Histopathological Profile Research Articles

ITGB2 is a central hub-gene associated with inflammation and early fibro-atheroma development in a swine model of atherosclerosis

Background and aimThe complex dynamic interplay between different biological pathways involved in atherosclerosis development has rendered the identification of specific therapeutic targets a challenging quest. We aimed to identify specific genes and mechanistic pathways associated with the early development of fibro-atheromas in a swine model of atherosclerosis. MethodsThe Wisconsin Miniature Swine™ model of Familial Hypercholesterolemia (WMS-FH, n = 11) and genetically related WMS controls (WMS-N, n = 11) were used. The infrarenal aorta was harvested from both groups for histopathologic and transcriptomic profiling at 12 months. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to identify hub genes and pathways central to disease pathophysiology. The expression of ITGB2, the top ranked hub gene, was manipulated in cell culture and the expression of interconnected genes was tested. ResultsFibro-atheromatous lesions were documented in all WMS-FH aortic tissues and displayed internal elastic lamina (IEL) disruption, significant reduction of myofibroblast presence and disorganized collagen deposition. No fibro-atheromas were observed in the control group. A total of 266 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated in WMS-FH aortic tissues, while 29 genes were downregulated. Top identified hub genes included ITGB2, C1QA, LCP2, SPI1, CSF1R, C5AR1, CTSS, MPEG1, C1QC, and CSF2RB. Overexpression of ITGB2 resulted in elevated expression of other interconnected genes expressed in porcine endothelial cells. ConclusionIn a swine translational model of atherosclerosis, transcriptomic analysis identified ITGB2 as a central hub gene associated inflammation and early fibroatheroma development making it a potential therapeutic target at this stage of disease.

The Effect of Moringa oleifera Extract on Histopathological of Mice Testes Exposed by Monosodium Glutamate

Background: Monosodium glutamate (MSG) consumption in excess can have an impact on a man's fertility and lead to infertility. MSG has the potential to produce free radicals, which can harm cells. Antioxidants can fight off free radicals. Exogenous antioxidants are required to maintain equilibrium since there will be an imbalance if the body produces more free radicals than endogenous antioxidants. Exogenous antioxidants flavonoids are present in the leaves of the Moringa plant (Moringa oleifera L). It is thought that flavonoids have 4-5 times more antioxidant potential than vitamins. Objectives: To evaluate how moringa leaf extract affects the histopathological profile of MSG-exposed mouse testes. Methods: Only the posttest was used as a control group in this study. 25 male mice were used as the sample, and they were split up into five groups. The treatment group 1 (P1) received 6 g/day of MSG exposure + 300 mg/kg BW/day of moringa leaf extract, the treatment group 2 (P2) received 6 g/day of MSG exposure + 600 mg/kg BW/day of moringa leaf extract, and the treatment group 3 (P3) received 6 g/day of MSG exposure + 1200 mg/kg BW/day of moringa leaf extract. The control group (K-) received only standard feed. The mice were put to death after 30 days. The testes were removed for histological examination using hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the Johnsen scoring criteria were applied to their evaluation. Results: The data were not significant according to the Shapiro-Wilk test in the P3 group (MSG 6 g/day + Moringa Extract 1200 mg/kg BW/day). The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that there was no significant difference between the seminiferous tubules according to the treatment group (p = 0.117). Conclusion: Moringa oleifera leaf extract protects the histopathological picture of the testes of male mice compared to the group given monosodium glutamate.

Varied spectrum of lupus erythematosus: case series

Autoimmune connective tissue disorders represent polygenic clinical disorders that have heterogenous and overlapping clinical features. Lupus erythematosus (LE) is a connective tissue disorder that affects multiple organ systems with increased incidence among female population compared to males (9:1 F:M ratio). Skin is 2nd most frequent organ to be affected in LE after joints. Cutaneous lesions are a source of disability and on many occasions, an indicator of internal disease and these lesions may be specific to lupus/seen in other conditions as well. Correlation between clinical, histopathology, immunofluorescence, and serologic profiles (Anti-nuclear antibody) remains crucial as no single clinical feature or lab abnormality can confirm the diagnosis of LE. Treatment consists of sun protection, topical sunscreens, systemic steroids, antimalarials, immunosuppressives and biologicals. Effective treatment should be initiated at the earliest to prevent complications. Herein we report 4 cases of LE with varied presentation.

