Asian History Research Articles

:The Cultivated Forest: People and Woodlands in Asian History

:<i>The Cultivated Forest: People and Woodlands in Asian History</i>

Colonization of the Russian-Chinese Frontier and Borderland in Contemporary Studies

The history of the Asia is one of the most topical areas of foreign historiography. Over the last three centuries Asia has undergone enormous and far-reaching changes: colonization, wars, revolutions, occupation, and industrialization. Authors are increasingly turning to the study of various aspects of the economic, political and social history of certain countries, as well as making a broader analysis of regional problems. For Russian historiography, the works on the Russian-Chinese frontier and frontiers are of the greatest interest. The transition to the modern image of border regions is largely attributed to the advent of the period of imperialism. The key argument is that from the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, systemic migration factors were favorable for the influx of Chinese and Russian migrants to the border regions. Negative political influences at crucial moments often outweighed these systemic advantages and prevented the formation of stable communities. We note the series of books by Routledge Publishers on the New Asian History, separate monographs already translated into Russian on this topic. The article focuses on two new works — S. Urbanski’s book, which conceptualizes the space of the Russian-Chinese borderland and frontier, and a collective work by the University of Belfast, published in 2023 as a result of an international research project. This article pays particular attention to the so-called imperial period, which laid the foundations for the more rigid politics of the twentieth century. The economics of imperialism in the frontier would play a less significant role than the traditional trade relations, economic systems established in previous eras.

Indian Nationalism: How Contemporary Nationalism is Enrooted in Rich South Asian History?

Indian Nationalism: How Contemporary Nationalism is Enrooted in Rich South Asian History?

МАЛОЕ ЮЭЧЖИ – «ИСЧЕЗНУВШИЕ» ПЛЕМЕНА ЖАТ: ЛИНЬ-И ИФУНАНЬ

The article examines the history of the kingdom of Lin-i in Southeast Asia as a result of the ethnic development of the kingdom of the Little Yuezhi, who left Southern Siberia with the ethnonym Tsat (in Kazakh Zhat). Based on the epigraphic inscription “Wo-Kan”, the influence of the Gupta (Kushan civilization) from India on China and the countries of Indochina is characterized. Also, based on eastern sources and inscriptions, an analysis of the history of the Guptas is given. These sources are of particular historical value as they reflect the early formation of the Khmer Kingdom at Prey-Nokor at the onset of Indianization brought by the Gupta Empire and are written in their script (Sanskrit), markedly similar to the Khmer cursive script used to this day. The author comes to the conclusion that part of the people of the Lesser Yuezhi, in the process of syncretization of Hinduism, Islam, which combines animists and Buddhist rituals, in addition to shamanic inclinations – «Bon», possibly brought from Siberia, became Lin-i in conjunction with Funan with the language is Jat (or Tsat) then Champoy and disappeared from the map of the earth in 1835. The “Great Yuezhi” created the Kushan kingdom, which later became the “Guptas” (Goth or Zhat) in India. The results presented in this article will be of interest to researchers in the field of Asian history and regional studies, as well as a wide range of readers whose interests are directly related to the topic raised in this study.

김봉진의 ‘삼원사고’와 그 비판

In this article, I summarized the contents (introduction and 9 chapters) and the significances of Kim Bongjin’s book, titled Seeing the Old Future Again: Solving the East Asian History of Concepts from the Tri-dimensional Thinking. And, from my viewpoint, I laid criticism against a few flaws of the book. To sum up the significances, I would like to put some of them as below: First, simple and clear explanation for understanding the original meaning of several concepts of East Asia, frequently used in a branch of politics or diplomacy. Second, persuasive argument about the difference of the modern/modernity between Korea/China and Japan – between the ‘Confucian modern/ modernity’ and the ‘military ruling modern/modernity.’ Third, to bring up an important matter, that is, ‘the spell of (Western) modern/modernity.’ Fourth and the last, to suggest the necessary use of the ‘tri-dimensional thinking.’ Those are, I think, worthy of high evaluation.&#x0D; Kim Bongjin has put forward the ‘tri-dimensional thinking’ as a methodology to overcome the faults of the ‘dualistic, dichotomic thinking,’ rooted in (Western) modernism. I basically agree with him about this. Indeed, the dichotomic thinking, related with the black and white logic, produces a lot of problems and harmful effects. I wish he could continue to elaborate the tri-dimensional thinking. For this, I raised five questions about his arguments: First, I wonder whether the principles of Um-Yang (Ch: Yin-Yang) can be compatible with the thought of equality. Second, is it possible to draw an idea of the ‘rights of Chŏnlijayŏn (Ch; Tianliziran, the Nature of Heavenly Principle)’ out of li, the Neo-Confucian concept. Third, does the concept of order necessarily entail hierarchy? Concerning the usage of ‘equal order,’ is there a contradiction between equlity and order? Fourth, the confusion Um-Yang theory with li-gi (Ch: li-qi) theory. Fifth, does he make an enough his explanation for Toegye’s theory of sadan-chiljŏng (Ch: siduan qiqing, four beginnings and seven feelings)? If he could answer these questions well enough, his argument over the ‘tri-dimensional thinking’ would become more elaborated and persuasive.

