Histopathological Methods Research Articles

Combined transcriptome and microbiome analysis reveals the thyrotoxic effects of PM2.5 in female rats

Pervasive environmental pollutants, specifically particulate matter (PM2.5), possess the potential to disrupt homeostasis of female thyroid hormone (TH). However, the precise mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. In this study, we established a model of PM2.5-induced thyroid damage in female rats through intratracheal instillation and employed histopathological and molecular biological methods to observe the toxic effects of PM2.5 on the thyroid gland. Transcriptome gene analysis and 16S rRNA sequencing were utilized to investigate the impact of PM2.5 exposure on the female rat thyroid gland. Furthermore, based on the PM2.5-induced toxic model in female rats, we evaluated its effects on intestinal microbiota, TH levels, and indicators of thyroid function. The findings revealed that PM2.5 exposure induced histopathological damage to thyroid tissue by disrupting thyroid hormone levels (total T3 [TT3], (P < 0.05); total T4 [TT4], (P < 0.05); and thyrotropin hormone [TSH], (P < 0.05)) and functional indices (urine iodine [UI], P > 0.05), thus further inducing histopathological injuries. Transcriptome analysis identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), primarily concentrated in interleukin 17 (IL-17), forkhead box O (FOXO), and other signaling pathways. Furthermore, exposure to PM2.5 altered the composition and abundance of intestinal microbes. Transcriptome and microbiome analyses demonstrated a correlation between the DEGs within these pathways and the flora present in the intestines. Moreover, 16 S rRNA gene sequencing analysis or DEGs combined with thyroid function analysis revealed that exposure to PM2.5 significantly induced thyroid hormone imbalance. We further identified key DEGs involved in thyroid function-relevant pathways, which were validated using molecular biology methods for clinical applications. In conclusion, the homeostasis of the "gut-thyroid" axis may serve as the underlying mechanism for PM2.5-induced thyrotoxicity in female rats.

Deep Learning-Based Ovarian Cancer Subtype Classification Using VGG16 and MobileNetV2 with Squeeze-and-Excitation Blocks

Background: Ovarian carcinoma remains one of the deadliest gynecological malignancies due to its heterogeneity and late-stage detection. Accurate classification of its subtypes—High-Grade Serous Carcinoma (HGSC), Clear-Cell Carcinoma (CC), Endometrioid Carcinoma (EC), Low-Grade Serous Carcinoma (LGSC), and Mucinous Carcinoma (MC)—is essential for tailored treatments, yet traditional histopathological methods often lack precision. This study aimed to develop a deep learning (DL) model to enhance ovarian cancer subtype classification using histopathological images. Methods: Histopathological images were collected from medical repositories, and data augmentation techniques were applied to increase dataset diversity. Two convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures, VGG16 and MobileNetV2, were fine-tuned using transfer learning to classify the subtypes. The models were pre-trained on the ImageNet dataset and evaluated through accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC, with K-fold cross-validation ensuring robustness. Results: Results indicated that VGG16 improved classification over baseline CNN models, while MobileNetV2, with Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks, achieved the highest performance, offering greater accuracy and computational efficiency. MobileNetV2’s lightweight architecture captured intricate tissue patterns more effectively, making it the superior model. Conclusion: This study highlights the potential of advanced DL models, particularly MobileNetV2 with SE block attention, for improving ovarian cancer subtype classification. These findings offer promising implications for clinical practice and personalized treatment approaches. Future research should focus on larger datasets and integrating multimodal data for further advancements.

Protective effect of melatonin against radiobiological damage in the brain of rats exposed to low and high dose rate radiotherapy

