Historical Articles Research Articles

Mao Zedong and Legalism: A Lifelong Defense of a Classical Chinese Philosophy

The purpose of this study is to investigate a lesser-known facet of Mao Zedong's political ideology-legalism- and examine the effects it had on his leadership. Mao, the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC), is widely known for his communist ideology and autocratic governance style. However, a lesser-known aspect of his political life is his fervent support for Legalism and his criticism of Confucianism, which has not been sufficiently examined in academic studies. Legalism, one of the four main traditional Chinese philosophies-along with Confucianism, Daoism, and Mohism-has had a profound influence on Chinese governance. By employing a qualitative analysis of historical texts and research articles, this study focuses on Legalist effect on Mao life from the childhood, his debate surrounding Legalism and Confucianism, and the application of Legalist principles in his political practices. Findings on this paper indicates that Mao was a fanatic defender of Legalism despite he officially embraced communism as the guiding doctrine of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). His quasi-academic debate over Legalism highlights how research objectivity could be compromised under an autocratic regime. Furthermore, the study reveals Mao’s despotic leadership formed by Legalism and Leninist-Stalinist Communism during the Great Leap Forward, showcasing the risks associated with his governance style. This article adds to the existing scholarship by providing a subtle understanding of Mao's ideology, highlighting his engagement with Legalism. It challenges the conventional view of Mao solely as a communist leader, revealing the impact of traditional Chinese philosophy on his governance and modern political practices.

Clarity unveiled: A journey through time in cataract surgery.

This historical research article offers a comprehensive examination of the evolution of cataract surgery from ancient practices to modern innovations. The historical trajectory of cataract treatment will be explored, beginning with ancient techniques such as couching in ancient civilisations and progressing through critical milestones in surgical advancement. The research delves into the challenges faced by early practitioners, the emergence of novel techniques and the pivotal contributions of pioneering surgeons throughout history. From the rudimentary procedures of antiquity to the sophisticated technologies of the present day, the journey through time reveals medical professionals' remarkable ingenuity and perseverance in their quest to restore vision and improve the quality of life for patients afflicted by cataracts. Drawing upon historical sources, medical texts and scholarly research, this article provides insights into the social, cultural and technological factors that shaped the development of cataract surgery over millennia. It also examines the impact of crucial innovations such as extracapsular and intracapsular extraction, the advent of intraocular lens implants and the introduction of minimally invasive surgical techniques. Moreover, this research highlights the transformative effect of cataract surgery on individuals and societies from the ancient to the modern era. Hopefully, this research offers a compelling narrative of human ingenuity, scientific progress and the quest for clarity in treating cataracts.

Keutamaan Ilmu Sebagai Fondasi Dalam Membangun Peradaban Islam Di Era Modern: Perspektif Nilai Dan Relevansi Kontemporer

The supremacy of knowledge plays a central role in building Islamic civilization, both in classical and modern eras. This study aims to analyze the values of the supremacy of knowledge based on the perspectives of the Qur’an, Hadith, and the thoughts of classical scholars such as Al-Ghazali, Ibn Khaldun, and Al-Farabi. Additionally, this research explores the relevance of knowledge in addressing the challenges of globalization and the dynamics of the digital age. Using a descriptive qualitative research method, primary data consisting of Qur'anic verses, Hadith, and classical scholars' works are combined with secondary data, including books on the history of Islamic civilization, scholarly articles, and contemporary references. The research findings indicate that knowledge is regarded as the main pillar in building a civilization rooted in Islamic values. The Qur’an and Hadith explicitly position knowledge as both an obligation and a path to the glory of individuals and society. The thoughts of classical scholars highlight the importance of integrating religious knowledge and general knowledge to create a balance between worldly and spiritual happiness. In the modern era, the supremacy of knowledge remains relevant as a tool to address the challenges of globalization, particularly through the use of technology and innovation based on Islamic values. This study concludes that the synergy between religious knowledge and modern science can shape a progressive and morally upright Islamic civilization. Knowledge not only serves as a medium for social transformation but also as a spiritual foundation for building a resilient Muslim identity in the contemporary era. The relevance of the values of the supremacy of knowledge provides a strategic guide for Muslims to contribute to global civilization without losing the essence of Islam.