Historiographical Analysis of Tashkent-Medieval Religious Architectural Monuments

Objectives: The primary objectives of this article encompass an in-depth exploration of Tashkent (Shosh) as a pivotal hub along the Great Silk Road, delving into its multifaceted roles in the socio-political, cultural, and spiritual realms of Central Asia. Additionally, the study aims to elucidate the significant contributions made by Sufism representatives and scholars to the advancement of Islamic science. Furthermore, the objectives include examining the construction of urban structures, architectural marvels, mausoleums, mosques, and madrasahs in Tashkent during the XV-XVIII centuries. The article seeks to unravel the formation of a distinctive oriental school of Islamic architecture and conduct an analysis of the lifestyle of the local population based on historical sources.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: The chosen methodology involves a comprehensive investigation into historical records and sources to uncover valuable insights into the socio-political landscape of Turkestan at the close of the 19th century and the initial decades of the 20th century. The article employs a research approach to elucidate the Russian authorities' stance towards architectural monuments and religious shrines in Tashkent. It also incorporates a study of how Russian scientists and local researchers have delved into the history of cultural monuments. The methodology extends to a comparative analysis and addresses historiographical concerns related to the treatment of historical cultural objects. Moreover, the article explores issues surrounding the preservation of these objects and outlines measures for the development of pilgrimage tourism.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The findings of the research shed light on the multifaceted roles played by Tashkent in Central Asia's socio-political, cultural, and spiritual spheres. The article reveals the noteworthy contributions of Sufism representatives and scholars to the advancement of Islamic science. Additionally, the study unveils details about the construction of urban structures, architectural landmarks, mausoleums, mosques, and madrasahs during the XV-XVIII centuries. It presents insights into the formation of an exceptional oriental school of Islamic architecture and offers an analysis of the lifestyle of the local population based on historical sources. The examination of social and political life in Turkestan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, along with the Russian authorities' attitudes towards cultural monuments, forms a significant part of the results.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, the article consolidates the obtained insights and addresses historiographical concerns related to the treatment of historical cultural objects. It emphasizes the importance of preserving these cultural heritage sites and highlights measures for the development of pilgrimage tourism. The study concludes by underlining the integral role of Tashkent in Central Asian history, showcasing its cultural richness, and advocating for the continued appreciation and conservation of its architectural and historical treasures.

Narratives of ‘Common Civilization’ of South Asia: Tracing the Origin of Shared Values and Culture

South Asia is a constructed concept. Although South Asian countries choose to function within the paradigm of independent statehood, they are undergoing overlapping developments rooted in the distant and recent colonial past. This paper reflects on the notion that South Asia has a common past. In this context, the civilizational politics of India is addressed and the discourse on civilization is unwrapped to understand its contemporary and historical perspectives. The study of South Asian history constructs that Indus valley civilization presents a common ground for cultural and civilizational associations of South Asian countries. To understand the changing form of Indian civilization over the period of time, this paper examines four variants of Indian civilization: Orientalist, Anglicist, liberal nationalist, and Hindu nationalist variants. In this discussion, the perception of Tagore and Gandhi on nationalism is considered, and discourse on civilization between Asian thinkers like Susanne Hoeber Rudolph and Western thinkers like Samuel P. Huntington are provided to understand the historical underpinning of Indian civilization.

Some Key Issues İn the Study of Central Asian History

This article highlights some current issues in the history of Central Asia. The research conducted today by historians of the Central Asian republics and the trends observed in them are analyzed. In the article, the history of kingdoms and states belonging to the same historical period in different republics is interpreted from different positions. The process of annexation of some states not established on their territories is interpreted as a history of invasion. Some scholars argue that their republican people were the main mover and master of history. These are one-sided views and the history of peoples living in the same geopolitical space must be covered impartially. In this article, the author proposes to write the history of the peoples of Central Asia together with scientists from neighboring countries.

Book review: Anne Raffin, Republican Citizenship in French Colonial Pondicherry, 1870–1914 (Asian History)

Anne Raffin, Republican Citizenship in French Colonial Pondicherry, 1870–1914 (Asian History) (Amsterdam University Press, 2022), 250pp. (Hardcover). ISBN-10: 9463723552.

