Historical Task Research Articles

Rethinking the Category of Class: Tempora Multa of the Plural Subject

This article attempts to rethink the Marxist category of class in response to criticism of the progressivist conception of history. The Marxism of the twentieth and twentyfirst centuries has typically run into a problem arising from the fact that accepting the proletariat as the subject of history makes any political action aimed at social transformation superfluous. From a political viewpoint, the concept of the subject of history either implies that the working class will spontaneously carry out its historical task without any intervention, or requires the dictate of the party to act as a revolutionary vanguard for the working class. Many theorists (Walter Benjamin, Louis Althusser, Daniel Bensaïd, Massimiliano Tomba, et al.) have pointed out that emancipatory politics should abandon the idea that history is linear and that it has a particular subject. Does this then mean that the concept of class itself should be discarded? Althusser’s concept of the social whole as a weave of multiple temporalities allows us to take a new look at the problem of class in Marxist theory and political practice by understanding class as neither essence nor structure, but rather as a conflictual social relation and a political concept. Based on the works of Edward Thompson, Ellen Meiksins Wood, Étienne Balibar, Daniel Bensaïd, Cinzia Aruzza, etc., the author demonstrates that the multi-temporal structure of capital means that class contradiction cannot be confined to the matters of production because class struggle unfolds at all levels of surplus value creation — production, exchange, reproduction and circulation of capital taken as a whole. Moreover, other social movements — feminist, anti-racist, migrant, etc. — lead to a redefinition of key aspects of class subjectivity related to the concepts of productive labor and exploitation. With left-wing politics now in crisis, class struggle also entails a struggle for recognition that the problem of class is a political one.

Historical Memory in the Transition to Democracy: the Experience of the USSR and Spain

The Spanish and Russian history of the 20th century includes the experience of civil war, mass emigration, changes of intellectual elites, tragic pages associated with repression and terror. Spain in the 1970s and the USSR in the 1980s with a difference of ten years embarked on a large-scale social and political transformation, the goal of which was the transition to democracy. The revitalization of the socio-cultural sphere and the complex interaction with the “difficult past” became an integral part of the political transit of the two countries. The use of comparative analysis allows us to identify the similarities and differences in the attitudes concerning the past, to determine the specifics of approaches to the formation of memory politics, as well as to study the features of “conflicts of memory”. For the Spaniards, the civil war of 1936—1939 and the Franco dictatorship were central to the formation of the memory of the past. As for the Soviet “difficult past”, here the researchers call the Great Patriotic War and mass repressions the “main traumas”. The Spanish and Soviet experience of interacting with the “difficult past” in the context of the transition to democracy demonstrates to us fundamentally different models due to the specifics of the historical stages preceding the transition, specific historical, political and social tasks solved during the transition period, the interest of political forces in matters of interaction with past. The main component of the Spanish model is the “pact of oblivion”, the choice in favor of building the future without solving the problems of the past. The basis of the Soviet model was the policy of glasnost. At the same time, a consensus on the future in the USSR was not formed, for its formation there were neither forces nor conditions.

The Evolution of Russian Government Priorities for Scientific and Technological Development: 1990s — 2010s

As the Soviet Union collapsed, science and technology policy in Russia turned out to be out of the decision-makers’ attention focus. The socio-economic transformations of the early 1990s negatively affected the scientific and research organizations, which led to a gradual stagnation in the development of scientific knowledge. By the mid-1990s it had posed a threat to the whole scientific potential of the country. Such a crisis triggered debates on what measures should be taken to reorganize state science and technology policy. The reorganization was marked by the practice of goal-setting, a process based on both historical background and socio-economic tasks of a specific time period with all the participants sharing common perspective of the future. This article is an overview of the key program and strategic documents adopted in the period from the mid-1990s till the late 2010s. These documents reflect the evolution of state priorities for scientific and technological development. The analysis of these documents allows us to trace how the scientific and technical policy of the Russian Federation has been transformed from the principle of preserving and supporting the already existing scientific potential to the principle of finding response to specific challenges.

