Histopathological Examination Of Tissues Research Articles

Spatially Heterogeneous Land Cover/Land Use and Climatic Risk Factors of Tick-Borne Feline Cytauxzoonosis

Feline cytauxzoonosis is a highly fatal tick-borne disease caused by a hemoparasitic protozoan, Cytauxzoon felis. This disease is a leading cause of mortality for cats in the Midwestern United States, and no vaccine or effective treatment options exist. Prevention based on knowledge of risk factors is therefore vital. Associations of different environmental factors, including recent climate were evaluated as potential risk factors for cytauxzoonosis using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). There were 69 cases determined to be positive for cytauxzoonosis based upon positive identification of C. felis within blood film examinations, tissue impression smears, or histopathologic examination of tissues. Negative controls totaling 123 were selected from feline cases that had a history of fever, malaise, icterus, and anorexia but lack of C. felis within blood films, impression smears, or histopathologic examination of tissues. Additional criteria to rule out C. felis among controls were the presence of regenerative anemia, cytologic examination of blood marrow or lymph node aspirate, other causative agent diagnosed, or survival of 25 days or greater after testing. Potential environmental determinants were derived from publicly available sources, viz., US Department of Agriculture (soil attributes), US Geological Survey (land-cover/landscape, landscape metrics), and NASA (climate). Candidate variables were screened using univariate logistic models with a liberal p value (0.2), and associations with cytauxzoonosis were modeled using a global multivariate logistic model (p<0.05). Spatial heterogeneity among significant variables in the study region was modeled using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) approach. Total Edge Contrast Index (TECI), grassland-coverage, humidity conditions recorded during the 9(th) week prior to case arrival, and an interaction variable, "diurnal temperature range × percent mixed forest area" were significant risk factors for cytauxzoonosis in the study region. TECI and grassland areas exhibited significant regional differences in their effects on cytauxzoonosis outcome, whereas others were uniform. Land-cover areas favorable for tick habitats and climatic conditions that favor the tick life cycle are strong risk factors for feline cytauxzoonosis. Spatial heterogeneity and interaction effects between land-cover and climatic variables may reveal new information when evaluating risk factors for vector-borne diseases.

Is routine pathological evaluation of tissue from gynecomastia necessary? A 15-year retrospective pathological and literature review

Objective To reconsider the routine plastic surgical practice of requesting histopathological evaluation of tissue from gynecomastia. Method The present study was a retrospective histopathological review (15-year period [1996 to 2012]) involving gynecomastia tissue samples received at the pathology laboratory in the Saskatoon Health Region (Saskatchewan). The Laboratory Information System (LIS) identified all specimens using the key search words “gynecomastia”, “gynaecomastia”, “gynecomazia” and “gynaecomazia”. A literature review to identify all cases of incidentally discovered malignancies in gynecomastia tissue specimens over a 15-year period (1996 to present) was undertaken. Results The 15-year LIS search detected a total of 452 patients that included two cases of pseudogynecomastia (0.4%). Patients' age ranged from five to 92 years and 43% of the cases were bilateral (28% left sided, 29% right sided). The weight of the specimens received ranged from 0.2 g to 1147.2 g. All cases showed no significant histopathological concerns. The number of tissue blocks sampled ranged from one to 42, averaging four blocks/case (approximately $105/case), resulting in a cost of approximately $3,200/year, with a 15-year expenditure of approximately $48,000. The literature review identified a total of 15 incidental findings: ductal carcinoma in situ (12 cases), atypical ductal hyperplasia (two cases) and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (one case). Conclusions In the context of evidence-based literature, and because no significant pathological findings were detected in this particular cohort of 452 cases with 2178 slides, the authors believe it is time to re-evaluate whether routine histopathological examination of tissue from gynecomastia remains necessary. The current climate of health care budget fiscal restraints warrants reassessment of the current policies and practices of sending tissue samples of gynecomastia incurring negative productivity costs on routine histopathological examination.

Isolated tuberculosis of talus: a case report.

