Histopathological Changes In Kidney Research Articles

The renoprotective potential of montelukast: a scoping review

Introduction: Kidney damage can result from various factors, leading to structural and functional changes in the kidney. Acute kidney injury (AKI) refers to a sudden decline in kidney function, while chronic kidney disease involves a gradual deterioration lasting more than 3 months. Mechanisms of renal injury include impaired microcirculation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Cysteinyl-leukotrienes (CysLTs) are inflammatory substances contributing to tissue damage. Montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, has shown potential renoprotective effects in experimental models of kidney injury. Methods: The authors conducted a scoping review using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases to identify relevant studies investigating the impact of montelukast on renal diseases. Articles published until 2022 were included and evaluated for quality. Data extraction and analysis were performed based on predetermined inclusion criteria. Results: The scoping review included 30 studies from 8 countries. Montelukast demonstrated therapeutic effects in various experimental models of nephrotoxicity and AKI induced by agents such as cisplatin, lipopolysaccharide, diclofenac, amikacin, Escherichia coli, cyclosporine, methotrexate, cobalt-60 gamma radiation, doxorubicin, and cadmium. Studies involving human subjects with nephrotic syndrome, pyelonephritis, and other renal diseases also reported positive outcomes with montelukast treatment. Montelukast exhibited anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidant, and neutrophil-inhibiting properties, leading to improved kidney function and histopathological changes. Conclusions: Montelukast shows promise as a renoprotective medication, particularly in early-stage kidney injury. Its ability to mitigate inflammation, oxidative stress, and neutrophil infiltration contributes to its therapeutic effects. Further research is needed to explore the clinical applications and mechanisms underlying the renoprotective action of montelukast.

Centella asiatica ameliorates AlCl3 and D-galactose induced nephrotoxicity in rats via modulation of oxidative stress

Nephrotoxicity is a condition caused by toxic effects of medications and poisons resulting in the rapid decline of kidney function. Centella asiatica is a medicinal herb with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory characteristics that is used to treat a variety of ailments. The present study intends to explore the ability of Centella asiatica in preventing AlCl3 and D-Galactose-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. In this study 30 male albino Wistar rats were induced with nephrotoxicity using AlCl3 and D-galactose, and oral administration of Centella asiatica extract (100, 200, and 300mg/kg/day) was administered for 70 days. The kidneys were extracted after treatment and levels of oxidative and antioxidative enzymes, serum creatinine, and serum albumin were measured. The kidney's histopathological changes were studied. Administration of Centella asiatica extract significantly increased serum albumin, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase levels in kidney homogenates while suppressing serum creatinine and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and attenuating histopathological changes associated with nephrotoxicity. Centella asiatica extract lowered serum creatinine and oxidative stress levels in a drug-induced nephrotoxicity rat model, while simultaneously increasing serum albumin levels, as evidenced by mitigation of histological changes and normalisation of biomarkers of oxidative stress in the kidney.

Nobiletin alleviates methotrexate-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats

ABSTRACT We investigated the possible ameliorative effects of nobiletin (NBL) against methotrexate (MTX)-induced hepatorenal toxicity in rats. Twenty-eight Wistar albino rats were randomly divided into four groups, namely: Control; MTX (administered 20 mg/kg MTX); MTX+NBL (administered 20 mg/kg MTX and 10 mg/kg NBL per day); and NBL (administered 10 mg/kg/day NBL). Histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical analyses were performed on the kidney and liver tissues of rats at the end of the study. MTX caused renal toxicity, as indicated by increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) and caspase-3, as well as decreases in reduced glutathione (GSH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). MTX also caused hepatotoxicity, as indicated by increases in 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), MDA and caspase-3 and decrease in interleukin 10 (IL-10), GSH, total antioxidant capacity, GPx, G6PD, CAT and Bcl-2. MTX caused histopathological changes in kidney and liver tissues indicating tissue and cellular damage. Administration of NBL concurrently with methotrexate reduced oxidative stress, inflammatory and apoptotic signs, and prevented kidney and liver damage caused by methotrexate. We consider NBL has attenuating and ameliorating effects on methotrexate-induced hepatorenal toxicity.