Assist the Rural Revitalization of Yantai City: Promote the Cultural Brand Construction of Xiaojia Village, Fushan District, Yantai City

The rural revitalization strategy proposed at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) is based on the fact that the CPC Central Committee with General Secretary Xi Jinping at its core has acted with the overall cause of the Party and the country in mind, grasped the laws governing modernization and the changing nature of urban-rural relations, responded to the aspirations of hundreds of millions of rural residents for a better life, and made major decisions and plans on agriculture, rural areas and farmers. It is a major historical task of securing a decisive victory in finishing building a moderately prosperous society in all respects and building a modern socialist country in all respects. It is the overall focus of our work related to agriculture, rural areas and farmers in the new era. In this paper, xiaojia Village, Fushan District, Yantai city as an example, through vigorously developing characteristic industries; We will promote agricultural restructuring, accelerate rural infrastructure development, and shore up weak links in agriculture and rural areas. Supporting the development of rural tourism and ecotourism; Strengthen the construction of rural ecological environment; Create a good environment for the development of scientific and technological talents, and provide support for agricultural science and technology and human resources; We will deepen the construction of spiritual civilization in rural areas and improve the quality of farmers and the level of social civilization in rural areas.

КІНЕЦЬ ЕРИ ВИРОБНИЦТВА ТА ВИКЛИК ІНФОВЛАДИ

The article analyzes the transformations of the contemporary world. Their core is seen in the historical conclusion of the production era and industrial civilization one. Among the indicators of this phenomenon, there is a radical alternation in the structure of human life activity (in particular, a rapid decrease in the segment of the population within the industrial sphere), as well as the destruction of the «productive person» pattern as the cornerstone of human behavior and the value system. Simultaneously, the discourse of economic growth continues to dominate, which is increasingly inconsistent with reality. This is proved by its investigation in four theoretical projections: 1) the source of the idea of growth and the priority of productivity growth in general; 2) the conditions for reducing everything to the good and on this basis — the project of criticism of the economy quasi-universality; 3) the identification of a performative contradiction in the idea of economic growth based on the fact that there is the self-destruction of a person through economic growth; 4) criticism of utopias of the market and homo еconomicus, which are inseparable values of economic growth. It is stated that the end of production era means, at the same time, the actualization of the ambitious historical task of a person’s conversion to himself, to his nature and organic ability to live. Simultaneously, modern information absorbs a person. The effects of human dependence on information technologies are generalized in the concept of information power as one of the key features of the global world. Overcoming the challenge of information power is an important component for the further development of humanity.

Innovative design of campus green spaces in the context of the "One Belt, One Road" and the digital use of Silk Road elements

In recent years, the strategic development concept of “the Belt and Road Initiative” has been put forward in China, which brought new significance and connotation to the development of “Silk Road” in this era of globalization, digitalization and knowledge. As the starting point of the Silk Road, Xi 'an is also an international cultural metropolis that is further building and promoting economic prosperity and development. This special location has entrusted its unusual historical task. As the campus of Xi 'an Jiaotong University, the scientific and Technological Innovation Port in western China, located in Xi 'an, needs the rendering and influence of Silk Road culture. Therefore, in order to make teachers and students consciously inherit and appreciate the Silk Road culture, it is of great significance to make the diversity of the Silk Road culture reflect on the campus and create a unique campus landscape. The paper is divided into five chapters. Firstly, it summarises the development of Silk Road culture from different dimensions such as era, level and region, extracts different categories of elements, summarises them with the analysis of the research of Suzhou Silk Museum, and discusses how to apply these elements to campus landscape design. Take the landscape of the green space in the east part of the Innovation Port as a design sample, combine with the field investigation and analysis, further outline the shape, path, colour, material and plant elements, follow the principles and principles of campus landscape design, enumerate the plant elements with data, explore new application methods, define the design concept with characteristics, from the road, culture and ecological landscape configuration, characteristic silk road culture elements in the whole site. In this way, the Silk Road culture can be inherited, history can embrace the future, and a distinctive campus landscape can be created that adapts to the new trends of the times.