Sub-acute toxicity effects of <i>Garcinia kola</i> on serum electrolytes, haematological, visceral organ weights and histopathological profiles in Wistar rats

This study was undertaken to evaluate the toxicity effects of root extract of G. kola on serum electrolyte, haematological and histological parameters of rats. Rats of both sexes were randomized into groups and orally administered daily with determined doses of G. kola extract using distilled water as a control for 21 days. On the 22nd day, all the animals were sacrificed and dissected to collect blood and selected organs. The serum and whole blood were assayed for serum electrolytes and haematological parameters respectively while selected organs were examined for their weight and histopathological lesions. The extract of G. kola did not cause significant alteration in majority of the serum electrolytes and hematological indices. However, the extract significantly elevated the mean corpuscular heamoglobin concentration. On the other hand, the extract reduced mean corpuscular volume, haematocrit (150 and 600 mg/kg), mean platelet volume (150 and 600 mg/kg) and procalcitonin (150 mg/kg). In the vital organs, there were no significant lesions observed except at the highest dose. The root extract of G. kola is relatively safe in rats when repetitively administered orally in small doses for a prolonged period of time to ensure that its use is free of toxicity to humans.

Intraoperative Integrated Diagnostic System for Malignant Central Nervous System Tumors.

The 2021 World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors uses an integrated approach involving histopathology and molecular profiling. Because majority of adult malignant brain tumors are gliomas and primary CNS lymphomas (PCNSL), rapid differentiation of these diseases is required for therapeutic decisions. In addition, diffuse gliomas require molecular information on single-nucleotide variants (SNV), such as IDH1/2. Here, we report an intraoperative integrated diagnostic (i-ID) system to classify CNS malignant tumors, which updates legacy frozen-section (FS) diagnosis through incorporation of a qPCR-based genotyping assay. FS evaluation, including GFAP and CD20 rapid IHC, was performed on adult malignant CNS tumors. PCNSL was diagnosed through positive CD20 and negative GFAP immunostaining. For suspected glioma, genotyping for IDH1/2, TERT SNV, and CDKN2A copy-number alteration was routinely performed, whereas H3F3A and BRAF SNV were assessed for selected cases. i-ID was determined on the basis of the 2021 WHO classification and compared with the permanent integrated diagnosis (p-ID) to assess its reliability. After retrospectively analyzing 153 cases, 101 cases were prospectively examined using the i-ID system. Assessment of IDH1/2, TERT, H3F3AK27M, BRAFV600E, and CDKN2A alterations with i-ID and permanent genomic analysis was concordant in 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 96.4%, respectively. Combination with FS and intraoperative genotyping assay improved diagnostic accuracy in gliomas. Overall, i-ID matched with p-ID in 80/82 (97.6%) patients with glioma and 18/19 (94.7%) with PCNSL. The i-ID system provides reliable integrated diagnosis of adult malignant CNS tumors.

Mitigation of Benzene-Induced Haematotoxicity in Sprague Dawley Rats through Plant-Extract-Loaded Silica Nanobeads.