Reflecting on diagnosis: The Metacognitive Diagnostic Reasoning Model ©.

Diagnostic reasoning is a complex cognitive process that requires intuitive, heuristic processing from knowledge and experience, as well as deliberate and reflective thinking. Evidence on interventions to improve diagnostic reasoning is inconsistent, in part because different terms and models are used to guide research. To present a model of the factors of diagnostic reasoning in Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs), based on a review of the literature supporting the Metacognitive Diagnostic Reasoning (MDR) Model © . A review of the literature through systematic database search, historical articles, texts, and documents was conducted from inception through August 2023 ( N = 41). The MDR model depicts the following concepts: (1) metacognition is viewed as the driving force of diagnostic reasoning; (2) dual cognitive processing and knowledge representations are used; (3) once a diagnosis, treatment plan, and evaluation are complete, APRNs use metacognition for the next patient encounter, using repetition for improvement of the process. The model combines key concepts of diagnostic reasoning, providing a framework for researchers to develop and test, and faculty to teach and evaluate this complex process in learners. The MDR model provides research opportunities to validate its usefulness and effectiveness and a framework to guide educational research, contributing to the body of evidence-based practice in nursing. In addition, it may foster ongoing education and training that could lead to more accurate diagnoses and treatment plans, ultimately improving patient care by reducing diagnostic errors.

CREATING A "HISORICISED" IMAGE OF THE HEAD OF STATE: JUXTAPOSITION OF THE IMAGES OF SULTAN ABDUL HAMID II AND PRESIDENT RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN

The glorification of the image of Sultan Abdul Hamid II by the Turkish state propaganda machine and historians serving it is not limited to historical books, articles, and discussions in professional circles, but per the realities of the 21st century. is widely disseminated in social networks, and media platforms, where the authenticity of historical events, the application of an acceptable methodology of historiography, or ensuring a proper level of scientificity are often subordinated to catchy headlines and populist statements. One of the most important aspects of the consistent glorification of Sultan Abdul-Hamid II is the parallelizing of his image with the current president, R. T. Erdoğan as an advocate of innovation but at the same time a "patriotic, religious leader". Carrying the most vivid expressions of the vision of the new Turkey, these two characters confront Kemalist ideology and personally the image of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk.

Hemp for health: a historical perspective on the marketing of cannabis-based foods in Sweden

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide the first comprehensive examination of the early cannabis-based food products industry, using Sweden as a case study. Drawing upon historical newspaper articles and advertisements from the Swedish Historical Newspaper Archive, the authors trace the short-lived development of the industry, from the initial exploitation of fears of tuberculosis in the late 19th century, followed by the “boom” in hempseed extract products and the widening of its claimed effects and, finally, increased skepticism and critiques of such products across the popular press in the early 20th century. Design/methodology/approach A rigorous search of the Swedish Historical Newspaper Archive was conducted to gather newspaper articles and advertisements on cannabis-based foods. The collected resources were scrutinized using critical discourse analysis to tease out key discourses at work, particularly around the concepts of health, nutrition and science. Findings The authors find that central to the marketization of cannabis-based foods was the construction of disease based on scientific and medical discourse, fearmongering to create a strong consumer base and individualization to place responsibility on consumers to take action to protect their family’s health. This demonstrates not only the long historical relationship between science and food marketing but also how brands’ health claims could often be fraudulent or overstated. Originality/value It is important to cast a historical lens on the commercialization of cannabis-based food products because demand for similar types of products has rapidly grown over the past decade. Now, just as before, manufacturers tap into consumers’ insecurities about health, and many of the same questions continue to be mooted about products’ safety. Paying greater attention to the broader and problematic history of commercial cannabis can, thus, serve as a reminder for both consumers and policymakers to think twice about whether hemp really is for health and if the claims it espouses are a mirage rather than a miracle.

Bly in Blackwell’s: A Turning Point for Mental Health and Journalism

ABSTRACT “Bly in Blackwell’s: A Turning Point for Mental Health and Journalism” tells the story of Nellie Bly, a Pennsylvania-born investigative journalist. In 1887, Bly was set with the task of writing and reporting on an infamous insane asylum in New York—The Lodge on Blackwell’s Island. To do this, Bly acted “insane” and was sent to the institution as a patient so she could report on its inhumane conditions and expose it firsthand. After over a week of work in a terrifying environment, Bly was able to leave and wrote a two-part article for The New York World that was later published as Ten Days in a Mad-House. By making this brave effort, Nellie Bly changed the course of journalism and mental health, especially for women. This historical article shares the steps of Bly’s journey and shows just how much of an effect this plucky young writer had on our world.