This study aimed to investigate the radioprotective effect of melatonin (MLT) on brain damage in rats exposed to low and high dose rate radiotherapy. The dose rates of 10 MV photon beams used in the study were 600 MU/min and 2400 MU/min for low dose rate radiotherapy (LDR_RT) and high dose rate radiotherapy (HDR_RT), respectively. A total of 46 female Wistar albino rats aged between 8 and 12 weeks were divided in 6 groups. These groups were control, MLT, LDR_RT, HDR_RT, LDR_RT plus MLT and HDR_RT plus MLT, respectively. Rats in the radiation group received 16 Gy single dose whole body radiotherapy. Rats in the LDR_RT plus MLT and HDR_RT plus MLT groups received 10 mg/kg melatonin by intraperitoneal injection 15 min before radiotherapy. The rats were sacrificed 48 h after radiotherapy. Biochemical and histopathological methods analyzed radiation damage in rats. There was a statistically significant difference between the LDR_RT and HDR_RT radiation groups and the control group in terms of biochemical and histopathological parameters (p < 0.05). In the groups that received only LDR_RT and HDR_RT, the moderate neuro-degeneration scores were 1 and 4, respectively, while the moderate neuro-degeneration scores were 0 and 2 when MLT was applied to these groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT) enzymes were decreased due to radiotherapy, whereas these enzymes were improved in MLT-treated groups. In conclusion, melatonin was found to be effective as a radioprotective agent in the prevention of brain damage caused by exposure to 10 MV photon radiation at dose rates of 600 MU/min and 2400 MU/min.

Imaging of Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma with 99mTc-Sestamibi SPECT/CT: Considerations Regarding Risk Stratification and Histologic Reclassification.

Indeterminate renal masses are increasingly incidentally found on cross-sectional imaging. 99mTc-sestamibi single-photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) scans can be used to identify oncocytomas and oncocytic renal neoplasms, including a subset of chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (chRCCs), which are viewed as false-positive. Patients imaged with renal sestamibi scans between 2014 and 2023 were reviewed. Those patients with solitary tumors that were originally classified as chRCC were included in the analysis. Imaging with SPECT/CT from the liver dome down had been carried out 75min after the administration of 925MBq of 99mTc-sestamibi. All available H&E and immunostained slides were re-reviewed and classified according to WHO 2022 criteria. Confirmatory immunohistochemical stains were performed in tumors considered morphologically suspicious for non-chRCC entities. A total of 18 patients with solitary tumors were included in the final analysis. 13/18 (72.2%) tumors in this cohort remained classified as chRCC, with 4/18 (22.2%) being eosinophilic-variant chRCC. The reclassified tumors (5/18 [27.8%]) included 2/18 (11.1%) low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT), 1/18 (5.5%) eosinophilic vacuolated tumor (EVT), and 2/18 (11.1%) unclassified low-grade oncocytic neoplasms. As such, only 2/9 (22.2%) qualitatively "hot" tumors were chRCC other than eosinophilic-variant and only 1/9 (11.1%) "cold" tumors was a histology other than chRCC. Based on current histopathologic classification methods, it is likely that the "false-positive" rate of uptake on renal sestamibi scans with chRCC has been over-stated. Further study is warranted to better refine the optimal utility of renal sestamibi scans for non-invasive risk stratification of indeterminate renal masses.

Key updates and interpretation of the ninth version of AJCC staging system for neuroendocrine tumors of the stomach

The cancer staging system of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) is the most widely used clinical basis for tumor staging. In October 2023, AJCC released the staging system (ninth version) for the neuroendocrine tumors of stomach (NET), which has been implemented in January 2024. The ninth version of NET staging system mainly updated the histopathologic classification, diagnosis and staging methods, clinical and pathological staging, prognosis grade, tumor and non-tumor prognostic features. The update and implementation of the staging system provide a more detailed reference for the accurate diagnosis, staging and precise treatment of gastric neuroendocrine tumors. Moreover, it is convenient for clinicians to carry out clinical practice. The purpose of our article is to provide a high-level overview of the major changes in AJCC staging system (version 9) for gastric NET based on the latest evidence-based medical research.