Inhibition of both NOX and TNF-α exerts substantial renoprotective effects in renal ischemia reperfusion injury rat model

Background and aimsAcute kidney injury (AKI) due to renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality, with no renoprotective drug available. Previous research focused on single drug targets, yet this approach has not reached translational success. Given the complexity of this condition, we aimed to identify a disease module and apply a multitarget network pharmacology approach. MethodsIdentification of a disease module with potential drug targets was performed utilizing Disease Module Detection algorithm using NADPH oxidases (NOXs) as seeds. We then assessed the protective effect of a multitarget network pharmacology targeting the identified module in a rat model of RIRI. Rats were divided into five groups; sham, RIRI, and RIRI treated with setanaxib (NOX inhibitor, 10 mg/kg), etanercept (TNF-α inhibitor, 10 mg/kg), and setanaxib and etanercept (5 mg/kg each). Kidney functions, histopathological changes and oxidative stress markers (MDA and reduced GSH) were assessed. Immunohistochemistry of inflammatory (TNF-α, NF-κB) apoptotic (cCasp-3, Bax/Bcl 2), fibrotic (α-SMA) and proteolysis (MMP-9) markers was performed. ResultsOur in-silico analysis yielded a disease module with TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1A) as the closest target to both NOX1 and NOX2. Targeting this module by a low-dose combination of setanaxib, and etanercept, resulted in a synergistic effect and ameliorated ischemic AKI in rats. This was evidenced by improved kidney function and reduced expression of inflammatory, apoptotic, proteolytic and fibrotic markers. ConclusionsOur findings show that applying a multitarget network pharmacology approach allows synergistic renoprotective effect in ischemic AKI and might pave the way towards translational success.

Imidacloprid induced histopathological changes in kidney and ameliorative role of Withania somnifera in female rats

Imidacloprid induced histopathological changes in kidney and ameliorative role of Withania somnifera in female rats

PHYSIOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECT OF LEAD CHLORIDE ON KIDNEY OF GAMBUSIA AFFINIS

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of sublethal concentrations of lead chloride on physiological and histopathological studies in Gambusia affinis . A total of 500 fish were collected from the bank of the river east of Mosul city. The fish in the aquarium were divided into five groups (control, acute exposure(20,25mg/l) and chronic exposure(5,10mg/l)). The bioaccumulation of lead in acute and chronic periods of exposure showed a significant difference in values between control and treatment. The greatest level was seen in the kidney of fish treated with lead dichloride at 10 mg/l for 30 days. The level of antioxidant Glutathione has a significant decrease in different kidneys of fish treated with pbcl2 exposed to acute and chronic concentrations. The lowest decrease was seen in kidneys of fish treated with Pbcl2 at 10 mg/l for a month. At the same time, a significant increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) level was seen in all kidney treated with PbCl2. Histological study of the kidney showed varying degrees of pathological lesions. The glomeruli in the kidney shrank, and degeneration of Bowman's capsule. The Pb accumulation increases with increasing concentration and period of exposure. Both acute and chronic effects caused a change in the level of antioxidants and histopathological changes in kidney of the fish. Histopathological study may be a useful indicator for determining the extent of aquatic contamination. It could be concluded that the kidney changes caused by lead exposures in fish may serve as a biomarker for the contamination of sub-lethal levels of heavy metals and other anthropogenic contaminants.

Pharmacological properties of Ensete glaucum seed extract: Novel insights for antidiabetic effects via modulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and MAPK signaling pathways

