Historical Campaign Research Articles

CONFISCATION OF LARGE RICH FARMS IN KAZAKHSTAN AND ITS CONSEQUENCES (according to the materials of Semipalatinsk district)

The paper provides an impartial examination of the historical campaign to liquidate wealthy people suppressed in Kazakhstan during the 1930s, as well as the introduction of generational sources related to deportation and the memory policy of independent Kazakhstan into scholarly discourse. Examination of scholarly literature about the investigation and identification of the interrelationship between the oppressive policies of the Soviet authorities towards the affluent and the policies of enforced collectivisation and sedentarization of nomadic Kazakhs. Archival papers provide evidence for the categorisation of affluent individuals exposed to political persecution in Kazakhstan throughout the 1920s and 1930s, based on cattle ownership. The article reveals deficiencies in the public's understanding of the policy on the confiscation of wealth from the affluent in each region. The class war was intentionally constructed between the affluent and the common residents of the regions. Particular emphasis was placed on the execution of the hand-to-hand strategy between the affluent and the general populace of the areas. Furthermore, it may be asserted that the primary objective is the expropriation of farms owned by affluent individuals who have given financial support and maintained pastures. We attempted to demonstrate via many cases that substantial affluent farms were expropriated, displaced, abandoned, and subjected to persecution. We examined the process of relocating affluent individuals from Semey to Shymkent and from Kostanay to Semey. A distinctive aspect of Soviet strategy was the directive to refrain from consolidating them into a single settlement. The text significantly enhances the overall understanding of political repression throughout the 1920s and 1930s, as well as the process of confiscating wealth from affluent individuals.

Revealing air quality impacts of the clean heating campaign in northern China

To mitigate air pollution caused by bulk coal burning for heating in northern China during winter, the Chinese government initiated a clean heating campaign in Beijing and the surrounding region starting in 2017. The impact of this historic campaign remained unclear at a fine spatial and temporal resolution. Based on the annually updated high spatial resolution surveyed coal substitution data, this study coupled the multi-period difference-in-differences (DID) model with the two-stage DID model and found that bulk coal substitution would have led to a spatially and temporally averaged reduction by 4.0 μg/m3 in wintertime PM2.5 concentration over Beijing and the surrounding region. Furthermore, taking advantage of the spatially disaggregated data, spillover effects associated with air pollution transportation were further quantified. Considering these effects, the estimated air quality benefit would increase to 8.2 μg/m3. Additionally, these benefits exhibit sustainability, with the fourth year post-implementation 3.6 times greater than the initial year, suggesting cumulative effects of the policy. On average, every 1kt of bulk coal substitution resulted to 0.3 μg/m3 PM2.5 reduction at a 0.1° × 0.1° grid. These findings, validated through extensive robustness testing, underscore the effectiveness and sustainability of the clean heating campaign and would offer valuable insights for relevant policy formulation in China or other developing countries.

Project Udbhav: Integrating Ancient Wisdom with Modern Indian Military Pedagogy

Throughout history, humanity has seen many destructive wars, especially in India. Early wars in India were fought by the people of the Indus Valley civilization, who were skilled in building forts for defense. Hindu civilization had a rich knowledge of warfare, military strategies, and martial arts. Ancient political thinkers considered War as an extension of politics, a fallout of interstate relations. Strategies were both offensive and defensive. The ancient Indian thinkers instated war as a means of increasing royal glory and outright conquest. The battles depicted in the epics of Ramayana and Mahabharata provide valuable information about the warfare mechanism of the ancient period. 'Project UDBHAV,' a collaborative effort between the Indian Army and the United Services Institution of India (USI), and the government of India, emphasized the project's significance, aiming to revisit India's ancient military thoughts. The initiative seeks to synthesize ancient knowledge, particularly from texts like Chanakya's Arthashastra and Thirukkural, with modern military practices. Examining historical campaigns, leaders, and examples like the Naval Battle of Saraighat, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of ancient Indian military strategies. The paper will also focus on contemporary military practices addressing modern challenges and the importance of Indian historical strategies in tackling diplomatic complexities.