The relationship between tumor immunity and the cGAS–STING pathway in breast cancer: An immunohistochemical study

Breast cancer (BC) is classified into four major histological subtypes, namely luminal A, luminal B, HER2, and basal-like, and its treatment is based on these subtypes. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors against BC depends on the expression of PD-1/PD-L1. Another tumor immune system—the cGAS–STING pathway—is a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. However, the status of the cGAS–STING pathway in BC has not been fully established. Therefore, we investigated the expression status of the cGAS–STING pathway and immune-related proteins in BC. We classified 111 BCs into six groups—29 hormone receptor-positive carcinomas, 12 HER2+ carcinomas (HER2), 8 luminal-HER2 carcinomas, 26 triple-negative breast carcinomas (TNBCs), 21 lobular carcinomas (LC), and 15 carcinomas with apocrine differentiation (CAD)—and investigated the relationship between BC and tumor immunity via the cGAS—STING pathway using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. Expression of cGAS was high in CADs (100%) and low in TNBCs (35%); STING-positive lymphocytes were high in TNBC (85%, P = 0.0054). Expression of pSTAT3 was significantly high in patients with TNBC (≥10%, 88%). The proportion of PD-L1-positive tumor cells was higher in TNBCs (54%) than in other BCs (30%). SRGN expression was significantly higher in the TNBC group than in the other BC groups (58%). Tumor immune responses may differ among tumor subtypes. The cGAS–STING pathway may be functional in TNBC and CAD but not in LC. Therefore, targeting the cGAS–STING pathway might be useful in BC, particularly TNBC and CAD.

Advancing histopathology in Health 4.0: Enhanced cell nuclei detection using deep learning and analytic classifiers

This study contributes to the Health 4.0 paradigm by enhancing the precision of cell nuclei detection in histopathological images, a critical step in digital pathology. The presented approach is characterized by the combination of deep learning with traditional analytic classifiers.Traditional methods in histopathology rely heavily on manual inspection by expert histopathologists. While deep learning has revolutionized this process by offering rapid and accurate detections, its black-box nature often results in a lack of interpretability. This can be a significant hindrance in clinical settings where understanding the rationale behind predictions is crucial for decision-making and quality assurance.Our research addresses this gap by employing the YOLOv5 framework for initial nuclei detection, followed by an analysis phase where poorly performing cases are isolated and retrained to enhance model robustness. Furthermore, we introduce a logistic regression classifier that uses a combination of color and textural features to discriminate between satisfactorily and unsatisfactorily analyzed images. This dual approach not only improves detection accuracy but also provides insights into model performance variations, fostering a layer of interpretability absent in most deep learning applications.By integrating these advanced analytical techniques, our work aligns with the Health 4.0 initiative’s goals of leveraging digital innovations to elevate healthcare quality. This study paves the way for more transparent, efficient, and reliable digital pathology practices, underscoring the potential of smart technologies in enhancing diagnostic processes within the Health 4.0 framework.

Promising the potential of β-caryophyllene on mercury chloride–induced alteration in cerebellum and spinal cord of young Wistar albino rats

Mercury chloride (ME) is a chemical pollutant commonly found in the environment, which can contribute to undesirable health consequence worldwide. The current study investigated the detrimental impact of ME on the cerebellum and spinal cord tissues in 6–8-week-old female rats. We also evaluated the neuroprotective efficacy of β-caryophyllene (BC) against spinal and cerebellar changes caused by ME. Thirty-five young Wistar albino rats were randomly chosen and assigned into five groups: control (CO), olive oil (OI), ME, BC, ME + BC. All samples were analysed by means of unbiased stereological, biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histopathological methods. Our biochemical findings showed that SOD level was significantly increased in the ME group compared to the CO group (p < 0.05). We additionally detected a statistically significant decrease in the number of cerebellar Purkinje cells and granular cells, as well as spinal motor neuron in the ME group compared to the CO group (p < 0.05). In the ME + BC group, the number of Purkinje cells, granular cells, and spinal motor neurons was significantly higher compared to the ME group (p < 0.05). Decreased SOD activity in the ME + BC group was also detected than the ME group (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical (the tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)) and histopathological examinations also exhibited crucial information in each of the group. Taken together, ME exposure was associated with neurotoxicity in the cerebellum and spinal cord tissues. BC treatment also mitigated ME-induced neurological alteration, which may imply its potential therapeutic benefits.

A Dual-Modal, Label-Free Raman Imaging Method for Rapid Virtual Staining of Large-Area Breast Cancer Tissue Sections.

