solid phenotype and female gender remained significantly associated with the anterior circulation (OR = 36.04, p = 0.014 and OR = 4.45, p = 0.045). The incidence of von-Hippel Lindau disease was higher in the anterior-circulation group. Cystic tumors were present in all females in the posterior-circulation group compared to 43.4% in the anterior-circulation group (OR = 20.714, 95% CI 1.061 to 404.122; p = 0.045). Based on historical cases of supratentorial hemangioblastoma, this study shows that different tumor phenotypes are associated with the different cerebral circulations. Gender was also associated with differences in tumor distribution and radiologic phenotype. These novel data may improve our understanding of unique vascular diseases of the central nervous system.

Who Supported the Career Development of Highly Educated Japanese Women between the 1970s and 1980s?

Abstract In this study, the author considers the problems of married women continuing to work after giving birth in the historical case of Japan, a society with significant gender inequality. The author focuses on female elementary school teachers who managed to continue working after getting married and giving birth at a time when married women in Japan were increasingly becoming housewives. The author investigated the trajectories of female teachers who had no relatives in their neighborhoods. The results emphasize the importance of understanding workers in the reproductive and informal sectors who identify as housewives when considering the career formation of women in countries with a significant gender divide.

Resilient Supply Chains in the Face of Disruptions: An In-Depth Study of Strategies Employed by U.S. Companies to Ensure Business Continuity

This study retrospectively explores the strategies employed by U.S. companies to ensure business continuity in the face of disruptions within their supply chains. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effectiveness of various resilience strategies adopted by American businesses and to derive insights that can inform future supply chain management practices. The problem addressed in this study was the increasing vulnerability of supply chains to disruptions, including natural disasters, global pandemics, and geopolitical tensions. These disruptions could result in significant economic losses and operational challenges for businesses. Understanding how U.S. companies tackled these challenges in the past provides valuable lessons for enhancing supply chain resilience. To achieve these objectives, a mixed-methods research approach was employed. Quantitative data were collected through surveys distributed to a diverse sample of U.S. companies across different industries. Qualitative data were obtained through in-depth interviews with supply chain and operations managers from a subset of these companies. The study analyzed historical cases of supply chain disruptions and the corresponding strategies used to mitigate their impact. Findings from this research indicate that U.S. companies employed a combination of strategies to enhance supply chain resilience, including diversifying suppliers, leveraging technology for real-time visibility, and implementing risk management frameworks. Companies that had robust business continuity plans in place were better equipped to respond to disruptions effectively. In conclusion, this study highlights the critical importance of proactive supply chain resilience strategies in mitigating the impact of disruptions. The lessons learned from past disruptions provide valuable insights for companies seeking to build more resilient supply chains in the future. Recommendations include the development and regular testing of robust business continuity plans, the adoption of digital technologies for enhanced visibility, and a proactive approach to risk management. By drawing from past experiences, U.S. companies can better prepare for and respond to future disruptions, ultimately ensuring the continuity of their operations and safeguarding their competitiveness in an ever-changing business landscape. Keywords: Resilient Supply Chains, Disruptions, U.S. Companies, Business Continuity, Strategies

Comparing the diagnostic adequacy of 25-Gauge fork-tip versus franseen versus reverse-bevel-type needles in EUS-guided tissue acquisition: A prospective randomized study with a retrospective control.

EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy (FNB) is an established technique for the acquisition of tissue to diagnose lesions of the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding organs. Recently, newer-generation FNB needles have been introduced, including a second-generation reverse-bevel and the third-generation fork-tip and Franseen needles. We aimed to determine if there was any difference between these needles in terms of cytopathological diagnostic yield, sample cellularity, or sample bloodiness. One hundred twenty-seven consecutive patients undergoing EUS-guided FNB of any solid lesion were randomized to use either a Franseen or fork-tip needle in a 1:1 ratio and were compared with 60 consecutive historical cases performed with reverse-bevel needles. Patient and procedure characteristics were recorded. Cases were reviewed by a blinded cytopathologist and graded based on cellularity and bloodiness. Overall diagnostic yield was calculated for each study arm. One hundred seventy-six cases were eligible for analysis, including 109 pancreatic masses, 24 lymphoid lesions, 17 subepithelial lesions, and 26 other lesions. The final diagnosis was malignancy in 127 cases (72%). EUS-guided FNB was diagnostic in 141 cases (80%) overall and in 89% of cases where malignancy was the final diagnosis. There was no difference in diagnostic yield, sample cellularity, or sample bloodiness between the different needle types. There was no difference in adverse events between groups. EUS-guided FNB performed using 25-gauge Franseen, fork-tip, and reverse-bevel needles resulted in similar diagnostic yield, sample cellularity, and sample bloodiness. Our results may not be extrapolated to larger-caliber needles of the same design.