Small Acts of Kindness in an Unequal World: Picture Books During and After the Great Recession

Abstract: The 2007–2008 financial crisis caused millions of Americans to lose their jobs, homes, and health insurance. From the encampments of Occupy Wall Street to the historic campaign of democratic socialist Bernie Sanders, the crisis also spawned a wave of progressive movements. To paraphrase the opening remarks of the inaugural issue of Catalyst: A Journal of Theory and Strategy , economic inequality is again up for debate. However, it is not up for debate in the pages of picture books. With picture books published between 2007 and 2019 as the reference point, this article argues that most of these books depoliticize economic inequality. Building on the work of other scholars, this article also argues that, despite other changes in the landscape of children's publishing, most of these books resemble books written before the recession.

АБАЙ ПОЭЗИЯСЫНДАҒЫ «МӘҢГІЛІК БЕЙНЕНІ» ТЕЗАУРУСТЫҚ ТАЛДАУ

The article considers the «eternal image» in Abay’s poetry by the method of thesaurus analysis, based on the comparative method. Thesaurus analysis is especially important in the system of linguistic analysis. Although the terms “dictionary” and “thesaurus” are similar, the fact that the thesaurus has a wider range of meanings is confirmed by the findings of the researchers. It is known that the thesaurus analysis method is of particular importance in modern humanities. From this perspective, the features of thesaurus analysis in literary studies are systematized and the issue of “eternal image” is raised within the framework of this concept. There are special characteristics of “eternal images” such as capacity, high spiritual value, polyvalence, and wide dissemination, and in analyzing Abay’s poem “Yeskendir” (Alexander) attention is paid to these features. Comparative analysis is done on the plots of Yeskendir in eastern and western literature. In Abay’s poetry Alexander is a model of an eternal image, and in presenting his nature the poet’s position is shown. The content of the article also includes the fact that the story of Alexander the Great in the Holy Quran formed the basis of folklore and literary works and the personification of this “eternal image” in the historical and literary tradition. The analysis of the main character in the poems of Ferdowsi, Nizami, Zhami, Navoi and in the “Novel about Alexander” popular in Europe is presented and concluded. Although Yeskendir’s historical campaigns around the world eventually went into the depths of history, his glorious life continued in folklore and literature. The famous hero’s “literary campaign” to oriental literature was considered in the space of the eastern classical poets and Abay’s works. The analysis reveals that the plot lines, dating back to folklore heritage and sacred books, were reproduced in the works of great poets in a unique way. The scholars, who claim that the historical Alexander the Great and the legend hero Yeskendir Zulkarnaiyn are two different people in history, cannot provide any concrete evidence to support this point of view. The plots about Yeskendir that became the basis for the works of great artists unite these “two” Alexanders as one person. Considering that one of the main characteristics of eternal images is polyvalence, it was concluded that Yeskendir can be recognized as a composite image of a warrior and a victorious commander, who ruled the country. The contradictory nature of the “eternal image” in Abay’s poem “Yeskendir” and the reproduction of the legendary plot by the great poet in a new perspective is shown on the basis of thesaurus analysis.

“It’s what the suffragettes would have wanted”: the construction of the suffragists and suffragettes on Mumsnet

ABSTRACT The image of the historical campaign for votes for women is continually reinvigorated and reinvested with meaning by later feminists. An investigation into the ways in which the campaign is framed on the UK online parenting forum Mumsnet demonstrates clearly how women in the 21st century use their feminist foremothers to support their own political purposes. In particular, gender-critical feminists on Mumsnet are able to performatively invoke their suffragette heritage as militant, radical feminists, and imbue their cause with legitimacy. Use of suffragette pen names and WSPU colours allows gender-critical posters to identify each other both on and offline. Discussion of the campaign on Mumsnet demonstrates a good amount of knowledge, including distinctions between the contributions of militant and constitutional campaigners. Nonetheless, when the discussion turns to the necessity for women to vote, the dominance of the image of the suffering suffragette becomes clear. However, the suffragettes can also be used as justification for women not using their vote: as long as this is framed as a thoughtful decision, made out of anger at the political choices available, it can be presented as “what the suffragettes would have wanted”.