As one of the most common cancers, accurate, rapid, and simple histopathological diagnosis is very important for breast cancer. Raman imaging is a powerful technique for label-free analysis of tissue composition and histopathology, but it suffers from slow speed when applied to large-area tissue sections. In this study, we propose a dual-modal Raman imaging method that combines Raman mapping data with microscopy bright-field images to achieve virtual staining of breast cancer tissue sections. We validate our method on various breast tissue sections with different morphologies and biomarker expressions and compare it with the golden standard of histopathological methods. The results demonstrate that our method can effectively distinguish various types and components of tissues, and provide staining images comparable to stained tissue sections. Moreover, our method can improve imaging speed by up to 65 times compared to general spontaneous Raman imaging methods. It is simple, fast, and suitable for clinical applications.

Bioactive extract of Morchella esculenta ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiotoxicity by modulating KEAP1/NRF2 and pro-inflammatory genes expression

Prevention of anticancer drugs-induced cardiotoxicity remains an imperative area of oncology research as it continues to be a major challenge in cancer chemotherapy. This study was undertaken to investigate the protective effect of methanol extract of Morchella esculenta (ME) against cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced cardiotoxicity. Myocardial damage was assessed by biochemical and histopathological methods. Proinflammatory cytokines gene expression was determined by RT-PCR analysis. To assess the mitochondrial dysfunction, TCA cycle and electron transport chain complexes enzymes activities were determined. Chemical finger print of ME was accomplished by HPTLC. CP (200 mg/kg) treated animals showed elevation in cardiac injury markers which was attenuated by ME (p < 0.05). CP-induced decline of antioxidant status and expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 were restored by ME. CP-induced expression of NF-ĸB, IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, COX-2 and iNOS (p < 0.05) was attenuated by ME (500 mg/kg). Bioactive compounds namely, 5-eicosapentaenoicacid (C20H30O2), 8-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (C18H32O3), 4,4-dipo-zetacarotene (C30H44), CynarosideA (C21H32O10) present in the extract might be responsible for cardioprotection. The findings reveal the protective effect of ME against CP-induced cardiomyopathy.

Stain SAN: simultaneous augmentation and normalization for histopathology images.

We address the need for effective stain domain adaptation methods in histopathology to enhance the performance of downstream computational tasks, particularly classification. Existing methods exhibit varying strengths and weaknesses, prompting the exploration of a different approach. The focus is on improving stain color consistency, expanding the stain domain scope, and minimizing the domain gap between image batches. We introduce a new domain adaptation method, Stain simultaneous augmentation and normalization (SAN), designed to adjust the distribution of stain colors to align with a target distribution. Stain SAN combines the merits of established methods, such as stain normalization, stain augmentation, and stain mix-up, while mitigating their inherent limitations. Stain SAN adapts stain domains by resampling stain color matrices from a well-structured target distribution. Experimental evaluations of cross-dataset clinical estrogen receptor status classification demonstrate the efficacy of Stain SAN and its superior performance compared with existing stain adaptation methods. In one case, the area under the curve (AUC) increased by 11.4%. Overall, our results clearly show the improvements made over the history of the development of these methods culminating with substantial enhancement provided by Stain SAN. Furthermore, we show that Stain SAN achieves results comparable with the state-of-the-art generative adversarial network-based approach without requiring separate training for stain adaptation or access to the target domain during training. Stain SAN's performance is on par with HistAuGAN, proving its effectiveness and computational efficiency. Stain SAN emerges as a promising solution, addressing the potential shortcomings of contemporary stain adaptation methods. Its effectiveness is underscored by notable improvements in the context of clinical estrogen receptor status classification, where it achieves the best AUC performance. The findings endorse Stain SAN as a robust approach for stain domain adaptation in histopathology images, with implications for advancing computational tasks in the field.

Longitudinal Study of Oral Precancerous Lesions: Transformation Rate and Predictive Markers for Malignancy.