Ethnophamacological relevanceMedicinal plants are increasingly making important contributions to diabetic treatment. Ensete glaucum seeds have been widely used in folk medicine to treat diabetes. Aim of the studyThe study was aimed to investigate the protective effect and active mechanisms of E. glaucum seed extract (EGSE) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemia. Materials and methodsHyperglycemic mice were treated with EGSE (25 and 50 mg/kg) or glibenclamide (5 mg/kg) once daily for 7 d. The effects of these treatments on changes in blood biochemical parameters, pancreatic, liver, and kidney histopathology, oxidative stress and inflammatory marker levels in pancreatic, hepatic, and renal tissues were assessed. Expression of several proteins in MAPK signaling pathway related to apoptosis in pancreatic tissue were investigated. Furthermore, ex vivo, in vitro, and in silico biological activities of EGSE and its compounds were also examined. ResultsEGSE and glibenclamide increased notably insulin, reduced significantly glucose, AST, ALT, BUN and creatinine levels in blood. Pancreatic islets, hepatic and renal tissue structure were restored by EGSE or glibenclamide. EGSE showed significant anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory effects by enhancing GSH level and dropping MDA, NF-κB, TNF-α and IL-6 levels in these tissues. Particularly, EGSE exhibited pancreatic protective effect against STZ-induced apoptosis through the MAPK signaling pathway by down-regulation of p-p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, JNK1, p-AMPK, Bax, Bax/Bcl-2, cytochrome c, cleaved-caspase 3 and PARP expression, and slight up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression. Moreover, EGSE inhibited intestinal glucose absorption, PTP1B, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase activities. Its isolated compounds (Afzelechin and coniferaldehyde) showed PTP1B and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities, and potent structure-activity relationships. ConclusionThese findings indicated the hypoglycemic and protective effects of E. glaucum seed extract against the STZ diabetogenic action. E. glaucum seed is a potential candidate for further studies to confirm its activities as a therapeutic agent for diabetic patients.

The Protective Effect of Ramelteon and in combination with Dexamethasone on the Lipopolysaccharide-induced Cytokine Storm in mice

Cytokine Storm Syndrome (CSs) is a potentially life threatening condition, characterized by robust elevated; of circulating pro- inflammatory cytokines; occurring after a hyperactive immune system. Is a well-known as a worldwide health problem, leading to multi-organ failure and death. Objectives: This study was carried out to investigate the protective role and probability of additive or synergistic anti-inflammatory activity; of ramelteon and in combination with dexamethasone on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced “Cytokine Storm” on mice model and its potential regulatory mechanism(s). Methods: Sixty Swiss albino male mice of ;( 25 ± 5 grams; 8-12 weeks) had free access to food and water. After 2weeks of adaptation, mice; randomly separated in five groups (n =12): Group I, mice received (0.9% N\S i.p.); Group II, mice received (5mg\kg i.p.) LPS only .Group III, mice received (2.5mg/kg, i.p.) dexamethasone, Group IV, mice received (100mg/kg i.p.) ramelteon, Group V, mice received half dose of dexamethasone+ ramelteon combination (1.25 mg\kg i.p +50mg\kg i.p). For systematic inflammatory stimulation mimicking “cytokine storm” LPS; E. coli O55:B5 (5mg\kg i.p.) was induced within one hr. After 48h the effects of interventional agents and vehicle or LPS challenge; on lung, heart, liver, kidney histopathological changes, and levels of inflammatory cytokines :( IL-6, IL8 IL-1β, and TNF-α) in the serum were detected. Results: IL-1β, IL-6, IL8 and TNF-α elevated serum levels significantly reduced (p<0.001) in all treatment group. Additionally, they ameliorated the histopathological changes induced by (LPS) and improving macroscopic scores (p<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, ramelteon treatment had a diverse protective effects against “Cytokine Storm” with a mechanism based on attenuation serum levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF-α)and through reduction of histopathological damage during endotoxemia induced via LPS challenge on male mice model. RAM/DEX combination had superior advantage than an agent use alone probably via synergistic anti-inflammatory activity.