The Right to Move a Private Member’s Bill in Uganda

Abstract Under Article 94(4)(b) of the Constitution, ‘a member of Parliament has the right to move a private member’s bill [PMB]’. Under Article 94(4)(d), ‘the office of the Attorney-General shall afford the member moving the private member’s bill professional assistance in the drafting of the bill’. Article 93 prohibits Parliament from proceeding with a PMB that, inter alia, imposes a charge on the Consolidated Fund. Rule 121(3) of the Rules of Parliament provides ‘[t]he Clerk to Parliament shall, where necessary, afford the Member moving the’ PMB ‘professional assistance in the drafting of the Bill’. Under Rule 122(1), a PMB has to be introduced by way of motion which has to be carried for it to be passed. The right under Article 94(4)(b) is not one of the fundamental rights. The author relies on the drafting history of Articles 93 and 94 to demonstrate the nature of this right. He relies on the Hansard (2016–2024) to highlight how this right has been protected. He argues that Rules 121(3) and 122(2) are unconstitutional and that the Constitutional Court’s interpretation of Article 93(a)(ii) in one of its decisions is contrary to the drafting history of that provision.

Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer/Questioning People and Human Resource Development: An Examination of Recent Literature 2010-2020

Topics in human resource development (HRD) related to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer-or-questioning (LGBTQ+) issues have been the subject of research for several decades now. In 2012, Author et al. published results from a systematic review of literature on LGBT people and HRD. They found increases in the amount and variety of articles published on the topic since research began to be published in the mid-1990s. The purpose of this review of literature was to continue where the 2012 article left off and examine both the quantity and type of articles published on LGBT issues in HRD since 2009 and the LGBT-related topics addressed in these articles. Conducting a systematic review of the literature to mirror the method used in the 2012 article, this review of literature compared articles written between 2010 and 2020 with those written before 2010 and discussed Author et al.’s (2012) review. Examined together, the result is a comprehensive history of articles on these topics, published in HRD-focused publications, from the time the very first articles were published through 2020. Articles published on LGBTQ + issues in HRD have evolved in terms of content, and that evolution aligns with the progress made on LGBTQ + rights in general. Articles published in the 1990s and 2000s, for example, focused more on identity issues and coming out processes in the workplace, whereas more recent articles examine career development for LGBTQ + people, workplace diversity, inclusion, support, benefits, and workplace climate. However, despite gains made in LGBTQ + rights in the workplace, the authors noted a decrease in the number of articles published in the 2010-2020 time period, and there were significantly more conceptual pieces and fewer empirical studies. This review concludes with recommendations for future researchers and practitioners in HRD.

Invitations to join a new 2024 section of Ejtm and the 2025 Pdm3 from 25 to 29 March, Euganean Thermae, Padua, Italy.

This issue of the European Journal of Translational Myology (Ejtm) 34 (3) 2024 opens with a historic article by Roger Sabbadini, who recalls his years spent as a guest scientist at the Institute of General Pathology of the University of Padua, Italy and the many years spent valorising a fortuitous observation made in collaboration with the scientific group of Professor Giovanni Salviati, University of Padua, Italy. A further side effect of those years is the decision I recently made to add a new Section to the Ejtm Editorial board, namely: Myokines, Bioactive lipids, Adipokines, RNAkines (ncRNAs), Antonio Musarò, Roger Sabbadini, and Daniela Tavian, Editors. Readers are therefore warmly invited to contribute typescripts to this section. I am confident that young readers will be motivated to test preliminary in vitro and in vivo options for drug development, especially for the bioactive lipids. Furthermore, it is time to send your presentation proposals and registration/accommodation forms to participate in the International Meeting: Padua Days on Muscle and Mobility Medicine, which will be held at the Hotel Petrarca of the Euganean Thermae (Padua, Italy) from 25 to 29 March 2025 (2025Pdm3). The Preliminary Program is included, hoping that you will submit your abstract and the Registration forms by November 15, 2024.