Tuberculosis still remains a leading infection, causing death and disability worldwide. We report a patient with isolated tuberculosis of the talus bone. A 14 year old boy reported with an eight-month history of swelling and pain in his left ankle joint. Routine investigations indicated positive aetiology of tuberculous infection . Surgical curettage of the talus and, debridement were performed and a below knee POP cast was applied along with anti TB therapy. After 18 months postoperative , the patient was able to carry out his daily activities without pain .The ankle and foot are rarely affected and account for only 1% of all TB infections. Provisional diagnosis can be made through history and routine investigations but confirmation by the identification of the bacillus from the local lesion or by a histopathological examination of tissue. Talus tuberculosis should be considered in any long standing inflammatory pathology of the ankle. Debridement, Sequester, Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis of capitate bone in a skeletally immature patient: a case report.

Primary Tuberculosis of wrist joint and carpal bone is rare, and when occurring it usually affects adults. We present a case of isolated tuberculosis of capitate bone; which was confirmed with intra-osseous tissue histopathological examination in a skeletally immature 12-year old boy. There was no signs of reactivation seen at follow-up 18 months after treatment.

Detection and Identification of a Gammaherpesvirus inAntechinusspp. in Australia

We detected herpesvirus infection in a male yellow-footed antechinus (Antechinus flavipes) and male agile antechinus (Antechinus agilis) during the period of postmating male antechinus immunosuppression and mortality. Histopathologic examination of tissues revealed lesions consistent with herpesvirus infection in the prostate of both animals. Herpesvirus virions were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the prostate tissue collected from the male yellow-footed antechinus. Herpesvirus DNA was detected in prostate, liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and ocular/nasal tissues using a pan-herpesvirus PCR targeting the viral DNA polymerase. Nucleotide sequencing identified a novel herpesvirus from the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily that we have tentatively designated dasyurid herpesvirus 1 (DaHV-1).

Obstructive pseudotumor of tuberculosis in a young woman: a rare presentation.

Retroperitoneal pseudotumor is an extremely rare presentation of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. The diagnosis of this paucibacillary disease is difficult which is usually misdiagnosed as a malignant tumor. High index of suspicion is required for early diagnosis and treatment of retroperitoneal pseudotumor which can affect prognosis of this disease. Because of its rarity and difficult diagnosis, we report an 18-year-old immunocompetent girl who presented with abdominal pain and vomiting. Upper endoscopy showed an exudative mass between the second and third parts of duodenum. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a large retroperitoneal mass with extension into small bowel. Exploratory laparotomy and histopathological examination of tissue showed calcified granuloma. Ziehl-Neelsen staining and PCR confirmed the tuberculosis. The patient was successfully treated with standard antituberculosis therapy.

Value of histopathologic examination of uterine products after first-trimester miscarriage.

The main rationale of routine histopathologic examination of products after first-trimester miscarriages is to detect an ectopic pregnancy or a molar pregnancy, which require further management. An alternative approach is to examine the products only when there is a definite indication. As there is no agreement, we aimed to study whether routine histopathological examination of tissues obtained after first-trimester miscarriage is of any clinical value in our populations. Medical records of all (558) patients with a diagnosis of first-trimester miscarriage over 4 years (2007–2010) at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, were reviewed. Histopathologic examination confirmed products of conception in 537 (96.2%) patients, no products of conception in 17 (3%) patients, molar pregnancy in 2 (0.4%) patients, and decidual tissues without chorionic villi (Arias-Stella reaction) in 2 (0.4%) patients. After clinical correlation, only one unsuspected partial molar pregnancy was diagnosed by histopathology examination. Conclusion is that it does not appear reasonable to perform histopathological examination routinely after all first-trimester miscarriages in our studied population. We recommend that histopathological examination be performed in select instances: when the diagnosis is uncertain, when fewer tissues have been obtained during surgery, when unexpected pathology was seen, when ultrasound suggests a molar pregnancy, or when patients are considered at high risk for trophoblastic disease.