Benzene, a potent carcinogen, is known to cause acute myeloid leukaemia. While chemotherapy is commonly used for cancer treatment, its side effects have prompted scientists to explore natural products that can mitigate the haematotoxic effects induced by chemicals. One area of interest is nano-theragnostics, which aims to enhance the therapeutic potential of natural products. This study aimed to enhance the effects of methanolic extracts from Ocimum basilicum, Rosemarinus officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris by loading them onto silica nanobeads (SNBs) for targeted delivery to mitigate the benzene-induced haematotoxic effects. The SNBs, 48 nm in diameter, were prepared using a chemical method and were then loaded with the plant extracts. The plant-extract-loaded SNBs were then coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The modified SNBs were characterized using various techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The developed plant-extract-loaded and CMC-modified SNBs were administered intravenously to benzene-exposed rats, and haematological and histopathological profiling was conducted. Rats exposed to benzene showed increased liver and spleen weight, which was mitigated by the plant-extract-loaded SNBs. The differential white blood cell (WBC) count was higher in rats with benzene-induced haematotoxicity, but this count decreased significantly in rats treated with plant-extract-loaded SNBs. Additionally, blast cells observed in benzene-exposed rats were not found in rats treated with plant-extract-loaded SNBs. The SNBs facilitated targeted drug delivery of the three selected medicinal herbs at low doses. These results suggest that SNBs have promising potential as targeted drug delivery agents to mitigate haematotoxic effects induced by benzene in rats.

Otorhinolaryngological spectrum of diseases leading to Ophthalmological presentation in eye out patient department: An overview

Orbital complications are not so uncommon in ENT diseases. Being an adjacent structure, orbit is commonly involved which can be further complicated by vision loss and intracranial spread of infection and sometimes mortality. In this scenario proper imaging and and newer generation antibiotics can be a game changer. The study aims to demonstrate Ophthalmological manifestations in relation to otorhinolaryngological diseases. This was a retrospective observational study conducted in Eye outpatient department of Regional Hospital, Himachal Pradesh for the period of 1 year from July 2022 to June 2023. In a retrospective investigation, 28 cases of ophthalmological symptoms with root cause of various ENT disorders, mostly paranasal tumour expansions, nasopharyngeal tumour, and nasal furunculosis, were examined in connection to their age, gender, clinical, radiological, and histopathological profile. The most dependable investigating tool was considered as CT scan. Accordingly medical and surgical treatment were adopted owing to location and disease nature. A good cooperation and follow up is needed between ophthalmologist and otolaryngologist to overcome this challenge. A total of 28 patients who met the eligibility criteria were enrolled in the study. Average age of presentation was 36.2 years with 17 males and 11 females. Proptosis was the most common orbital manifestation found in 32.4% cases (n=9). Lagopthalmos was found in 25% cases (n=7) and preseptal cellulitis was found in 14.28% cases (n=4). Orbital cellulitis and cavernous sinus thrombosis was found in 7.14% cases (n=2). Orbital apex syndrome was found in 3.57% cases (n=1). To save the patient from Ophthalmological morbidity and maybe mortality, a high index of suspicion of early orbital involvement by thorough ENT examination is required. A team effort consisting of ophthalmologist and otorhinolaryngologist, acting jointly is needed in order to identify the underlying disease process and provide the appropriate care.

Protective effect of Cordia myxa leaves extract in FCA-induced arthritis in rats

Background: Arthritis, an age-related chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease primarily characterized by joint pain, swelling, stiffness, cartilage destruction, is increasing tremendously at an alarming rate and also becoming a major risk factor for other health complications. Cordia myxa, family Boraginaceae is an herbal plant used since ancient times for its various significant pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects. Scientific studies reporting anti-arthritic potential of leaves extract of this plant are still lacking. Therefore, the present work has been designed to investigate the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Cordia myxa leaves in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis in rats. Methods: Ethanolic extract (100mg/Kg, 200mg/Kg and 400mg/Kg) was investigated for their efficacy in the management of FCA induced arthritis in rats. Various parameters like paw volume (using plethysmograph), paw thickness (using Vernier calliper), body weight, hematological and histopathological profile were observed. The protocol was approved by Institutional Animal Ethical Committee (MMCP/IAEC/94) and was according to CPCSEA guidelines. Results: The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, saponins and carbohydrates in the ethanolic extract of Cordia myxa leaves. Promising results with significant improvement were discovered as evident from all determined parameters when compared with standard drug methotrexate, which might be due to the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids in the ethanolic extract of Cordia myxa leaves. Conclusion: The present study supports the traditional use of Cordia myxa leaves as potential anti-arthritic agent which can be effective in Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritis in rats, however its mode of action is still need to be studied.

Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as an Alternative to Marine Ingredients Elicits Superior Growth Performance and Resistance to Vibrio harveyi Infection for Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)

To assess the feasibility of incorporating insect meal and oil into diets for Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus Vannamei, a trial was conducted to measure growth and feed performance metrics within balanced iso-nitrogenous and iso-lipid (36% protein and 6% lipid) experimental diets formulated with standard commercially sources ingredients. Incremental levels of BSF larval meal (BSFM, 0.5 to 5%) were used to partially substitute the use of fishmeal (FM) in the diet. In addition, next group of dietS were designed by using incremental levels of BSF larval oil (BSFO (0.5 to 5%) with 0.5% BSFM as a reference to partially and completely replace the use of fish oil (FO) within the diet. Ten dietary treatments were evaluated as four replicates in 40 Hapa ponds assigned randomly. Shrimp of initial mean weight of 0.97 g were fed by hand over 90 days with feed intake based on an FCR of 1.5 and all parameters recorded to determine response. Inclusion of up to 5% of both BSF meal and oil improved performance with respect to growth rate and feed utilization efficiency FCR. Total hemocyte counts and lysozyme activity reflected these trends displaying advantages of BSF diet groups compared to the basal fed group of L. Vannamei. After the growth trial, a disease challenge test was undertaken using an infection model with Vibrio harveyi at a concentration of 105 CFU shrimp-1 under controlled laboratory settings. As such, several indices of health status were recorded that included hemocyte counts, lysozyme activity as well as histopathology of the hepatopancreas that is a prime indicator of the progression of disease and a reflection on health status. Insect meal and oil inclusions increased survival from 40% to 60 - 80% and in accordance, raised the immune response and improved histopathological profiles of hepatopancreas tissues.

Early-Onset Colon Cancer: A Narrative Review of Its Pathogenesis, Clinical Presentation, Treatment, and Prognosis.

Colon cancer remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths, and there has been a rise in the incidence of early-onset colon cancer or colon cancer diagnosed before the age of 50 years old. Early-onset colon cancerhas several differences in clinical presentation, as well as histopathology, geneticalteration, and molecular profiling. Early-onset colon cancer can be differentiated into familial type that includes hereditary familial syndrome and sporadic type. Demographic variance also exists in both developing and developed countries. Due to the rising incidence of colon cancer diagnosed in younger age, it is imperative to examine the available evidence regarding the mortality rate of early-onset colon cancer. Colon cancer is affected by numerous modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Increasing obesity and lifestyle disorders in the younger population, such as smoking, may influence this increasing trend. There are existing guidelines for colon cancer screening in both average-risk and high-risk individuals.This narrative review aims to highlight the pathogenesis of early-onset CRC; its clinical presentation, treatment, prognosis; and how it differs from late-onset CRC.

Estimation of Age of Abrasion by Histopathology Examination: A Cross-Sectional Study