Online Wind-Atlas Databases and GIS Tool Integration for Wind Resource Assessment: A Spanish Case Study

Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly integrated into the electricity-generation sector, being eco-friendly solutions, decreasing global warming, and improving the energy transition process. Among the different renewables, wind energy is considered a mature, clean, renewable, and inexhaustible technology as well, becoming one of the main resources in a sustainable framework. Aiming to evaluate the wind resource, scientific contributions have mostly presented a common basis: historical data campaigns of the wind resource mainly considering wind speed—including the module, direction, standard deviation, etc. However, online wind-atlas databases are becoming tools widely used for both wind-resource assessment and optimal wind-power locations. Under this framework, this study analyzed and compared such online wind data sources and their integration with GIS tools for optimal wind-resource-assessment purposes. The proposed methodology identified the corresponding wind-atlas databases directly on their websites and indirectly through the wind data used in relevant contributions about the optimal location of wind sites. Our contribution to the scientific community is thus the review and comparison of these atlas databases for reducing the barrier to access wind data—including GIS-tool-integration analysis. The limitations raised by civil societies, particularly regarding environmental and bird concerns, were not included in this study. Nevertheless, the authors are aware of these concerns and limitations. A Spanish case study was also included in this work, comparing both estimated and collected wind-atlas databases in terms of wind-resource assessment.

From Blackface to Black Twitter: Reflections on Black Humor, Race, Politics, and Gender

From Blackface to Black Twitter: Reflections on Black Humor, Race, Politics, and Gender

From Blackface to Black Twitter: Reflections on Black Humor, Race, Politics, and Gender

From Blackface to Black Twitter: Reflections on Black Humor, Race, Politics, and Gender

Not “falling for the okey-doke”: #BlackLivesMatter as resistance to disinformation in online communities

ABSTRACT Black lives have continually been subject to historical and contemporary harassment campaigns attempting to disrupt and usurp Black engagement in a multitude of institutional arenas. Black folks have resisted these attempts to re-establish control and containment that are rooted in white and/or masculine anxieties, anger, and fear. Black women in particular have been at the forefront of these resistance campaigns, reminding us not to fall for the “okey-doke” of the mis/disinformation levied upon our communities. This paper explores disinformation and fake news trends through a Black cyberfeminist lens. New patterns and methods of disinformation (while old) are (re)emerging alongside new and evolving information and digital technologies. This paper argues that #BlackLivesMatter can be understood as resistance to disinformation in online communities through the continued innovation of Black women’s digital praxis. It further argues that despite the attempts of the most recent information war to render Black perspectives invisible, Black women’s digital praxis has proved worthy to combat the harmful effects of disinformation campaigns levied against the Black community.

Financing eco-projects: analysis of factors influencing the success of crowdfunding campaigns

PurposeThis research identifies and explains the key factors influencing the success of crowdfunding campaigns for eco-projects with the objective of detecting the types of eco-projects that may be most successful in raising funds.Design/methodology/approachThe authors examined over 100 crowdfunding platforms (donation, reward and equity types) and selected 41 active eco-projects for further analysis. Data were collected from the selected platforms on ongoing and historical campaigns. The final sample was derived from observations of 139 eco-projects across 11 reward-based crowdfunding platforms. Logit models on variables related to the type of eco-innovation and characteristics of the campaign were used.FindingsThe results suggest that if they are treated as homogenous group eco-projects, they are no different than other types of projects present on a crowdfunding platform. However, variations are observed when they are divided into subcategories. The authors confirm that updates (positive), comments (positive) and targeted amount (negative) have the strongest impact on the success rate of crowdfunding for eco-projects. The authors observed a higher probability of success for projects aimed at saving water resources. Moreover, the findings suggest that emotional narratives do not increase chances of success for crowdfunding of eco-projects.Originality/valueThe authors aim to contribute to the ongoing discussion on whether there is a positive relationship between environmentally focused projects and the success rate. Providing a better understanding of the factors impacting the success rate of eco-projects should help future campaigns' success, contributing to a sustainable society.