One of the main risk factors for the occurrence of oral cancer is oral precancerous lesions (OPLs). Early management and preventive efforts depend on knowing the transformation rate and detecting predictive signs of malignancy. For 6 months, a group of 200 individuals with clinically diagnosed OPLs was followed up on in this longitudinal research. To examine biomarker expression levels and describe the lesions, examinations using immunohistochemistry, histopathology, and clinical methods were carried out. Over the course of 2 years, 200 patients with OPLs were monitored in this study. Most lesions had mild dysplasia, according to histopathological examination. The expression of many biomarkers that were correlated with the dysplasia grade were p53 (60.0%), Ki-67 (40.0%), CDKN2A (30.0%), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) (25.0%). In summary, this study emphasizes how crucial it is to provide patients with OPLs with individualized care plans and routine surveillance. Certain biomarkers, such EGFR, Ki-67, and p53, can be useful prognostic markers for identifying malignant transformation. To confirm these results and create tailored therapies for high-risk patients, more study is necessary.

Evaluating the therapeutic effect of vitamin D and nerolidol on lung injury due to experimental myocardial infarction: The potential role of asprosin and spexin

Injury to internal organs caused by myocardial infarction (MI), although often neglected, is a very serious condition which damages internal organs especially the lungs. Changes in microcirculation can begin with acute lung injury and result in severe respiratory failure. The aim of this study was to create new approaches that will explain the pathophysiology and treatment of the disease by examining the therapeutic effects of vitamin D (VITD) and Nerolidol (NRD) on the injuries of the lungs caused by MI, and their relationship with asprosin / spexin proteins. MethodsSix groups of seven experimental animals each were constituted. Control, VITD (only 50 IU/day during the experiment), NRD (only 100 mg/kg/day during the experiment), MI (200 mg/kg isoproterenol was administered to rats as a single dose subcutaneously), MI+VITD (200 mg/kg isoproterenol +50 IU/day) and MI+NRD (200 mg/kg isoproterenol +100 mg/kg/day) were the six (6) groups constituted. Tissues were analyzed using histopathological and immunohistochemical methods, whereas serum samples were analyzed using ELISA method. ResultsThe result of the histopathological study for the MI group showed an observed increase in inflammatory cells, congestion, interalveolar septal thickening, erythrocyteloaded macrophages and fibrosis in the lung tissues. The treatment groups however recorded significant differences with regards to these parameters. In the immunohistochemical analysis, expressions of asprosin and spexin were observed in the smooth muscle structures and interalveolar areas of the vessels and bronchioles of the lung, as well as the bronchiole epithelium. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of asprosin and spexin expression in the bronchiol epithelium.When immunohistochemical and serum ELISA results were examined, it was observed that asprosin levels increased significantly in the lung tissues of the MI group compared to the control group, decreased significantly in the treatment groups treated with Vitamin D and NRD after MI. While spexin decreased significantly in the MI group compared to the control group, it increased significantly in the MI+VİTD group, but did not change in the MI+NRD group. ConclusionIt was observed that serious injuries occurred in the lungs due to myocardial infarction and that, VITD and NRD treatments had a curative effect on those injuries. It was also observed that Asprosin and Speksin proteins can have effect on mechanisms of both injury and therapy of the lung. Furthermore, the curative effects of VITD are dependent on the expression of asprosin and spexin; whereas the observation indicated that nerolidol could be effective through asprosin-dependent mechanisms and specisin by independent mechanisms.

Global–local consistent semi-supervised segmentation of histopathological image with different perturbations

A histopathological image is a microscopic image applied to examine cellular and tissue structures and identify any abnormalities or disease processes. Histopathological image segmentation is a prerequisite step for analyzing histopathological images that can divide an image into meaningful regions or objects to accurately classify and analyze tissue structures, cellular regions, or particular histological entities. However, the existing deep learning based pathological image segmentation methods require huge annotation efforts from the pathologists, which is labor-intensive and time-consuming. In this scenario, it has become a hotspot to leverage abundantly available unlabeled data to help learn segmentation models given limited labeled data. In this paper, we propose a global–local consistent semi-supervised segmentation (GLCS) model that enforce the consistency of the segmentation results with weak and strong perturbations on unlabeled data. In GLCS, we firstly generate different weak perturbations for each unlabeled sample, and then add a regularization term to ensure the segmentation consistency among different weak perturbations. Next, different from the existing studies applying the regression methods to match the segmentation results among different perturbations, our methods are based on the generative adversarial learning that can keep the global structure consistency among unlabeled data with different strength of perturbations. Finally, we also add a patch-correlation based regularization term to preserve the local structure similarity among different perturbations images. We validate our GLCS on three datasets, i.e. Glas, Crag and MoNuSeg. The experimental results show that our method can achieve to the dice ratio of 90.35, 82.61 and 81.60 with 1:1 proportion of labeled data, which are significantly superior to the state-of-the-art semi-supervised histopathological image segmentation methods. Our code is public available at https://github.com/ISBELLAG/GLCS.