Context: In India, abrasions are usually dated by the naked-eye observation of gross changes. Various researches consider the dating of abrasion by naked-eye examination as an uncertain and variable method. This may have signifi cant medical and legal ramifi cations. To improve the Aims: accuracy of the dating of abrasion, histopathology profi ling has been suggested. To estimate the age of abrasion by histopathology examination. Settings and Design: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 1st January 2021 to 30th June 2022. Methods and Materials: Total 102 abrasions from subjects aged 4 to 80 years were correlated with the time frame of the occurrence of diff erent microscopic changes that follow the abrasion. Abrasions ranging from 0.02 hours to >336 hours were studied, and based on the duration of infl iction, abrasions were divided into 10 groups. The representative area of abrasion with adjacent normal skin with an underlying soft tissue of thickness 0.5 cm to 1 cm was dissected and a control sample was taken of intact skin and preserved in 10% formalin solution for fi xation. The specimen was processed, and a histopathology slide was prepared and examined. Routine haematoxylin & eosin (H&E) staining done. Van Gieson’s stain was used to confi rm the presence of collagen. Statistical analysis used: Data were analysed using SPSS version 20.0 software. P<0.0 was considered signifi cant. Descriptive data were expressed as frequency; for the age group of abrasions (quantitative data), mean and SD were calculated; Pearson’s chi-square test of independence was used to compare the microscopic changes in abrasion with the age of infl iction. Results: A significant relationship was observed between the age of abrasion and histopathology fi ndings (X281=552.92, P<0.001). Conclusions: The reliability and accuracy of dating of abrasion increases if a histopathology examination is performed along with gross examination. To opine the age of injury accurately, the autopsy surgeon should subject the samples to histopathology examination.

Effect of Ethanolic Extract of Tetrapleura Tetraptera on Some Antioxidant Enzymes in Rats Administered 1, 2-Dimethylhydrazine

This work was aimed at determining the antioxidant activity of an ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits in rats administered DMH. Group 1 (positive control) contains rats without the administration of DMH, extract, or CMC. Group 2 (negative control) received DMH, 1 ml of 1% CMC, and no extract. Group 3 received a low dose of the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits (100mg/kg) and DMH. Group 4 received a high dose of the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera (200mg/kg) and DMH. The DMH was administered once a week for four consecutive weeks, while the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera was administered daily for four consecutive weeks. The result showed that there was a significant increase in the activities of SOD, CAT, and GST in rats administered an extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruits compared to the negative control group. In general, the introduction of Tetrapleura tetraptera to the rats caused an increase in the activity of the antioxidants compared to the negative control. The histopathological profile, however, showed that the DMH did not affect the liver, colon, and small intestine morphology. It could thus be concluded that the ethanol extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera fruit has potent antioxidant activity.

Intratumoral drug-releasing microdevices allow in situ high-throughput pharmaco phenotyping in patients with gliomas.

The lack of reliable predictive biomarkers to guide effective therapy is a major obstacle to the advancement of therapy for high-grade gliomas, particularly glioblastoma (GBM), one of the few cancers whose prognosis has not improved over the past several decades. With this pilot clinical trial (number NCT04135807), we provide first-in-human evidence that drug-releasing intratumoral microdevices (IMDs) can be safely and effectively used to obtain patient-specific, high-throughput molecular and histopathological drug response profiling. These data can complement other strategies to inform the selection of drugs based on their observed antitumor effect in situ. IMDs are integrated into surgical practice during tumor resection and remain in situ only for the duration of the otherwise standard operation (2 to 3 hours). None of the six enrolled patients experienced adverse events related to the IMD, and the exposed tissue was usable for downstream analysis for 11 out of 12 retrieved specimens. Analysis of the specimens provided preliminary evidence of the robustness of the readout, compatibility with a wide array of techniques for molecular tissue interrogation, and promising similarities with the available observed clinical-radiological responses to temozolomide. From an investigational aspect, the amount of information obtained with IMDs allows characterization of tissue effects of any drugs of interest, within the physiological context of the intact tumor, and without affecting the standard surgical workflow.

High prevalence of chronic endometritis is associated with metabolic abnormality and reduced live birth rate among IVF women with non-uniform endometrial echogenicity.