Is routine pathological evaluation of tissue from gynecomastia necessary? A 15-year retrospective pathological and literature review

To reconsider the routine plastic surgical practice of requesting histopathological evaluation of tissue from gynecomastia. The present study was a retrospective histopathological review (15-year period [1996 to 2012]) involving gynecomastia tissue samples received at the pathology laboratory in the Saskatoon Health Region (Saskatchewan). The Laboratory Information System (LIS) identified all specimens using the key search words "gynecomastia", "gynaecomastia", "gynecomazia" and "gynaecomazia". A literature review to identify all cases of incidentally discovered malignancies in gynecomastia tissue specimens over a 15-year period (1996 to present) was undertaken. The 15-year LIS search detected a total of 452 patients that included two cases of pseudogynecomastia (0.4%). Patients' age ranged from five to 92 years and 43% of the cases were bilateral (28% left sided, 29% right sided). The weight of the specimens received ranged from 0.2 g to 1147.2 g. All cases showed no significant histopathological concerns. The number of tissue blocks sampled ranged from one to 42, averaging four blocks/case (approximately $105/case), resulting in a cost of approximately $3,200/year, with a 15-year expenditure of approximately $48,000. The literature review identified a total of 15 incidental findings: ductal carcinoma in situ (12 cases), atypical ductal hyperplasia (two cases) and infiltrating ductal carcinoma (one case). In the context of evidence-based literature, and because no significant pathological findings were detected in this particular cohort of 452 cases with 2178 slides, the authors believe it is time to re-evaluate whether routine histopathological examination of tissue from gynecomastia remains necessary. The current climate of health care budget fiscal restraints warrants reassessment of the current policies and practices of sending tissue samples of gynecomastia incurring negative productivity costs on routine histopathological examination.

In vivo confocal microscopy and histopathology of the conjunctiva in trachomatous scarring and normal tissue: a systematic comparison

AimTo compare in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) with the histopathological examination of tissue and cellular changes in normal and diseased conjunctiva.MethodsParticipants underwent clinical examination and IVCM of the tarsal conjunctiva....

Antitumor Efficacy and Tolerability of Systemically Administered Gallium Acetylacetonate-Loaded Gelucire-Stabilized Nanoparticles

The widespread clinical success with most gallium compounds in cancer therapy is markedly hampered by lack of tumor specific accumulation, poor tumor permeability and undesirable toxicity to healthy tissues. The aim of this work was to investigate for the first time antitumor mechanism of a new gallium compound (gallium acetylacetonate; GaAcAc) while assessing effectiveness of gelucire-stabilized nanoparticles (NPs) for potential application in gallium-based lung cancer therapy. NPs loaded with GaAcAc (Ga-NPs) were prepared using mixtures of cetyl alcohol with Gelucire 44/14 (Ga-NP-1) or Gelucire 53/13 (Ga-NP-2) as matrix materials. Of special note from this work is the direct evidence of involvement of microtubule disruption in antitumor effects of GaAcAc on human lung adenocarcinoma (A549). In-vivo tolerability studies were based on plasma ALT, creatinine levels and histopathological examination of tissues. The superior in-vivo antitumor efficacy of Ga-NPs over GaAcAc was depicted in marked reduction of tumor weight and tumor volume as well as histological assessment of excised tumors. Compared to free GaAcAc, Ga-NPs showed a 3-fold increase in tumor-to-blood gallium concentrations with minimized overall exposure to healthy tissues. Overall, enhancement of antitumor effects of GaAcAc by gelucire-stabilized NPs coupled with reduced exposure of healthy tissues to gallium would likely ensure desired therapeutic outcomes and safety of gallium-based cancer treatment.