Slavery is not a Metaphor

This is a pivotal moment for the study of slavery, in historical and contemporary form across a range of comparative law contexts. The foreword to Annie Bunting and Joel Quirk’s timely and insightful collection of essays is written by the first United Nations Special Rapporteur on contemporary slavery, Gulnara Shahinian, who recalls the “decades of silence that had relegated slavery to a relic from an earlier stage in history.”1 Shahinian laments the initial reluctance to talk about anything but slavery’s legacy, and even then only in largely psychological terms—she wants instead to address a range of forms of structural inequality to “transform the power exercised by some over others.”2 There is a further, distinct challenge, which recent scholarly commentators have bemoaned: the tendency to attach the powerful name of slavery to a disturbingly broad range of human exploitation.3 Bunting and Quirk offer a list of the categories of people to whom the label of contemporary slavery is increasingly applied,4 and from the outset offer their own pushback: “In stark contrast to historical campaigns to end legal slavery, which were firmly aimed in the profits and privileges of the rich and powerful, more recent global ‘anti-slavery’ campaigns targeting human trafficking only rarely pose a direct threat to major political and economic interests.’”5 A core concern is that this loose renaming of an expansive list of human exploitation as slavery may disregard, even trivialize, the singular historical memory and legacy of the centuries’ long transatlantic slave trade.6

Riverine Sediment Contribution to Distal Deltaic Wetlands: Fourleague Bay, LA

To combat land loss along the Mississippi River Delta, Louisiana has launched a historic campaign to sustain and regrow coastal lands using, in part, sediment diversions. Previous research has focused primarily on sand-sized sediment load, which is usually deposited proximal to a river’s delta or a diversion’s outlet. Fine sediments constitute the majority of sediment load delivered by rivers, but are understudied with respect to dispersal processes, particularly in terms of sediment supply to distal deltaic bays and wetlands. The Atchafalaya River and associated wetlands serve as prime study areas for this purpose. Fourleague Bay has remained stable against the deteriorative effects of relative sea level rise, standing out along Louisiana’s declining coastline. Push cores were collected once every 2 months, from May 2015 to May 2016, along five central bay sites and five adjacent marsh sites within Fourleague Bay, Louisiana. All sites fall within ~ 10 to 30 km of the Atchafalaya Delta, extending south towards the Gulf of Mexico. Cores were extruded in 2-cm intervals, dried, ground, and analyzed via gamma spectrometry for the presence of 7Be. Inventories of 7Be were then calculated and used to determine daily apparent mass deposition rates (AMDR) over 12 months. Average AMDR values for the bay and the marshes are compared with Atchafalaya River discharge, wind data, and atmospheric pressure through the year of sampling. Peak marsh AMDR, 0.7 ± 0.2 kg m−2 d−1, occurred just after historically high river discharge. Peak bay AMDR, 1.2 ± 0.7 kg m−2 d−1, occurred during seasonal low river discharge and calm winds. Average bay and marsh AMDRs have a moderate negative correlation (r = − 0.51) when compared. Results indicate that, during periods of moderate to high river discharge, sediment bypasses the bay floor and enters the marshes directly when inundation occurs, a process enhanced by the passage of strong atmospheric fronts. During periods of low river discharge and relatively calm winds, riverine sediments aggregate directly onto the bay floor.

Spontaneous Dissemination in Neighboring Provinces of DKA Prevention Campaign Successfully Launched in Nineties in Parma's Province.