The Formation of National Pride in The People of Central Asia: An Academic Perspective

Objectives: The primary objective of this article is to comprehensively explore the formation of national pride in Central Asian people. The focus is on academic investigation, aiming to uncover the historical, cultural, and socio-political contexts that have played pivotal roles in shaping the development of national identity and pride within this region. The article aims to provide a nuanced understanding of the multifaceted factors influencing Central Asians' sense of pride.&#x0D; &#x0D; Methods: To achieve the stated objectives, the study employs a methodological approach that involves delving into various dimensions of Central Asian history and culture. Methodologies include examining language dynamics, religious influences, the impact of colonial legacies, the significance of cultural heritage, and the role of political movements. By employing a multidimensional analysis, the article aims to capture the complex interplay of factors contributing to the formation of national pride.&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The results of this study present a nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the characteristics that have contributed to the formation of national pride in Central Asian people. The examination of historical, cultural, and socio-political factors provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics shaping the region's sense of identity. The results highlight the multifaceted nature of Central Asian national pride, acknowledging the diverse influences that have played roles in its development.&#x0D; &#x0D; Conclusion: In conclusion, the article synthesizes the findings by underlining the significance of understanding the complexities surrounding the formation of national pride in Central Asian people. The multifaceted factors explored, including language, religion, colonial legacy, cultural heritage, and political movements, collectively contribute to the intricate tapestry of Central Asian identity. The conclusion emphasizes the need for a holistic and context-aware perspective when analyzing national pride, recognizing its dynamic nature and the interplay of diverse influences within Central Asia. Overall, the article contributes to the academic discourse on identity formation and national pride in the region.

Southeast Asian History as Contemporary Art

Southeast Asian History as Contemporary Art

FEMALE MIGRATION AND PARTITION OF BENGAL: REVISITING THE MEMORIES

The Partition of Bengal in 1947, a pivotal event in South Asian history, led to the division of Bengal into West Bengal (India) and East Bengal (Pakistan, later Bangladesh). This partition triggered one of the largest mass migrations in human history, displacing millions of people and resulting in widespread communal violence. While much of the existing literature focuses on political and communal aspects, this study emphasizes the gendered experiences of migration, particularly the challenges faced by women. Through a multidisciplinary approach incorporating historical analysis, personal narratives, and socio-cultural studies, this research explores the profound impact of partition on female migrants. Women were often targeted during communal violence, facing abduction, sexual assault, and forced conversions. Despite these adversities, many exhibited remarkable resilience, playing crucial roles in rebuilding their families and communities. This study also examines the long-term effects of migration on women's identities and the transmission of partition memories across generations. By revisiting these experiences, the research highlights the need to acknowledge and integrate women's voices into the historical narrative of the Partition of Bengal, providing a more comprehensive understanding of this transformative period. This paper delves into the impact of the partition on female migration, exploring the memories and experiences of women who endured this tumultuous period. Through a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating historical analysis, personal narratives, and socio-cultural studies, this research aims to illuminate the often-overlooked aspects of female migration during the Partition of Bengal.

Демографическая ситуация в Египте во второй половине ХХ – начале ХХI века: проблемы и тенденции

The modern world on the threshold of the XXI century faces a whole set of global problems, the solution of which directly affects the survival of mankind. One of the most acute global contradictions is the regulation of demographic policy, particularly in the developing countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America. In terms of de-mographics, Egypt today ranks third on the African continent after Nigeria and Ethiopia. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that solving the demographic problem in Egypt is one of the priority strategic tasks of national policy, as well as a global problem for the entire world community, since it maintains one of the highest rates of population growth in the world. Goals and objectives of the research: to study modern as-pects of the demographic policy of the Arab Republic of Egypt (ARE), to identify the causes of the “demograph-ic explosion”, to characterize the socio-economic consequences of this process. The main results of the study may be in demand when preparing and conducting lectures and seminars on social demography, sociology and history of Asian and African countries.

Atiq Rahimi’s Exophonic Entanglements: Multilingual and Multimodal Poetics

Abstract In 2008, first-generation Afghan migrant novelist-artist Atiq Rahimi published his first translingual work in French, Syngué Sabour: Pierre de patience. This article interrogates his multilingual and multimodal aesthetics across his translingual oeuvre. In his exophonic novel Les Porteurs d’eau (2019), Rahimi valorizes a polyvocal and culturally diverse Central Asian history. The Prix Goncourt–awarded author introduces Afghanistan’s past and present beyond its intracultural challenges. The epitome of the Rahimi-esque aesthetic is the author’s publication L’Invité du miroir (2020), which acts as a revolt, a transnational dialectic crossroads where multilingual fiction meets classical Persian calligraphy and nonfiction to explore the human spirit.