Investigation of the effects of oral dapoxetine on kidney function and histopathologic changes in male rats; an animal study and future perspectives

Introduction: Dapoxetine is a novel therapeutic agent employed in treating specific diseases. However, its potential impact on renal excretion processes has yet to be thoroughly investigated, necessitating further exploration in this study. Objectives: This research aimed to assess the effects of dapoxetine on renal function and explore any potential disturbances in kidney excretion processes. Materials and Methods: In this study, 32 male Albino rats weighing between 200-250 g were utilized. The rats were randomly divided into four groups. Group one served as the control and received a normal diet, while groups two to four were administered dapoxetine through gavage at doses of 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, and 4 mg/kg, respectively. The study evaluated blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine levels and examined renal pathological changes in the rats. Results: The results demonstrated a significant increase in average BUN levels in group four compared to other groups (P<0.001). For creatinine, group three displayed higher levels compared to other groups. However, the difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Importantly, no indications of apoptosis, necrosis, edema, hydropic degeneration, or glomerular changes were observed in any of the renal cells from the rat groups. Conclusion: Dapoxetine administration led to changes in BUN and creatinine levels; however, it did not adversely affect the renal cells’ pathological outcomes. These results suggest that dapoxetine could be considered for use in the future treatment of certain diseases, considering its minimal impact on renal function. Further investigations and clinical trials are warranted to corroborate these findings and inform medical decision-making.

Effect of High Doses of Salep Aqueous Extract on Serum Levels of Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, Uric Acid, and Kidney Histopathological Changes in Adult Male Wistar Rats.

Kidneys are critical in the clearance and maintenance of active metabolites. One of the medical properties of Salep is treating bladder and kidney inflammation. Due to the widespread use of Salep in traditional medicine and the food industry, and since the effects of Salep on kidney function have not been studied, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of Salep on kidney function. In this experimental study, 48 male rats were divided randomly into six groups as control, sham, and four experimental groups receiving different doses of Salep intraperitoneally (80, 160, 320, and 640 mg/kg). On day 29, after weighing the animals, blood samples were taken from the heart, and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine were analyzed and compared in different groups. All the animal's kidneys were exposed after dissection, and tissue sections were prepared for histopathological evaluation. From day 28 to 29, rats were kept in metabolic cages to collect urine samples and measure water intake and urine volume. The serum concentration of BUN and uric acid in the groups receiving Salep at all doses decreased non-significantly compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant reduction was seen in creatinine serum levels in groups receiving 320 and 640 mg/kg of Salep extract (P<0.05). No evidence of damage to renal tissue was observed in this study. In conclusion, Salep could decrease serum BUN, uric acid, and creatinine levels due to its antioxidant properties and had no devastating effect on kidneys.

Role of ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily A Member 1 (ABCA1) in Chemoradiotherapy-induced Renal Injury

Radiation therapy (RT) alone or combined with chemotherapy reduces cholesterol efflux and causes chronic kidney disease (CKD). There is no treatment for CKD except renal replacement strategies such as dialysis or transplantation. We hypothesize that cancer treatment-induced ABCA1 deficiency leads to dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism, making podocytes susceptible and cancerous cells resistant to treatment-induced injuries. To quantify the cell index of LNCaP, 786-0, and Podcytes were grown in an e-plate reader (Roche) for 24 h and then were treated with either enzalutamide (10µM) or sunitinib (1.0 µM) or cyclophosphamide (10µM) with or without RT (4Gy) or ABCA1 inducer (liver-X-receptors agonist (GW3965; Sigma; 10µM). Podocyte cholesterol efflux assay was measured using NBD-cholesterol efflux assay, and expression of ABCA1 and cleaved caspase-3 were measured by western blotting. 10-14-week-old C57BL/6 male and female mice were given bilateral kidney X-irradiation of 4Gy with or without cisplatin (3mg/kg; IV). Functional kidney parameters, histopathological changes, and ultrastructural changes were measured at baseline and 20 weeks after treatment. GFR was measured using a FITC-sinistrin-based transdermal monitor. In vitro studies suggest that after radiation exposure (4Gy and 8Gy), ABCA1 expression decreases in a dose and time-dependent manner in cultured podocytes (p < 0.05), which coincides with reduced cholesterol efflux (p < 0.05) and increased podocyte apoptosis (p < 0.01). In contrast, LXR agonist treatment in vitro prevents reduced ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux and prevents podocytes from radiation-induced apoptosis. Our in vitro studies further suggest that Enzalutamide treatment alone reduces the growth of LNCaP and podocytes, and RT (5Gy) plus enzalutamide combination treatment further decreases the growth of LNCaP and podocytes. However, LXR agonist treatment further increased the efficacy of enzalutamide and RT treatment against LNCaP and increased podocyte growth simultaneously. Similarly, Sunitinib with or without RT reduces the growth of renal cancer cells (786-0) and podocytes. LXR agonist treatment further increases the efficacy of the sunitinib and RT against 786-0 cells and simultaneously increases podocyte growth. Cyclophosphamide reduces the growth of the podocytes, and LXR agonist treatment improves the podocyte growth after CP treatment. In vivo studies observed that focal bilateral kidney irradiation with or without cisplatin of C57BL/6 mice induces lipid accumulation in the kidney cortex and increases GBM thickness (p < 0.001), which correlates with decreased Abca1 expression, podocyte number, and GFR. This study shows that LXR agonist treatment protects podocytopathy in vitro and chemotherapy or radiotherapy-induced kidney injury in vivo. ABCA1 may be an important therapeutic target for chemoradiotherapy-induced kidney injuries in cancer patients.