독도주권과 국제법적 권원의 계보에 관한 연구 -일본의 독도영유권 주장의 권원을 중심으로-

독도주권과 국제법적 권원의 계보에 관한 연구 -일본의 독도영유권 주장의 권원을 중심으로-

LESSON OF GENDER EQUALІTY AS A MEANS OF ІMPROVІNG STUDENTS‘ SPEECH ACTІVІTY

Gender thinking, gender worldview are formed on the basis of gender knowledge. Learning the basics of science, full of gender approach to the control of all spheres of human life, students themselves and with the participation of teachers form a worldview. The first is based on the theory of dominance (Fishman, Lakoff, Zimmerman,), the second – on the theory of differences (Cameron, Cotes, Jones, Milroy). The humanities are faced with the historical task of rethinking the social realities of critical epochs, views on the world and the justice of its organization, to find human resources, potential opportunities and limits of restructuring established social relations, to redefine their perspective. These tasks are due to the need to renew and reform national societies and the world community, adherence to humanistic and democratic principles of social life; focus on the individual, his / her position and status, as well as its importance in ensuring the further progress of mankind and its sustainable development, but a new comprehensive system of knowledge, including the social-gender component. The relevance of research is determined by the fact that gender mainstreaming can help to overcome the situation of gender disorientation in the educational process in general. The purpose of the work is to research the peculiarities of using gender equality lessons in secondary education institutions, taking into account the gender stereotypes defined in modern scientific gender. To achieve this goal, the following methods were used: study and analysis of scientific and methodological literature; generalization of information to determine the theoretical and methodological foundations of the study; empirical: pedagogical observation of extracurricular activities of students, conversations; conducting training on the formation of gender culture. The author of the article believes that gender education of young people, above all, contributes to the comprehensive development of personality.

Russian Political and Legal Thought on the Culture of State Building

The paper shows how Russian thinkers understand culture and its unifying role in society and the state. The imperfection inherent in Russian society determined the movement of thought from existing to what is due. In a complex, long-term process of searching for what is due, Russian thinkers have developed high-quality ideas aimed at an ideal understanding, a just structure and action of the state. Justification of the ideal structure of state life was associated with the comprehension of the meaning of life, the national idea, the essence of power, the state. It was argued that without their understanding, the state cannot determine not only the highest goal, but also specific historical tasks. It cannot develop just and effective state decrees. Due to the modern westernization process in Russia, the priority of material culture focused on material enrichment, success, and prestige in society was established at the official level. This led to the loss of culture’s true role and national characteristics. By proclaiming a quantitative criterion, modern culture has separated people, ceased to fulfill a unifying mission in society, the state, and to serve the quality of national life. Repressed at the official level, Russian culture is preserved in various spheres of the national consciousness and the unconscious. The task of reviving, preserving and exalting Russia requires a real restructuring of the Russian state in accordance with the principles of its own political and legal culture. The search for the solution to this problem encourages an in-depth analysis, second thought and new interpretation of the established understanding and role of culture in the structure and life of a state-organized society developed by Russian thinkers.

Separating Einstein's separability

In this paper, I accomplish a conceptual task and a historical task. The conceptual task is to argue that (1) Einstein's Principle of Separability (henceforth “separability”) is not a supervenience principle and that (2) separability and entanglement are compatible. I support (1) by showing that the conclusion of Einstein's incompleteness argument would still follow even if one assumes that the state of a composite system does not supervene on the states of the subsystems, and by showing that what Einstein says in “Quantum Mechanics and Reality” (1948) strongly suggests that separability is not a principle about how subsystem states relate to the state of composite systems. I support (2) by showing that if separability was incompatible with entanglement, then Einstein's argument would be incoherent in a trivial way. Thus, by arguing for (1) and (2) I directly challenge what has been, and still is, a very common reading of separability. The historical task is to offer the first detailed review of the different ways in which separability has been defined by physicists and philosophers in the last 60 years. Among other things, such a review distinguishes three different definitions of the principle, and shows that since the 1990s and up until the present date, it became standard to take separability (as presented by Einstein) to be a supervenience principle.