To assess the prevalence of chronic endometritis (CE) among women with non-uniform endometrial echogenicity, and to evaluate the association between CE and metabolic characteristics as well as pregnancy outcomes in the subsequent frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles. Retrospective cohort study. University-based hospitals and an academic medical center. A total of 315 patients included in this research underwent hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy before the first FET cycle after whole embryos freezing. Patients were divided into CE (histopathologic CE or hysteroscopic CE) and non-CE groups. Freeze-all strategy, hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. Baseline and cycle characteristics, hysteroscopic, and histopathological profile, as well as pregnancy outcomes. The prevalence of histopathologic CE and hysteroscopic CE were 78.1% and 34.9%, respectively. CE was associated with higher homocysteine level and BMI, independent of insulin response and dyslipidemia. High homocysteine level and BMI were risk factors for histopathologic CE (OR: 1.182; 95% CI: 1.01-1.384; p=.037) and hysteroscopic CE (OR: 1.117; 95% CI: 1.041-1.199; p=.002), respectively. Histopathologic CE was a risk factor for live birth (OR:2.167; 95% CI: 1.037-4.525; p=.04), and hysteroscopic CE was an independent risk factor for both live birth (OR: 4.239; 95% CI: 1.929-9.313; p=.001) and cumulative live birth (OR: 3.963; 95% CI: 1.875-8.376; p=.001). Infertile women with non-uniform endometrial echogenicity have a high prevalence of CE which significantly reduces the live birth rate. Diagnosing CE by hysteroscopy is important to assess the cumulative probability of pregnancy in IVF patients.

A study on the multidisciplinary diagnostic approach of leprosy: Can we prevent the recrudescence in the post-elimination Indian scenario?

Leprosy also widely known by the name Hansen's disease is a chronic disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae affecting mankind with various clinico-pathological forms. It remained a major public health issue due to associated case load, morbidity and stigma attached to it. India declared elimination of leprosy in the year 2005. However, it is surprising to see that in some parts of the country, the prevalence is still significant. The objective of the study is to describe the spectrum of histopathological profile of leprosy and compare its correlation with clinical diagnosis in this post elimination era. A 24-months prospective study was conducted with clinically diagnosed leprosy cases in a tertiary care hospital in eastern India. Lesions were graded and the histopathological slides along with its bacteriological index (BI) on slit skin smears where possible was reviewed and analyzed. Agreement of histopathological finding with clinical finding was established. A total of 220 cases were included in the study. On histopathology, borderline category was the most frequently reported with borderline tuberculoid the most common subtype. Most common clinical feature was hypopigmented plaque, followed by erythematous skin lesions, nodules, macules etc. Bacteriological index was studied in 192 slit skin smears. Moderate agreement between clinical and histopathological diagnosis with kappa measure of inter-rater agreement as 0.457 was noted. Clinico-histopathological correlation is pivotal in the accurate diagnosis of leprosy to prevent, treat, and control the resurgence of the disease in the post-elimination era.

Clinical, neurophysiological and histopathological profile of patients with neuropathic pain secondary to leprosy from a referral service in southeastern Brazil

Clinical, neurophysiological and histopathological profile of patients with neuropathic pain secondary to leprosy from a referral service in southeastern Brazil

Epidemiological and Histopathological Analysis of Head and Neck Cancers in Northern India- A Retrospective Review.

Head and neck malignancies are responsible for 30% of all cancers in India with a dramatic increase in numbers due to widespread tobacco consumption. This study aims to assess the epidemiological and histopathological spectrum of these tumors. A large retrospective review of 5469 biopsy-proven patients presenting between 2018 and 2022 with head and neck cancers was done. Tumors were analysed for distribution according to sites of presentations, gender, age and histopathological profiles. With a male-to-female ratio of 4.2:1, men constituted 80.80% of the study population. Mean age of presentation in women was 53.5 years, whereas men presented at an earlier age of 47.2 years. Oral cavity was the commonest site involved (59.7% cases) followed by the oropharynx (23.8% cases). Buccal mucosa was the commonest subsite involved with 1112 cases followed by tongue lesions with 1088 cases. Larynx was responsible for 17.04% of cases. All subsites were more commonly affected in men with the highest Male: Female ratio of 8.29:1 seen in larynx. The lowest ratio of 1.02:1 was seen in lesions of the face and scalp. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was the most common histopathological diagnosis encountered in 88.97% of cases followed by basal cell carcinoma which was seen in 2.10% lesions. Oral cavity lesions constitute the bulk of head and neck cancer presentations in India. The disease is more prevalent in men overall and men present at a younger age in comparison to women. SCC is the most prominent histopathology encountered in our study.