The potential protectivity of honey and olive oil in methotrexate induced renal damage in rats

Methotrexate (MTX) is an antimetabolite used to treat inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders and some malignancies. However, it has some life-threatening side effects such as nephrotoxicity which limit its clinical applications. That motivated the attention to seek for a defensive material to improve the outcomes of methotrexate while minimizing both renal and non-renal toxicity. Both honey (H) and olive oil (OO) are bioactive substances widely used as nutraceuticals that exhibited a potent therapeutic and antioxidant properties. This study aimed to assess the possible protective effect of H and OO intake either singly or together against the biochemical and structural Methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The study was conducted on 56 adult albino rats, they were divided into seven groups (n = 8): group 1 received only distelled water (negative control), group 2 received H (1.2 g/kg/day), group 3 received OO (1.25 ml/kg/day), group 4 received a single intraperitoneal injection of MTX (20 mg/kg), group 5 received MTX and H, group 6 received MTX and OO, group 7 received MTX, H and OO together. At the end of the experiment (2 weeks), all rats were sacrificed, and blood samples were assessed for kidney function tests. Kidney tissues were evaluated for several antioxidant parameters including Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities. Tissues were also processed for histological and immunohistochemical assessments. Results revealed that both H and OO improved the kidney function markers, histopathological and immunohistological changes due to Methotrexate-induced renal damage. Additionally, both substances also redeemed the oxidative damage of the kidney by decreasing MDA and increasing anti-oxidant enzymatic activities. Such effects were more apparent when the two substances were given together. Ultimately, our results proof that H and OO amiolerate the Methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity in rats, thus they can be used as an adjuvant supplements for patients requiring methotrexate therapy.

Intestinal Cckbr-specific knockout mouse as a novel model of salt-sensitive hypertension via sodium over-absorption.

To investigate the value of CCKBRfl/fl villin-Cre mice as a mouse model of salt-sensitive hypertension (SSH). In the first part, 2-month-old CCKBRfl/fl villin-Cre mice (CKO) and control CCKBRfl/fl mice (WT) were fed with normal diet (0.4% NaCl) or high salt diet (4% NaCl), separately for 6 weeks. In the rescue study, one week of hydrochlorothiazide or saline injection were treated with the CKO mice fed high salt diet. The blood pressure, biochemical indexes, and the expression of small intestinal sodium transporters (NHE3, NKCC1, eNaC) was detected. The organ injury markers (MMP2/MMP9) and the histopathological changes of kidneys were observed, whereas the changes of duodenal sodium absorption were detected by small intestinal perfusion in vivo. The CCKBRfl/fl villin-Cre mice with high salt intake exhibited high blood pressure, increased duodenal sodium absorption and urinary sodium excretion, and with renal injury. The protein expression of NHE3, NKCC1 and eNaC were also significant increase in the intestine of CKO-HS mice. Treatment with hydrochlorothiazide remarkably attenuated the elevated blood pressure by high salt absorption in the CCKBRfl/fl villin-Cre mice, but no significant histopathological changes were observed. These results support a crucial role of intestinal Cckbr deficiency on SSH development and the diuretic antihypertension effect in CCKBRfl/fl villin-Cre mice. The CCKBRfl/fl villin-Cre mice with the high salt intake may serve as a stable model of salt-sensitive hypertensive induced by sodium overloading.