Posłannictwo i zadania dziejowe rodziny. Transkrypcja myśli pedagogicznej Stanisława Wawrzyńca Staszica

In view of the fact that issues related to the family in the literary works of Stanisław Wawrzyniec Staszic are far less known than his socio-political views or his opinions about education, the author of this paper decided to creatively explore this treasure of Polish culture. The results of this study may significantly enhance the educational resources of sub-disciplines of teaching like familial teaching, the history of upbringing, the theory of upbringing and general teaching. Quoting from Stanisław Staszic, the author provides answers to several research issues, namely how Staszic perceived the family and what tasks (and missions) he assigned to family members, the parents and the offspring; the types of primeval families he identified (using the criterion of the law of nature); the role that he assigned to families with respect to the integration of mankind, the integration of a nation, and Poland regaining independence; the factors which, in his opinion, were the main obstacles to families undertaking historical tasks (including Polish families). In order to define these issues, the author of this paper used hermeneutic methods to interpret the literary output of Stanisław Staszic, revealing in the process the philosopher’s views on the family, its tasks, functions and the roles of its members, with special emphasis placed on the mother, father and the offspring. An analysis of the types of families in the initial phases of the existence of mankind was another effort worth making together with considering the obstacles that families encounter when carrying out their historical tasks

The impact of poverty cycles on economic research: evidence from econometric analysis

Poverty is a global problem, and fighting it is a historical task faced by humanity. The outbreak of poverty crises has a certain cyclicality, and the development of economic research may react to poverty cycles. To validate this view, we take the United States as an empirical example and establish a quantitative research architecture based on the bibliometrics and econometrics. In the first place, we conduct a bibliometric analysis of selected search terms relevant to poverty cycles. After that, the time-series data in the actual economy are collected for reflecting the trends and fluctuations in economic activity affected by poverty cycles. Meanwhile, with both bibliometric and economic data, a detrending measure via the band-pass (BP) filter is performed to estimate cycles. Finally, the Granger causality tests are implemented to explore the interaction between poverty cycles and economic research directly. As a supplement, this paper also provides a quantitative evaluation analysis, namely impulse-response functions, to investigate the influence of economic variables on bibliometric ones. The final results show there indeed exists an impact of poverty cycles in economic activity on relevant discussions in the scientific literature.

Rural politics in transitional China: Urban–rural disparity, national integration, and grassroots democracy

This essay reviews three books by Xu Yong that examine three critical historical processes of political transformation in rural China: the politicization of society due to urban–rural disparity, the government’s efforts to encourage political integration in rural areas, and the development of rural grassroots democracy. Urban–rural disparity has been a structural characteristic of China’s politicized society since the establishment of the monarchy. The analysis of this inequality focuses on uncovering grassroots society (as opposed to Chinese society’s upper echelons) and examining its evolutionary logic. Since 1949, China has faced the historical task of building a modern state. The government aggressively entered the countryside through large-scale political mobilization and social integration with the Chinese Communist Party as the driving force. The goal was to create a strongly integrated communist nation. Since the 1980s, the Chinese countryside has not only experienced economic liberalization but also received an opportunity for political democratization through the creation and practice of village autonomy. Self-government in autonomous villages has provided Chinese peasants with a wide range of democratic rights. In addition, calls for transformation and promotion of the democratic paradigm have increased. Xu’s three books effectively present many critical aspects of China’s rural political transformations. However, questions remain concerning the consistency of the theory and the accuracy of the analysis, which leaves room for further research and discussion.

Multi-task allocation with an optimized quantum particle swarm method

Multi-task allocation in multi-agent systems aims to accomplish tasks efficiently and successfully, while obtaining more rewards to enhance the entire system operation at the same time. Most existing assignment methods are based on agent coalitions, which cannot balance the profit distribution and task execution success rate or ignore the coalition stability, leading to a low execution level and assignment failures. Few coalition scheduling methods exist for multi-task allocation based on a fixed agent population. In this paper, we propose an effective stability quantum particle swarm optimization (SQPSO) algorithm which includes high rewards obtaining, benefit dividing, coalition stability insuring, and a historical task mechanism for search acceleration. Secondly, we design an efficient establishment quantum particle swarm optimization (EQPSO) algorithm for coalition scheduling, which is equipped with coalition similarity judgment to reduce the coalition formation time cost. The experiment results show that SQPSO guarantees a superior coalition for every task and earlier convergence in the whole task set allocation, and EQPSO gives the optimal scheduling order which reduces the total execution time.