A Young Female with a Hepatic Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma.

Primary hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEHE) is an extremely rare tumour of vascular origin with an incidence of <0.1 cases per 100,000 people worldwide. A 29-year-old female with the history of epigastric pain and unintentional weight loss (3 kg over six months) was referred for upper endoscopy. The examination was without visual pathological findings, but a rapid urease test was positive. First-line treatment with clarithromycin-containing triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection was given. After completion of eradication therapy, diffuse abdominal pain developed. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed multiple liver nodules. Three consecutive core liver biopsies were performed and were inconclusive. A subsequent surgical liver nodule resection was performed. Histopathology of the specimen revealed grade 2 hepatocellular carcinoma; bone scintigraphy was negative for metastasis. A multidisciplinary team (MDT) recommended giving the patient sorafenib, which was poorly tolerated. The histology was reviewed using immunohistochemistry staining at the request of the oncologist, which showed expression of CD31 and CD34. Based on clinical, morphological and immunohistochemistry findings, a diagnosis of hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma was made. Based on the multidisciplinary team's findings, liver transplantation was indicated as the only curative treatment. Because of the rarity of this disease, combining clinical, radiological and histopathological methods as well as an MDT approach can help to reach the correct final diagnosis. As demonstrated in this clinical case, it is crucial to perform immunohistochemistry of a liver biopsy to confirm a HEHE diagnosis. Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumour that is often misdiagnosed and mismanaged.This case emphasises the critical importance of interdisciplinary teamwork and the use of non-invasive and invasive techniques to achieve a definitive diagnosis.

The Toxic Effects on the Testis of Flutamide vs. Bicalutamide vs. Cyproterone Acetate: An Experimental Rat Study

The aim of this study was to investigate the toxic effects on the rat testis of flutamide, bicalutamide, and cyproterone acetate using histopathological methods. Twenty-four male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups, control (Group 1), flutamide (Group 2), bicalutamide (Group 3), and cyproterone acetate (Group 4). Physiological saline solution or anti-androgens were administered via oral gavage for 14 days. At the end of the study, the testes were harvested for histological toxic effect scoring. The mean histopathology scores were 0 in Group 1, 0.33 ± 0.81 in Group 2, 1.66 ± 1.36 in Group 3, and 2.93 ± 0.98 in Group 4. The histopathology score in Group 4 was significantly higher than that in Group 1 (p = 0.002), but was not significantly different to those in groups 2 and 3 (p = 0.317 and p = 0.028, respectively). No significant difference was also observed between the other groups. Cyproterone acetate, a steroidal antiandrogen, resulted in significant impairment of testis histology relative to the non-steroidal antiandrogens flutamide and bicalutamide. A non-steroidal agent such as flutamide or bicalutamide should therefore be selected if antiandrogen therapy is to be initiated for reasons such as acne, hirsutism, and paraphilias, particularly in young males.

Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders: demographic, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic aspects. A retrospective monocentric analysis.

Primary cutaneous CD4+ small/medium T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (PCSM-LPDs), represent a rare group of haematological diseases primarily affecting the skin. In this retrospective single-centre case series study, we aimed to investigate the demographic, clinical, therapeutic and prognostic aspects of PCSM-LPD. We collected data from cases diagnosed between 2010 and the present, employing histopathological and immunohistochemical methods following the World Health Organization criteria. We included 22 patients with a median age of 61.5 years and a median time between clinical onset and diagnosis of 3.0 months. Surgical excision with conservative margins was the primary choice, showing clinical remission in 17 cases, while nonsurgical treatments, including radiotherapy, high-potency steroids and ablative laser, achieved clinical remission in four cases. Clinical presentations varied, but the most common was a single violaceous nodule or papule on the upper body parts. In conclusion, our single-centre case series provides valuable insights into PCSM-LPD, highlighting the effectiveness of surgical treatments and the potential of nonsurgical ones. Even if controversial, the benign nature of PCSM-LPD emphasizes the importance of achieving tumour clearance with acceptable aesthetic outcomes.