Protective effect of citronellol in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury in mice.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a serious pathophysiological event consequent to rhabdomyolysis. Inflammatory mechanisms play a role in the development of rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI. Citronellol (CT) is a naturally occurring monoterpene in essential oils of aromatic plant species. In this study, we explored the protective effects of citronellol on AKI resulting from glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis. Rhabdomyolysis was induced by a single intramuscular injection of glycerol 50% (10mg/kg) in the thigh caudal muscle. Four groups of mice were assigned, including a control group, a group administered with glycerol to induce AKI as a model, a group treated with glycerol plus 50mg/kg CT, and a group treated with glycerol plus 100mg/kg CT. The renal function of mice from all groups was evaluated using kidney histopathological changes and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Myoglobin levels were measured to detect rhabdomyolysis. Apoptosis was evaluated by renal cleaved caspase-3 and BAX levels. Both doses of citronellol (50mg/kg and 100mg/kg) significantly reduced KIM-1 mRNA expression and myoglobin levels compared to the glycerol group. In addition, citronellol resulted in lower cleaved caspase-3 and BAX in the renal tissue, indicating that citronellol exerted an anti-apoptotic effect in AKI. Citronellol showed a reno-protective effect against rhabdomyolysis-induced AKI, which may be attributed to its anti-apoptotic effects.

Evaluation of Protective Effects of Polyphenols of the Marine Brown Alga Ecklonia cava against Potassium Bromate Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats

Pharmacognosy Research,2023,15,3,544-550.DOI:10.5530/pres.15.3.057Published:June 2023Type:Original Article Authors:Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan, Suman Samaddar, Hariprasad MG, Sumaia Abdulbari Ahmed Ali Hard, Gitima Deka, and Anyembe Godfrey Author(s) affiliations:Moqbel Ali Moqbel Redhwan1,*, Suman Samaddar2, Hariprasad MG3, Sumaia Abdulbari Ahmed Ali Hard4, Gitima Deka5, Anyembe Godfrey6 1Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. 2BGS GIMS Research Institute, BGS Global Institute of Medical Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, INDIA. 3Department of Pharmacology, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. 4Department of Pharmaceutics, KLE College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. 5Department of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsangbuk-do, SOUTH KOREA. 6Department of Pharmacology, Karnataka College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA. Abstract:Background: Ecklonia cava is a kelp (brown algae) genus belonging to Lessoniaceae with plenty of Eckol-type phlorotannins. It exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activity. Objectives: This study investigated Ecklonia cava (EC) polyphenols for their protective effects against KBrO3-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Materials and Methods: The polyphenolic fraction was isolated from EC. Group, I was control (untreated), and group II was administered KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) intragastric for four weeks. Group III was administered ECPP (200 mg/kg b.w) concurrently with KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) orally, and Group VI was administered Rutin (100 mg/ kg b.w) along with KBrO3 (135 mg/kg b.w) orally. The protective effects of ECPP on KBrO3-induced nephrotoxicity in rats were assessed for the biochemical parameters of serum, various antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological changes in kidneys. Results: The level of serum of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine was suggestively augmented (p<0.001) when treated by KBrO3. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and FRAP (ferric ion reducing antioxidant parameter) were diminished (p<0.001). At the same time, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide were raised (p<0.001) with KBrO3 treatment in the kidneys. In addition, the protein carbonyl level was amplified (p<0.001) with KBrO3 administration. Histological studies presented renal damage in KBrO3-treated animals where tissue injury was abridged in ECPP pretreatment groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that ECPP functions as an antioxidant in vivo by scavenging reactive oxygen species, which helps preclude oxidative renal injury in rats treated with KBrO3. Keywords:Antioxidant, Ecklonia cava, Nephroproductive activity, Polyphenols, Potassium bromate.View:PDF (1.04 MB)