Holding solar energy hostage? Evidences from the political economy of the solar photovoltaic innovation system in Iran

Transformation of the energy system by leveraging renewable sources, promoted by the national government and international organizations for reducing greenhouse gases (GHGs), is an issue of high political and policy importance in Iran, an oil-rich developing country. In this regard, this paper explores the evolution of solar photovoltaic (PV) diffusion from 1990 to 2021 in Iran. We explain the stages of technological innovation system (TIS) evolution by cumulative causation loops while narrating PV diffusion through a historical case study. By adopting a qualitative methodology, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 26 PV experts, selected through the snowball technique, to collect data. By content analysis of gathered data, we identify four distinct periods of PV diffusion. Our findings show that research institutes' ambitions derived the attention to PV development that was subsequently intensified by the entrepreneurial activities of pioneering firms. Government agencies supported firm-level R&D activities that eventually led to the emergence and expansion of PV service and manufacturing firms. We also elaborate the decelerating effect of the political economy of Iran on PV diffusion, which is embedded in an oil-dependent energy sector. We scrutinize the effect of incumbent oil and gas actors, power of oil and gas actors, institutions at the energy sector level, and energy system infrastructure on PV diffusion. This paper contributes to the scholarly and policy understanding of renewable energy development and its eventual diffusion in developing oil- and gas-rich countries and notably in OPEC member states.

Limitations On Warfare Methods: A Brief Examination Under International Humanitarian Law

The intricate landscape of modern warfare poses multi-faceted challenges to International Humanitarian Law (IHL). This research offers a nuanced examination of the limitations of warfare methods under IHL, underpinned by a systematic literature review (SLR) and an in-depth analysis of select case studies. By leveraging the PRISMA framework, a comprehensive search through notable databases yielded 42 salient articles. The study navigated through critical events, including the Rwandan Genocide, the Syrian conflict, the Mali cultural property crisis, and the environmental aftermath of the Gulf War. Through qualitative analysis, each case study was dissected for breaches, international responses, and the IHL framework's efficacy in addressing the challenges posed. Findings underscored significant gaps in IHL's applicability and enforcement. While the Rwandan genocide elucidated the international community's inertia, the Syrian conflict spotlighted IHL's frailties amidst multi-actor wars. Mali brought the urgent need for robust cultural property protection to the fore, while the Gulf War highlighted IHL's inadequacies in preempting environmental catastrophes. This study accentuates the pressing need for revisiting, fortifying, and expanding the IHL parameters to resonate with contemporary warfare realities. It advocates for a more agile, anticipatory, and encompassing IHL that delineates rights and wrongs and guarantees redress and reparation. The synthesis of historical case insights with present-day implications offers a roadmap for a more resilient IHL, paving the way for a harmonized global response to future conflicts.

Uneven reproduction: Gender, race, class, and birth outcomes

AbstractIn the United States adverse reproductive outcomes are often understood in terms of Black and White differentials within the context of US‐centric racism and as an afterlife of slavery. Yet similar racial variances in outcomes are found globally. How might we understand the persistence of adverse reproductive outcomes among Black women compared to White women in transnational contexts? Building on the concept of uneven development, this article uses the framework of uneven reproduction as one way to examine how inequalities are seared on reproducing bodies. Such framing shifts the analysis of adverse reproductive outcomes from a narrow view of racial disparities to one that explains those outcomes because of complex patterns of investment and disinvestment that reconfigure reproduction. In framing reproductive outcomes as uneven reproduction, this paper excavates three distinct historical cases in three geographic areas. Drawing from imperial and colonial contexts we can track different forms of disinvestment that were and continue to be detrimental to Black women.This approach serves as a lens against which to read the persistent racial differentials in reproductive outcomes facilitated by a transhistorical, transnational and intersectional understanding of the constraints that impede Black women's successful reproduction over time and across space.

Crisis management in international organisations: the League of Nations’ response to early challenges

How do international organisations (IOs) respond to existential challenges such as membership withdrawals or budget cuts? Some IOs manage to ignore the challenge or adapt to the demands of the challenging state whereas others build institutional capacities to resist the pressure. Yet, we know little about the internal dynamics that shape IOs’ responses to such challenges. This article investigates to what extent IOs’ threat perception determines the intensity and direction of their responses to crises. Using the League of Nations’ responses to early crises as an explorative historical case study, the analysis shows that a timely and homogenous perception of a crisis leads to a more assertive and substantial response. Two broader conclusions can be drawn from the analysis for IO research. First, the role of international bureaucrats should not be underestimated in shaping an IO’s response to crises. Second, the findings indicate that a more nuanced perspective on the League’s crisis management can help overcome the failure narrative that dominates the current understanding of the League in International Relations research.