Aim: to investigate how much effectiveness of the historical campaign of DKA prevention at T1D diagnosis has survived in Parma’s province where this was launched in Nineties, and how much it has spontaneously spread in the neighboring provinces. Method: children aged 6-14 years with newly diagnosed TID coming from province of Parma (Group 1) and from two other nearby provinces (Group 2) were investigated. Clinical and laboratory data were retrospectively collected from medical files of each patient and included age, gender, capillary pH, serum bicarbonate, 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (3HB), glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc) at the time of admittance from 1st January 2012 and 31 December 2016. Results: no DKA condition was globally found in 25/36 patients (69.4%): 16/17 and 9/19 patients belonged to Group 1 and 2 respectively (p=0.002). Mild or moderate DKA was reported in 5.9% patients of Group 1 and in 47.31% (p=0.005) patients from Group 2. Severe DKA was observed in only 1 child from Group 2. Normal 3-beta-hydroxybutyrate (3HB) serum levels was reported in the 25 patients without DKA at diabetes diagnosis. Duration of hyperglycemia-related symptoms before overt T1D diagnosis was shorter (4.6±2.5 days) in patients with 3HB levels <1 mmol/dl than in those with 3HB levels exceeding 1 mmol/dl (9.6±4.2 days, p<0.0001). HbA1c values were on overage lower in patients without DKA (9.9±1.2%) than in patients with DKA at diabetes diagnosis (13.60±1.3%; p<0,001). Conclusion: 1) the campaign for DKA prevention, launched in Nineties and renewed at beginning of Twenties in Parma’s province, continues to be effective in the same province after several years; 2) in the two control provinces despite no information campaign being officially promoted in loco, an unexpected decrease in severe DKA incidence as well a shorter latency before overt T1D diagnosis were observed in the same period. (www.actabiomedica.it)

Coral Battleground? Re-examining the ‘Save the Reef’ campaign in 1960s Australia

Today’s campaigns to protect the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) have parallels with historical campaigns. With hindsight, we can more clearly see the way environmental discourses are socially constructed as well as their outcomes. This is potentially insightful for contemporary environmentalists. Beginning in 1967, the Save the Reef campaign had a thoughtful media strategy and sought to socially construct the GBR as a precious ecosystem that was at risk from exploitation. Histories of this campaign remember environmentalists as a weak, David-like contender in a fight against the powerful Goliath of the Queensland government and extractive industries. Using the historical archives as our primary data source, however, reveals that these memories are overstated and that environmentalists actually enjoyed widespread support. Moreover, we see that the GBR has no explicit ‘opponents’; even those who sought to exploit it came from a position of pragmatic conservationism, believing exploitation and conservation could coexist. The historical struggle over power and control of the GBR shows the positive outcomes which emerged from broad coalitions, as opposed to an adversarial and combative approach to activism.

Grapevine rootstocks: origins and perspectives

Grapevines were propagated from cuttings up until the late 19th century when the soil-borne aphid phylloxera (Daktulosphaira vitifoliae [Fitch]) destroyed Vitis vinifera L. vines grown on their own roots. The damaging import of grape phylloxera to France in 1868 led to extensive international research and collaboration to save European viticulture. Numerous growers, breeders and scientists played important roles in the historic campaign against the grape phylloxera and in finding the solution to this problem, which ultimately lay in grafting European vines on American rootstocks. Nowadays, more than 80% of the vineyards worldwide use grafted plants: a scion of V. vinifera grafted onto a rootstock of single American Vitis species or interspecific hybrids of Vitis species that combine desirable features of their parentage. The majority of rootstocks used today were bred at the end of the 19th century or at the turn of the 20th century. They are mainly hybrids of four species: V. berlandieri, V. riparia, V. rupestris and V. vinifera, but secondary species have also been used. In addition to phylloxera, rootstocks contribute to the control of other soil-borne pests such as nematodes and to various abiotic constraints such as drought, salinity, limestone and mineral nutrition problems. They also strongly interact with scion genotypes and modify whole plant development, biomass accumulation and repartition, and phenology. In the context of climate change, they may be considered as a key element of adaptation. Rootstock breeding programs in the main grape growing countries around the world aim to improve pest resistance and adaptation to abiotic stresses. This article will give an overview of the history of rootstock use in the world, a brief description of the main rootstocks cultivated and some details on current breeding programs.