The Effect of Salep Aqueous Extract High Doses on Serum Level of Urea Nitrogen, Creatinine, Uric acid and Kidney Histopathological Changes in Adult Male Wistar Rats

Kidneys are critical in the clearance and maintenance of active metabolites. One of the medical properties of Salep is treating bladder and kidney inflammation. Due to the widespread use of Salep in traditional medicine and the food industry, and since the effects of Salep on kidney function have not been studied, the present study aimed to investigate the impact of Salep on kidney function. In this experimental study, 48 male rats were divided randomly into six groups as control, sham, and four experimental groups receiving different doses of Salep intraperitoneally (80, 160, 320, and 640 mg/kg). On day 29, after weighing the animals, blood samples were taken from the heart, and serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN), uric acid, and creatinine were analyzed and compared in different groups. All the animal’s kidneys were exposed after dissection, and tissue sections were prepared for histopathological evaluation. From day 28 to 29, rats were kept in metabolic cages to collect urine samples and measure water intake and urine volume. The serum concentration of BUN and uric acid in the groups receiving Salep at all doses decreased non-significantly compared to the control group. Furthermore, a significant reduction was seen in creatinine serum levels in groups receiving 320 and 640 mg/kg of Salep extract (P&lt;0.05). No evidence of damage to renal tissue was observed in this study. In conclusion, Salep could decrease serum BUN, uric acid, and creatinine levels due to its antioxidant properties and had no devastating effect on kidneys.

Antispasmodic and nephroprotective potentials of native Algerian propolis and bee pollen: An experimental study in mice

The present work examined the in vivo antispasmodic and nephroprotective potentials of methanolic extracts obtained from Algerian native propolis and bee pollen. The in vivo antispasmodic activity was assessed by the intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid (1%) which induced long-lasting visceral pain in mice. The renal damage was modelled by intraperitoneal injection of a cisplatin (CP; 10 mg/kg) followed by histopathological changes in kidneys. In addition, the beehive by-products were screened for their bioactive content and in vitro antioxidant activities. The propolis and bee pollen are rich sources of bioactive compounds. The propolis showed the highest antioxidant potencies as evaluated by β-carotene bleaching system (87.16 ± 3.69%), DPPH (176.05 ± 0.20 µg/mL), and FRAP (0.61 ± 0.002 μmol Fe(II)/g) assays. The antispasmodic test revealed that propolis extract (250 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the number of spasms (61.04 ± 3.92%) induced by acetic acid. Based on histopathology examinations, bee pollen extract at 250 mg/kg significantly reduced nephrotoxic effects induced by CP injection. These results provided a good scientific basis for future research on antispasmodic and nephroprotective effects and/or mechanisms of propolis and bee pollen, which confer them a real application in drug discovery.

Histopathological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in the straw-colored fruit bat, Eidolon helvum, in Nigeria.

There is heightening concern regarding heavy metals environmental pollution requiring renewed global attention because of their bioaccumulation and toxicity at varying levels. The concern is most important in the highly migratory Eidolon helvum (E. helvum) that is very common and traverses wide geographical areas within the sub-Saharan Africa. The present study aimed to evaluate levels of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) bioaccumulation in 24 E. helvum of both sexes from Nigeria to assess their indirect health risks to the human consumers of the bats in addition to their direct bioaccumulation and toxic damages in the bats themselves based on standard procedures. Lead, Zn, and Cd bioaccumulation concentrations were 2.83 ± 0.35, 0.42 ± 0.03, and 0.05 ± 0.01mg/kg, respectively, with significant (p < 0.05) Pb bioaccumulation compared to either Cd or Zn in the affected bats. However, only Pb (markedly) and Cd (marginally) bioaccumulated above small mammals' critical threshold levels as there are no existing established threshold levels for bats. Sex played no major role in their bioaccumulation levels. The bioaccumulation levels posed no life-long non-carcinogenic nor carcinogenic risks to the human consumers of the bats at detected concentrations. The observed lungs, liver, and kidney histopathological changes suggested the possible direct effects of the metals in the bats. Nevertheless, other anthropogenic factors might be responsible as no significant (p > 0.05) correlation existed between cellular changes and the bioaccumulation levels. The presence of the heavy metals and their bioaccumulations above critical threshold levels suggested some levels of environmental contamination and pollution, which might have direct and indirect health implications to the bats and their human consumers.