Memory as Epistemology: Threading Afro–Asian Histories Through Intersectional Theory and Art Practice

Memory as Epistemology: Threading Afro–Asian Histories Through Intersectional Theory and Art Practice

Museums and the Fashioning of National History in Postcolonial Pakistan

This article uses the deliberations of the Museums Association of Pakistan to demonstrate the collaborative and multidisciplinary nature of national history-writing that took place in the wake of Pakistan’s independence from British colonial rule. It repositions museums as an important stage on which new national narratives—and, by extension, new South Asian histories—were generated, rather than their being mere showcases for histories scripted elsewhere or being dismissed as colonial relics. It also draws attention to the individuals and the networks that shaped these histories, widening the net to include more than elite politicians and grand narratives.

Secularism as Theopolitics: Jalāl ud-Dīn Akbar and the Theological Underpinnings of the State in South Asia

Abstract Carl Schmitt’s well-known declaration that “all significant” modern political concepts are “secularized theological concepts” has sometimes been treated as hyperbole: a metaphorical axe aimed at the frozen sea of legal positivism, a provocation rather than a thesis. In this article, I demonstrate the fecundity of this thesis by applying it to secularism, a concept undeniably central to the Liberal state; crucially, however, I do so in the context of early modern South Asian history and ongoing debates over the secularism of premodern Mughal polity. As I argue, Jalāl ud-Dīn Akbar (1542–1605 CE) – a monarch of the Mughal dynasty often cast by South Asian secularists as a precocious emblem of the neutral state – was, in fact, an ideal type of Schmittian sovereign, who nonetheless stands equidistant from both Schmitt and his Liberal opponents in his stance toward religious pluralism. The theological correlate to Akbar’s “secularism” was an Islamicate theology of religions, which provided a contentful religious justification for religious pluralism, very different from contemporary “post-metaphysical” arguments. The final section of the article takes a critical turn, as I examine Akbar’s legendary reputation in the present, my intervention into his “secular” mythos, and the special difficulties involved in applying Schmittian concepts to an early modern, non-Western sacred king.

Inter-Korean Unification and Peace in the East Asian Historical Context : Nationalism and International Relations based on Division and China

Inter-Korean Unification and Peace in the East Asian Historical Context : Nationalism and International Relations based on Division and China

London's little histories of the Sikhs: Rav Singh in conversation

ABSTRACT A little History of the Sikhs is a London-based initiative that explores traces of Sikh history found within the museums, memorials, parks, and streets of London. Through walking tours, they work to introduce their audiences to the shared history of the Sikhs and Britain and touch upon critical moments in the making of British Asian history, such as Partition. In this interview with the Migrant Memory and the Postcolonial Imagination project team, Rav Singh, founder of A little History of the Sikhs, will discuss the role of urban space in London in the preservation of cultural memory, reflect on participants’ engagement with the tours and the significance of preserving and transmitting memories of empire, Partition, and migration in the diaspora.

Институт букаула в тюрко-монгольских государствах: хулагуидская, джучидская и чагатайская традиция

Introduction. The article examines the institution of bukaul in Chinggisid states and their successors. Special attention is given to functions implemented by the official in the uluses of Hulagu, Jochi and Chagatai — and the former’s evolution throughout centuries. It is also explained why the functions tended to vary in different Turko-Mongol states. Goals. The study seeks to characterize the status of bukaul in Chinggisid and post-Chinggisid states. To facilitate this, the paper introduces a Russian translation and an interdisciplinary analysis of one legislative act — yarliq (decree) — appointing an army bukaul, and compares it to other sources for specific features of this official in Turko-Mongol states. Materials and methods. The paper examines Dastur al-Katib fi Tayin al-Maratib (A Scribe’s Guide to Determining Ranks) compiled in the mid-fourteenth century by Persian official Muhammad ibn Hindushah Nakhchivani, and other historical sources on Turko-Mongol states — from the empire of Genghis Khan and to Central Asian khanates of the eighteenth–nineteenth centuries. The work employs a series of historical and legal research methods, such as those of source criticism, diplomatic analysis, comparative historical research, formal legal approach, historical legal and comparative legal analyses. Results. Bukauls are often mentioned by medieval Asian historians but the messages tend to vary, which gives rise to different opinions as to their status and functions. The paper introduces the yarliq appointing a bukaul from Dastur al-Katib into Russian-language scientific discourse and supplements it with a detailed interdisciplinary analysis. Our comparative insights into other sources attest to that functions of bukaul in different Chinggisid states were as different and diverse, which resulted from the latter’s specific sociopolitical and economic development conditions. Conclusions. Depending on correlations between Mongol imperial and regional traditions of power, administrative and socioeconomic patterns, bukaul could serve as distributor of material benefits in the army (Mongol Iran), as executive of administrative and law-enforcement structures (Ulus of Jochi), and even as courtier in charge of khans’ cuisine (Chagatai Ulus). At the same time in Chinggisid and post-Chinggisid states, bukauls were usually ethnic Turko-Mongols of noble origin with military-oriented minds and corresponding training, which resulted in that they could be actively involved into military endeavors regardless of their official positions and functions.