Harnessing (geoacoustic) uncertainty

The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.

“Diabetes Mellitus”, the Then and Now

Study’s Novelty/Excerpt This study provides comprehensive historical analysis of diabetes mellitus, tracing its evolution from ancient times to the modern era, which provides a unique chronological perspective on the disease's development. It distinguishes itself by detailing key events, such as insights from the Ebers Papyrus and the discovery of insulin, and their impact on our understanding and treatment of diabetes. Additionally, the manuscript offers a thorough exploration of how scientific endeavors over centuries have shaped the current medical landscape for diabetes mellitus, emphasizing the persistent challenge it poses despite significant medical advancements. Full Abstract Diabetes mellitus is a type of metabolic illness characterized by protein, lipid, and glucose metabolism difficulties. It is distinguished by chronic hyperglycemia, which defects in either insulin action or secretion can cause. Diabetes mellitus has been recognized since ancient times, and despite medical advances, it remains an incurable chronic illness. Our historical article presents major events in the evolution of diabetes mellitus from ancient times to the present day. Articles, as well as book chapters were used in citing. The key events in the development of diabetes mellitus from ancient times to the present were explored. An understanding of the key moments leading up to the identification of diabetes mellitus was provided in this study. Events from the Ebers Papyrus, the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, and the discovery of diabetes are covered in this article. It can be deduced that scientists tried to discover the presence and existence of these illnesses. The discovery of insulin has played a significant role in the history of diabetes mellitus.

Revisión documental del papel de la cooperación internacional en las migraciones laborales en Costa Rica

This article explores the existing documentation on the System of Libraries and Documentation Centers of the National University related to labor migration in Costa Rica, as well as the international cooperation that has been carried out for this topic and expose its approaches. A historical review of migration studies in Costa Rica is applied, establishing connections between their approach and academic and scientific information related to international cooperation in labor migration. This article shows the small number of historical reviews and articles at the Central American level that address the topic, but even more the lack of an approach from the discipline of International Relations.

Husref Tahirović: Dr. Isak Samokovlija. The life in a white coat.

Dr. Husref Tahirović, an endocrinologist and professor emeritus of pediatrics at the University of Tuzla School of Medicine and a member of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, performed many functions and held many appointments during his long professional life, reflecting his various scientific and social interests. Among other roles, he has been the Editor-in-Chief of Acta Medica Academica, the official journal of the Academy. In this journal, he published several historical articles on famous physicians from Bosnia and Herzegovina. His interest in history also led him to spend considerable time during the last few years researching the life and works of Dr. Isak Samokovlija a celebrated writer in former Yugoslavia, who was also a physician recognized for his contributions to medicine and the organization of health care services in Bosnia and Herzegovina before the Second World War. This book contains a wealth of data that Dr. Tahirović has collected about this remarkable physician, who was born in Goražde in 1889 and died in Sarajevo in 1955. Read more in the PDF.

Discovery of the cochlear traveling wave.

The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.

Polish Social and Independence Uprisings in “Tygodnik Solidarność” and “Tygodnik Powszechny” in 1981

The article presents a compilation and analysis of the content of press materials (historical articles, reports and reviews) concerning the Polish independence and social uprisings, which were published in the pages of “Tygodnik Solidarność” and “Tygodnik Powszechny” in 1981. The aim of the article is to show how the memory of the events of 1956 and 1970 was included in building the historical foundation of the “Solidarity” movement and union. The analysis concerned the content presented in the 1981 yearbook, i.e. after the formation of the movement and before the introduction of martial law. The juxtaposition of the two most important periodicals made it possible to show the common elements of the ideas and the differences in their presentation.

Studentexamen under 1900-talets början

Student examination at the beginning of the 20th century – A study of exam questions between 1901 and 1930. The purpose of this article is to examine the subject and knowledge ideals that emerge in the student questions posed in secondary school exams in the subject of Swedish from 1901 until 1930, particularly questions directed towards history or questions reminiscent of social studies. Sweden was in a significant social transformation with major political divides during the early 1900s, which is partly similar to Sweden’s situation today. The theoretical framework in this article is based on the concepts of pre-modernity and modernity, with an approach that leans towards the German didactic tradition. The primary material is secondary school exam questions, but it has also been supplemented with the government’s public inquiries and statistics, as well as educational historical articles. The method was thematic analysis with a deductive approach, which involved categorizing student questions. One result that this study shows is that there is continuity in history questions. There were always three questions, one about Sweden, one about ancient Rome or Greece, and one about Europe. Another result is that students preferred to answer questions related to the history subject rather than other subjects. A third result is the effect on student exam questions by the increasing modern society, especially in the field that later became a field of its own, social studies.