Pharmaceutical Development of Intraperitoneal Arachis hypogaea as a Renal Protective Agent.

Kidneys are among the vital organs of the human body; therefore, damage from any exogenous/endogenous agent may put human life at risk. Arachis hypogaea (AH) contains different free radical scavenging flavonoids, stilbenes, and tannins. This research aimed to elucidate the possible nephroprotective mechanism of AH methanolic crude extract (AHcr) and n-hexane oil fraction (AHO) against gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity. After the extraction of the crude oil of the plant, they were tested against a Gentamycin (GM)-treated group of Swiss Albino mice for their nephroprotective action. Animals were divided into six (6) equal groups with five (5) animals in each group. These groups were: control group (0.5 mL normal saline via intraperitoneal -i.p), gentamycin group (gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p), Silymarin + gentamycin group (Silymarin 50 mg/kg and gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p), plant extract (AHcr1) and gentamycin group (AHcr1 250 mg/kg and gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p), AHcr2 + gentamycin group (AHcr2; 500 mg/kg and gentamycin 100 mg/kg i.p) and the hexane oil fraction (AHO) + gentamycin (AHO 1 mL/kg and GM 100 mg/kg i.p). After completion of doses, animals were sacrificed for the collection of blood to further investigate biochemical changes and histopathological changes in kidney tissues. Serum creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen significantly increased (p < 0.001) in the gentamycin-treated group as compared to the control group. The elevated level of serum creatinine, urea, and blood urea nitrogen was decreased significantly (p < 0.001) in groups treated with AHcr and AHO compared to the gentamycin group. Similarly, the histopathological study of kidney tissues from the gentamycin group showed tubular necrosis, vacuolation, and fibrosis. The effect of crude extract and hexane soluble fraction of AH caused a significant reversal of gentamycin-induced nephrotoxicity.

Quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles ameliorate adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by regulating anti-oxidant enzymes and downregulating pro- and inflammatory cytokines.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory condition and associated with the symmetrical synovitis of the joints and cause joint pain. The use of anti-rheumatic drugs is associated with many adverse effects. Quercetin, an important polyphenolic flavonoid, possess anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic effects. Quercetin use is limited due to poor absorption and bioavailability. Nanomedicines are used for the targeted drug delivery, hence it reduces the adverse effects of the drug. Based upon these factors, quercetin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (Q-NPs) were prepared by solvent evaporation method, characterized and their better anti-rheumatic effect with mechanistic insights was validated in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic rats along with safety studies. The animals were divided into five groups, each containing 5 animals. Group I was normal control, group II was arthritic control, while groups III, IV and V were administered with quercetin (15mg/Kg) and Q-NPs (10 and 20mg/Kg), respectively. The reduction in ankle diameter, serum oxidative stress markers as well as pro- and inflammatory cytokines, e.g., tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), interleukin (IL-6) were determined. The prepared Q-NPs showed hydrodynamic size of 83.9nm, polydispersity index of 0.687, entrapment efficiency 90.5% as well as no interaction between quercetin and chitosan in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). A significant reduction (p < 0.001) in ankle diameter was observed after administration of high-dose Q-NPs (4.32 ± 0.14cm to 5.13 ± 0.62cm). There was also reduction (p < 0.001) in levels of TNFα and IL-6 following high-dose Q-NPs (72.56 ± 2.30 and 308.19 ± 11.5pg). The effect on biochemical tests, hematological parameters and oxidative stress parameters was also found to be significant. Histopathological changes of kidney, liver and ankle also confirmed the anti-rheumatic effect of high-dose Q-NPs. The study concludes that administration of Q-NPs (20mg/Kg) may be used for the treatment of FCA-induced RA in rats.