The Progress of Modernization and Chinese Socialist Party Politics

Modernization gave birth to party politics, and party politics dominates modernization. Their correlation and interaction have been a major logic behind the evolution of human civilization since the beginning of modern times. The objectivity of China’s modernization gives rise to the historical inevitability of party politics, and its relevance to the Chinese nation and to the current time dictates that party politics should be socialist in China and that its development is an irreversible trend. In the Chinese revolution, in the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics, and in the modernization of China over the past century, to accomplish the historic task of national rejuvenation, Chinese socialist party politics has profoundly changed the course of Chinese history, making Chinese society strive for modernization and causing great changes in the contemporary world. During this process, Chinese socialist party politics has had a “distinct fundamental value orientation,” followed “the premise of essential theoretical guidance,” enjoyed “dominant institutional support,” provided “goal-oriented value guidance” and received a “crucial political guarantee.” It has combined its own values with China’s modernization and played a leading role in this drive. It has pursued the most deep-seated values, demonstrated the most unique characteristics of practice, and made the most significant contribution to civilization. All this is a key element of the experience and theory of the interaction between modernization and Chinese socialist party politics. It also provides crucial support for and guides the value of strengthening the Communist Party of China (CPC) and modernizing China.

Interpretations of the 5 th grade (ages 10-11) Turkish students’ historical knowledge based on historical sources

This study aims to determine the ways how the 5th grade (ages 10-11) students interpret historical knowledge based on historical sources. To study this student were given a worksheet containing historical sources and an open-ended question based on the historical sources. The data of this study is collected through one of the answers provided to the question by 150 students in elementary school. The data has been categorized under themes which have been created after study of students answers and related literature. The analysis of data demonstrate that pupils can interpret historical knowledge in the sources. Also it has been found that most of the pupils were able to synthesis their prior knowledge and information in the historical sources presented to them and were able reach personal conclusion. Yet some of the students tend to copy the information as is written on the historical source or respond emotionally. This study supports the idea that 5th grade (ages 10-11) students can read historical written sources and acquire historical information. Also this study gives information to social studies teachers on what consider when they prepare historical task for elementary school. Keywords Teaching history, social studies education, elementary school students, primary sources, historical reading

Joint Effect of Knowledge and Process Embodied Technology Transfer on the Growth of Catering Micro and Small Catering Enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya

Globally, the small business sector has both the potential and the historic task of bringing millions of people from the survivalist level including the informal economy to the mainstream economy. To enhance this fact, Micro and small enterprises (MSEs) have invested in new technology resulting to experienced marked growth on terms of customers and profits. Among the prominent Technology transfer initiatives are knowledge and process embodied technology. However, no study has investigated the joint effect of knowledge and process embodied technology transfer on Micro and small enterprises growth. The specific objective of the study was to determine the joint effect of knowledge and processes of technology transfer on the growth of micro and small catering enterprises in Nairobi, Kenya. This study adopted descriptive research with mixed approaches. This method facilitated information among the Catering MSEs in Kenya. The target population of the study involved 11,162 respondents from the catering MSEs in Kenya. The study target population included Medium Restaurant, Small Restaurant with bar/Membership club, Mega eating houses, Snack Bar, Tea House ‘Hotel’, Medium eating House, Snack Bar Tea House ‘Hotel’, Small eating House, Snack bar, Tea House and ‘Other Catering and Accommodation’ in Kenya. The study involved both Stratified and simple random sampling method in the selection of the samples. A sample size of 384 was selected. The study utilized questionnaires as the main instrument of data collection. Pilot testing was carried out to establish both reliability and validity of research instruments. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The Inferential statistical analysis of the results was done to determine whether or not there is a statistical relationship established between growth (the dependent variable) and the independent variables on the basis of the research questions. The study used the Logistic (or Logit) regression to establish the effects of the independent variables to enterprise growth. A summary of findings shows that individually and collectively, knowledge and processes transfer production are a significant predictor of firm growth. However, a combination of the two produced even greater results of growth. The study concluded that the joint effect of knowledge and processes of technology transfer leads to a higher growth than individual variables in micro and small catering enterprises in Kenya.