Desacralizing The Past: The Liberal Approach to Islamic History

This research examines the approach of liberal thinkers towards the history of Islam, focusing on the articles published on the online platform Islamlib.com. The research problem is formulated as follows: How do the historical articles on Islam, particularly in terms of content and thematic choices, manifest themselves on Islamlib.com. Additionally, what criticisms regarding the history of Islam are developed by Islamlib.com, encompassing sources, methodology, and approaches. The research employs the historiographical method, analyzing themes, methods, data sources, and approaches through content analysis techniques. The findings indicate that the historical articles on Islamlib.com are crafted within the framework of Islamic history as part of world history and total history. This research argues that the historiography of liberal thinkers has reached a sophisticated level. The articles explore a variety of themes related to Islam, embracing a comprehensive view that goes beyond conventional narratives. The historiographical critiques offered by Islamlib.com extend to source reliability, methodological choices, and the adopted approaches. The methodology used in this study, content analysis, facilitates a thorough examination of the themes, methods, sources, and approaches present in the historical articles. The liberal historiography demonstrated on Islamlib.com reveals a nuanced and advanced understanding of Islamic history. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on liberal perspectives in historiography, shedding light on the diverse themes and critical methodologies employed by liberal thinkers in shaping the narrative of Islamic history.

Representation of the Sacredness Phenomenon of Khortytsia Island and Cossack Culture by Means of Cinema and Photography

The purpose of the article is to analyse the means of cinema and photography used to represent the sacredness of Khortytsia Island and Cossack culture. To investigate the impact of audiovisual art on the perception and interpretation of the sacred aspects of Cossack culture and the history of Khortytsia Island as a sacred place through cinema and photography. The research methodology is to apply the following methods: theoretical (to analyse the source base of the study, collect information about the sacredness of Khortytsia Island and Cossack culture, review historical material, articles and scientific studies, compare information in these sources; select films and photographic materials that reflect the sacred aspects of Cossack culture and Khortytsia Island); comparative-analytical (to analyse the means of cinema and photography to identify the features and tools used to represent sacredness); empirical (to take photographs representing sacred objects and places in Zaporizhzhia). Scientific novelty. The article analyses for the first time how visual media can be used to preserve and reproduce the cultural traditions and intangible values of our people. The influence of audiovisual art on the formation of cultural discourse is investigated, and the role of visual culture in the modern world is studied. Conclusions. The article analyses the means of cinema and photography used to represent the sacredness of Khortytsia Island and Cossack culture. Examples of the successful use of cinema and photography tools and instruments to represent the sacredness of Khortytsia Island and Cossack culture are presented. It has been proved that these tools are effective in embodying the spiritual significance of the island in a visual form, helping viewers better understand and perceive the sacred aspects of the Cossacks and the history of Khortytsia, and can be used to preserve and reproduce cultural traditions.

The comprehensive checklist of myxomycetes of Ukraine, based on extended occurrence and reference datasets.

A significant body of valuable data about the myxomycetes of Ukraine lies in a "grey zone". This encompasses undigitised historical books and articles published in languages such as Polish, French or German, as well as proceedings from local conferences, articles featured in local scientific journals and annual reports submitted to public authorities by employees of protected areas, published in Ukrainian or Russian. Yet, due to their exclusive existence in print and often the Cyrillic alphabet, these publications remain neither findable nor accessible to a wider audience. The datasets presented here aim to summarise over 150 years of myxomycetes research in Ukraine. The majority of the data has been extracted from published literature sources spanning the years 1842 to 2023, with a minor supplement from unpublished herbarium specimens. The datasets include 5036 georeferenced occurrences, 339 taxa and 91 literature sources. Seventy-one of the used literature sources, mostly published before 2010, were uploaded to Zenodo and are available in open access.