Designing a Military Event Gazetteer: The Case of Parachute Operations During the French Indochina War

The study of landscapes is an important area of research in critical military geography. Historical military campaigns themselves are violent events that occur within the context of a landscape. Although the actual events are transitory, they can leave behind a tangible record in the landscape and a memory that will be interpreted by present and future generations. Many small-scale individual operations might leave no lasting imprint on the physical landscape and are only remembered in the experience of those who participated. For these less well-known events, such as operations in colonial conflicts, their existence lies in the textual documents of memoirs, military records, and literature on the history of the associated conflicts. This study explores possible methods for designing and constructing a military event gazetteer for organizing information regarding such military operations. Parachute operations during the French Indochina War were chosen for this analysis because of the role these operations played in the counterinsurgency actions of that conflict. Using the methods developed in this study, it is proposed that through a series of military event gazetteers related to colonial wars of independence, a broader understanding of the military (or violence) aspects of the counterinsurgency strategies used in these conflicts might be achieved.

Selling Sexual Certainty? Advertising Lysol as a Contraceptive in the United States and Canada, 1919–1939

During the interwar period, Lysol Disinfectant was sold throughout Canada and the United States as a contraceptive douche for women. In fact, Lysol became the leading over-the-counter contraceptive sold on the euphemistically termed “feminine hygiene” market. Though the sale of contraceptives were illegal in both Canada and the United States since the latter part of the nineteenth century, by the 1920s, astute manufacturers were selling goods with supposedly contraceptive properties, including vaginal jellies, foaming tablets, and as was the case with Lysol, vaginal douches. As contemporaries argued, advertising played a central role in the success of the feminine hygiene industry. This article investigates Lysol's interwar advertising campaign to determine how the company attempted to communicate the purpose of its product to white, literate, married, Anglo-Saxon, middle-class female consumers while evading legal ramifications. It argues that North American Lysol advertisements were designed using euphemistic language and emergent modern advertising techniques that appealed to consumers' emotions (as opposed to their sense of reason as had previously been the case) to capitalize upon contextually specific trends, including women's fear of premature aging and loss of sexual attractiveness, the danger of maternal morbidity and mortality, as well as the threat of marital disunity, to convey the intended purpose of the product. This work also demonstrates the central importance of considering the historical context of companies' intended consumers when analyzing historical advertising and marketing campaigns.

The Science of Goal Setting

Goal setting within social marketing campaigns is art and science. An analysis of Rare Pride conservation campaigns shows the quantitative, replicable relationship among the impact of these conservation campaigns with diffusion of innovation theory, and collective behavior theory that can guide marketers to set better goals. Rare is an environmental conservation organization that focuses on reducing community-based threats to biodiversity through a social marketing campaign called Pride. Pride campaigns work by removing barriers to change (whether they are technical, social, and political or something else) and inspiring people to make change happen. Based on the analysis of historical Pride campaign survey data, we found that the starting percentage of engagement has a great influence on the percentage change at the end of the campaign: The higher the initial adoption level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior change, the easier these measures are to improve. The result also suggests a difference in the potential of change with different audience segments: It is easiest to change influencer, then general public, and finally resource user who are the target of the social marketing campaign. In this article, we will analyze how to use diffusion of innovation and collective behavior theories to explain the impact of campaigns, as well as how to set more attainable goals. This article is consistent with similar research in the field of public health, which should help marketers set goals more tightly, allocate resources more effectively, and better manage donor expectations.

The Racial Imperatives of Sex: birth control and eugenics in Britain, the United States and Australia in the interwar years

While most historical studies position Western birth control campaigns as arising out of the women's movement, this article suggests they were primarily eugenic, rather than feminist, even if many of the leading figures were women. Birth control gained support largely through its representation as a tool for (white) racial progress and population control, rather than as an issue of women's rights. Indeed, in the interwar years birth control and eugenics were so intertwined as to be synonymous. The article explores the Malthusian writings of Annie Besant; the remarkably similarly ways that Marie Stopes and Margaret Sanger promoted birth control as a eugenic tool; the support for birth control within both British and American eugenics organisations; and finally Australia's largest eugenic organisation, the Racial Hygiene Association, which founded the country's first birth control clinic in 1933 and later reinvented itself as the Family Planning Association. Recovering these links allows us to see how birth control was fundamentally linked to broader, transnational discussions of race and reproduction, and of how sex should be harnessed for racial purposes.