Backtracking Analysis and Causal Ascription of Singular Historicals

One task of historians is to construct causal ascription of singular historicals between eminent historical events. For instance, the controversy resulting from the confusing butterfly ballot of Florida’s year 2000 presidential election cost Gore his presidency. However, to research into these matters is inevitably to appeal to counterfactual deliberation in an epistemic fashion because the past is fixed. One standard idea is Max Weber’s, Weber causation: “f was a cause of φ” is assertable iff “¬f □→ ¬φ” is assertable. Reiss (2009) gives an exceptionally good analysis of this topic and outlines historians’ reasoning, claiming that backtracking analyses of counterfactual conditionals employed in historical thought experiments is the signature of historical study of causal ascription of singular historicals. Nevertheless, he concludes that it is very difficult to reach an uncontroversial ascription for this sort in most cases. For this reason, he proposes to find difference-making relations that will suffice. The objective of this paper is to provide a more fine-grained, intervention-based, backtracking analysis of counterfactual conditionals upon which a more satisfactory account of causal ascription of singular historicals can be given. Reiss’ account of difference-making relation will be shown to be unsatisfactory. Moreover, a formal ground of the epistemology of historical thought experiments can be given, along with the constraints of this account resultant from the semantic features of non-transitivity and strong centering of counterfactual conditionals. Finally, some epistemological points of causal ascription of singular historicals and historical thought experiments will be given.

From the General Provisions of Civil Law to the General Rules of Civil Law: A Historic Leap

The General Provisions of Civil Law (民法通则), formulated in the early days of reform and opening up, was a special law that set out the basic principles or rules of civil law, defining civil subjects, civil legal acts and the agency system, declaring the civil rights enjoyed by civil subjects, establishing a relatively complete system of civil liability system, and so on. It kindled awareness of civil rights among the mass of the population, ensured China’s rapid economic and social development, and laid down a basic framework and content for the civil code, so holds an important position in contemporary Chinese history. But with the development of the economy and society, civil law has had to change with the times. Civil law jurisprudence injects theoretical support into contemporary civil law legislation, and the blueprint for law based governance provides a powerful impetus to the historic leap forward of contemporary Chinese civil law, providing the necessary conditions for the codification of civil law. The completion of the General Rules of Civil Law (民法 总 则 ) answers the requirements of the economic, humanist and legal character of the times, demonstrates the humanist stance and spirit of the civil code, rises to the challenge of modern scientific and technological development, and ensures people’s enjoyment and control of their new-style rights and their objective forms. This signifies that the GPCL has accomplished its historical task and civil law in contemporary China has realized a historic leap forward, laying a foundation for the compilation of the Chinese civil code, including the specific provisions of the framework and the contents of its individual parts.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ХРОНОЛОГІЧНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ УЧНІВ НА УРОКАХ ПІД ЧАС ВИВЧЕННЯ ІСТОРІЇ УКРАЇНИ

The article is dedicated to research competencyoriented methods of teaching history at school and development of methodological recommendations for study the chronology at history lessons as a form of formation chronological competence. To solve outline problems there were applied methods of analysis and generalization historical and pedagogical literature, regulatory documents, structural and logical analysis. Based on the study of theoretical and practical aspects – modern education at school is based on the competency – oriented training, where the main role are the competences which form in the process of learning. Among the most important subject competences there is chronological, which helps pupils to navigate in the time space. The aim of subject competence depends on skills formation, that would help to solve problems, analyze and act according to pupils’ skills satisfying their social needs. Having well-developed subject competence, pupils can apply them in educational activities and in everyday life. Learning chronological competence should happen gradually using different working methods starting from the simplest and finishing with difficult tasks. For the effective teacher’s work with students at the history lessons, there were installed priority tasks for each age category. On the basis of the conducted researches there were formed stages of molding chronological competences. There were exercises that appropriate their using for successful completion of the object. The presented exercises in this article will contribute to the formation of chronological competency at the history lessons. These exercises will help pupils to understand and logically distribute events in history, establish a cause and effect chain. This means, that pupils won’t study a specific date, but they’ll be able to understand what was happening at that time. Finally, the formation process of chronological student’s competence at the history lessons are not fully explored. So, further, we look forward to a deeper analysis of the problem. Keywords: chronological competence, history lessons / events, subject competences, historical tasks.