Assessment the toxicological perturbations of zinc oxide nanoparticles on histopathology, biochemistry and protein profile in marine mussels Brachidontes pharaonis

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) pose a major threat to aquatic life and their presence in the aquatic environment requires attention. This study intends to examine the impacts of ZnO NPs on Brachidontes pharaonis. Brachidontes pharaonis were divided into four groups, the control group and experimental groups exposed to ZnO NPs at concentrations of 1 mg/L, 5 mg/L, and 8 mg/L. The results revealed a decrease in protein and glucose, along with an increase in cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides. The SDS-PAGE showed changes in the concentration of protein. In histological observations, there was necrosis in the epithelial cells, infiltration in the connective tissue between ovarian follicles, hemorrhage of blood vessels in gill filaments, and fibrosis in muscle myofibrils. Histochemical studies showed a rise in mucous cells in gill filaments and an increase in collagen fibers in the muscle. As concluded, ZnO NPs lead to alteration in biochemical parameters, protein profile, and histopathological changes in B. pharaonis.

A complete spectrum of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung deceptive clinical presentations and histological surprises; a single institutional study from a tertiary care hospital in North India.

Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformations (CCAM) are rare congenital anomalies of the lungs characterised by bronchopulmonary foregut malformations due to a sudden arrest in the development of the bronchial tree in the first trimester of the gestational period. : The present study was aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological profiles of the patients and study patient outcomes after 1 year of surgical resection. All patients diagnosed with CCAM by histological examination of tissue obtained on surgical resection during the study period were included in the study. Data, such as patient demographics and clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, were recorded, and follow-up information was taken on OPD follow-up till 1 year after surgery regarding respiratory infections, haemoptysis or mortality. : Out of 21 patients, 11 were female and included in the study between the ages of 1 month and 32 years, with >50% younger than 2 years. Most patients in the study had recurrent pneumonia, with difficulty in breathing being the second most common presenting complaint. All patients had undergone computed tomography (CT) of the lungs, which was able to diagnose cystic lesions accurately in >80% of cases. Histologically, all cases were classified based on recent Strocker's classification, and Type 1 was the most commonly observed with 13 cases, followed by Type 2 in five and Type 3 in three patients. There was no evidence of malignant transformation in any of the cases. There was 100% survival at the end of 1 year, with six patients having respiratory infections and none of the patients getting hospitalised over 1 year after surgery. CCAM is a rare congenital anomaly associated with significant morbidity and may present at any age. It can be histologically classified into three subtypes, with Type 1 being the most common. Early surgical management is mandatory to prevent complications such as recurrent infections, respiratory distress, pneumothorax, lung abscess and malignant transformation. All patients included in the study had undergone surgical resection, and there was 100% survival at 1-year follow-up.

Cutaneous Syncytial Myoepithelioma: A Unique Variant Worth Recognizing.

Cutaneous syncytial myoepithelioma is a recently characterized variant of cutaneous myoepithelioma with a distinct histopathological and immunohistochemical profile. It is more common in men and predominately involves upper and lower extremities. Microscopically, it is a dermal tumor with a characteristic solid syncytial growth pattern displaying positivity with EMA and S100 immunohistochemical stains. Lately, EWSR1-PBX3 fusion has been documented in a vast majority. Although it follows a benign clinical course, its histopathological differential diagnosis includes clinically aggressive neoplasia. This contribution summarizes the derivation, clinical presentation, histopathological and immunohistochemical features, molecular genetics, pertinent differential diagnosis, and behavior of this unique cutaneous appendageal tumor.