Social Impact Assessment of Reconstruction Projects in the Historical Districts Case Study: Bein-Al-Haramain, Shiraz

ABSTRACT Historical urban fabrics have many valuable attributes, but they are often subject to reconstruction plans, especially when they suffer from economic and social problems. Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a process of evaluating the positive and negative effects of large-scale projects on different aspects of society. The Bein-al-Haramain project, which was implemented in the historical district of Shiraz in 1995, is a suitable case for this study because of its magnitude and its location in a deteriorated historical area. The project affected Mansourieh Neighbourhood, a historic area that dates back to the pre-Safavid period. The aim of this study is to explore and describe the impacts of this project on the lives of the local residents from their own perspectives. This aim is pursued by using the participatory approach of SIA in the paper. The research employs content analysis as the method, semi-structured interviews as the data collection technique, and qualitative survey as the research strategy. According to the authors’ analysis, the Bein-al-Haramain reconstruction project had mostly negative impacts on the lives of the people living in the Mansourieh Neighbourhood. The main source of the negative effects was the disruption of the connections between Mansourieh Neighbourhood and its Bazaar and the rest of the city.

Economic Imaginings of Consumption in Book Retail

Abstract Far from being a conventional trade in consumer goods, with price value estimated from a relationship between demand and scarcity, book retail is saturated in the politics of class, gender, and race. To thrive, it must be alive to the promises and pitfalls of those dimensions, especially as they are imagined through reading. Therefore, to understand book retail only through institutionalized models of neoclassical economics would be a mistake. A mistake not only because book retail trades in symbolic goods, which are goods of an inherently interpretive, political, all-too-human kind, but also because symbolic goods defy foundational categories such as ‘consumption’. From a historic case study, that of book retail in Southampton around 1900, it can be shown which forces have actively sustained the book business. Revealed, too, is how economics is merely the material mathematized wing of a particular cultural-political way of thinking, one that can be broken free from without losing either business or responsibilities to race, gender, and class.

Brothers, bruises, and the will to win: a social-ecological hegemony perspective on Swedish ice hockey’s past

The tradition of Swedish ice hockey as a masculine-dominated territory that encourages characteristics like roughness, aggressiveness, and to some extent violence has been hotly debated. Using historical articles from the Swedish Hockey magazine, and with a perspective combining hegemony with the social-ecological model of violence prevention, this study develops an interpretation of how masculinity traits and violence in Swedish ice hockey interconnect. The historical case provides findings for this interconnection, with meanings of masculinity and a competitive commitment as permeating threads. Triggered by individuals, but also connected to coaches’ encouragements, organizations’ endeavours, societal, and financial forces, the negotiations around playing styles and allowance levels have been permeated by ideals of masculinity; ideals that enforce the current hegemonic gender order. Ultimately, the article contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of sport violence as an issue that not only impacts or can be utilized by sport organizations and players/practitioners but also its broader societal implications.

Risk of Carcinoma in Pleomorphic Adenomas of the Parotid

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for pleomorphic adenomas (PAs) of the parotid to prevent further growth and potential future malignant transformation. While historical case series have reported transformation rates as high as 10%, there is a lack of contemporary methodologically sound data. To examine the rate of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) detection in untreated PAs and investigate factors associated with malignant neoplasm. This cohort study reviewed all cases of primary PAs managed at a quaternary referral center between December 1990 and January 2015. Patients whose clinical presentation was compatible with a primary benign PA and whose history indicated tumor duration of over 1 year were included. Data were analyzed from January to April 2023. Untreated PA. Rate of CXPA detection among untreated PAs and association of tumor duration with rates of CXPA detection. Pathology slides of patients who underwent surgery were reviewed by a single expert pathologist for the presence of CXPA. Univariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate possible factors associated with CXPA. A total of 260 patients (median age, 47 years [IQR, 38-60 years]; 174 [66.9%] female) had a median tumor duration of 3.2 years (range, 1-30 years; mean [SD], 5.7 [5.5] years). Patients were divided into 4 groups by tumor duration: 1 to 4 years (158 [60.7%]), 5 to 9 years (47 [18.1%]), 10 to 14 years (27 [10.4%]), and 15 to 30 years (28 [10.8%]). In 156 of 170 patients who underwent preoperative fine-needle aspiration (91.8%), a benign tumor was diagnosed; 5 of these patients (3.2%; 95% CI, 1.4%-7.3%) were later diagnosed with CXPA on pathology after eventual excision, and the rate of high grade CXPA was 1.3%. None of the patients had permanent facial nerve paralysis. Tumor size at presentation (odds ratio [OR], 1.66; 95% CI, 1.22-2.24) and incremental (per year) increase in age (OR, 1.04; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08) were found to be associated with CXPA, whereas tumor duration was not (OR, 1.00; 95% CI, 1.00-1.01). In this study, the rate of malignant neoplasm detection among initially untreated PA was 3.2%. The results suggest that tumor size and older age are associated with the development of CXPA, while tumor duration is not. Observation of PA for longer periods was not associated with serious permanent complications.