Clinicopathological Profile of Muscle Diseases Presenting the Adult Population in Northern India: Preliminary Analysis in a Limited Resource Setting.

Muscle diseases are of various types, viz., muscular dystrophies, inflammatory myopathies, myotonic disorders, congenital myopathies, and metabolic myopathies. They all present with muscle weakness, be it proximal or distal. The assessment of muscle biopsy with the help of enzyme histochemistry, histopathological, and immunohistochemical methods is an essential component in the diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders. The authors outline brief data on muscle diseases prevalent in the North Indian region. Muscle biopsy was done, and the biopsy was freshly frozen in liquid nitrogen and sections were taken on a cryostat. Slides were then stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), modified Gomori trichome (MGT), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogenase (NADH), and succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) stains. Further specific immunohistochemistry tests were also done. Out of n=16 cases, three cases were diagnosed as Becker's muscular dystrophy, two cases were diagnosed as inflammatory myopathy, four cases were diagnosed as Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, and one each case of dysferlinopathy and alpha sarcoglycanopathy. Muscle diseases can cause different levels of physical disability and thus it is important to diagnose at the appropriate time to ensure proper treatment.

Nutritional muscular dystrophy in broiler thigh muscles: pathological analysis of a problem in the field

Objective. This study aims to use histopathologic method to investigate nutritional muscular dystrophy in broilers due to vitamin E deficiency. Materials and methods. Tissue samples taken from 20 dead chicks and total 28 blood samples sent by taking from diseased also eight chicks were analyzed. The amount of vitamin E determined in feed analysis was found to be 5% less than the amount declared to be present in the feed ration. Results. The average amount of α-tocopherol in blood serums was measured as 0.285 µg/g. Plasma calcium and phosphorus levels were found to be high, whereas sodium, potassium, and magnesium levels were found to be normal levels. Histopathologically, nutritional muscular dystrophy was defined in 18 of 20 chicks (90%). In the histopathologic examination of muscular sections, varying degrees of hyaline degenerations, necrosis, mineralization, lipidosis, and mononuclear cell infiltrations were observed. Conclusions. It was determined that when the fat content of the ration was increased, vitamin and mineral levels, particularly vitamin E, changed within the ration content, and the health of the chicks deteriorated, resulting in histopathologic damages in different organ tissues. The study concludes that the poultry farming industry should attach importance to feed management systems for chick’s the proper and healthy feeding.

Review: Aplikasi Histopatologi Untuk Praktik Forensik

Forensics plays an important role in investigating crimes because it can reveal everything related to a murder case, including the time and cause of the murder. Histopathology is the study of damage to body tissues and organs which can be used to help investigate crimes. The aim of this literature review is to study the role of histopathology applications for forensic practice. The method used is searching journals and books using Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, NCBI, and PubMed with the keywords histopathology, forensics, diagnosis, death, microscopy, disease, staining, and autopsy. The histology approach helps the pathologist make a clear determination on the cause of death. The aim of histopathology is to perfect the macroscopic diagnosis and act as an additional examination in forensic case management. One of the histopathology methods in the forensic field is the paraffin method with hematoxylin eosin staining and special stains, immunohistochemistry, and MITS. The parameters observed with this method are measurements of pulmonary fat embolism; determining the age of myocardial infarction; assessment of liver steatosis, fibrosis, and cirrhosis; determination of the age of thrombus or thromboembolism; and diagnosis of shock with various diseases. The prospect of forensic histopathology is to complement molecular diagnostic methods, so that the combination of molecular and histology methods can play a maximum role in the field of forensic pathology. The conclusion of this literature review is that histopathology can be used to confirm the diagnosis in forensic cases and has good future prospects if combined with other methods such as molecular.