Feasibility and safety of minilaparoscopy-guided spleen biopsy

We read with interest the article by Werner et al. [1]. We appreciate their effort to clarify the usefulness of this technique in practice of establishing the diagnosis of splenic abnormalities. However, we have several concerns about this technique. In the setting of cystic tumors or some inflammatory lesions such as tuberculosis, it is difficult to guarantee that cells will not be disseminated in the peritoneal cavity in the process of spleen biopsy. There was no peritoneal disseminations reported in the series. I hope the authors can share their experience in preventing peritoneal dissemination. During the process of minilaparoscopy-guided spleen biopsy, we wonder how the authors located the lesions that were in the parenchyma of the spleen. We are also concerned with the indications of this procedure. In our opinion, it is not suitable for all patients with focal splenic lesions detected in prior imaging studies to undergo minilaparoscopy-guided spleen biopsy. For many lesions, such as hemangioma and tuberculoma, mere diagnosis of these abnormalities is insufficient. Treatment, such as splenectomy or partial splenectomy, is required. During the last decade, which has seen a strong emphasis on the preservation of the immunologic function of the spleen, there has been an increased interest in performing a partial splenectomy for a number of indications, including nonparasitic cysts, benign tumors, and lymphoma staging [2, 3]. In the setting of these lesions, we prefer splenectomy or partial splenectomy to spleen biopsy for the reason that splenectomy or partial splenectomy not obtain more tissue for histopathologic examination while simultaneously removing the lesions. We agree with Werner et al. that minilaparoscopyguided spleen biopsy is an effective and safe procedure to establish a definitive diagnosis for many patients. However, we think that it is not suitable for all patients with focal splenic lesions found via prior imaging studies. The selection criteria for this technique should be better defined.

An unusual case of chronic salpingitis

<h3>Aim</h3> Discussion of an unusual cause of chronic salpingitis in a returned traveller, Australians being amongst some of the most widely-travelled people in the world. <h3>Case report</h3> The patient, a 44-year-old nulliparous woman was referred to her gynaecologist for investigation of longstanding irregular bleeding, unresponsive to Implanon. On laparoscopic investigation, the appearance of the right fallopian tube was suggestive of tubal carcinoma. A right salpingoopho-rectomy was performed and tissue submitted for histopathology. <h3>Method</h3> Histopathological examination of tissue and clinical follow-up of case. <h3>Results</h3> Examination revealed extensive involvement of fallopian tube mass by calcifying nodules of granulomatous inflammation containing numerous schistosome ova, with no evidence of malignancy. Follow-up included treatment with praziquantel and annual urine cytology. <h3>Discussion</h3> Discussion includes the differential diagnoses of granulomatous salpingitis; the route of infection including brief discussion of the lifecycle of <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i>; symptomatology of <i>S. haematobium</i> infection, which may lead to delayed diagnosis and presentation to a practitioner who is unfamiliar with the infection; ecological changes which have resulted in Lake Malawi becoming a reservoir of schistosomes, and failure of travellers to be informed; the consequences of long-term untreated urogenital schistosomiasis; and treatment of these cases once diagnosed, with monitoring for complications.

Morphology, sex ratio and cause of death in Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea) pups

During a study of the demographics of the Australian sea lion (Neophoca cinerea), the sex ratio and morphology were obtained from 128 pups at Seal Bay Conservation Park over three breeding seasons (2002–03, 2004 and 2005–06). Gross necropsies were also performed. Dead pups were small and young, averaging 8.0 and 7.0 kg in weight, and 75.2 and 71.3 cm in length, for males and females respectively, only 1.8 kg heavier and 6.7 cm longer than newborn pups. There was no sex bias in the dead pups overall or in each cause of death classification. In 49% of mortalities, cause of death could not be inferred from gross necropsy and pups appeared in good condition. In pups in which cause of death was inferred, trauma inflicted by conspecifics was the primary result in both males and females (31.6%), followed by emaciation (10.4%), stillbirth or premature birth (7.6%) and possible shark attack (1.4%). Histopathological examination of tissues and other investigations would be required to determine whether other factors, such as disease or parasitic infection, and pollutant contamination contribute to pup mortality.

Children Pilomatricoma (Calcifying epithelioma): A case of Atypical Placement

Pilomatricoma is benign skin tumor originates from outer sheath of hair follicle cells and is usually locates on head, neck and upper extremities. 40% of pilomatricomas are diagnosed in the first decade of life. It is most commonly seen between the ages of 8-13 in children. These nodular tumors are rarely multiple and familial. Pediatricians are not so familiar to these tumors, so true initial diagnosisis is not usually feasible. The definitive diagnosis is made by histopathological examination of tissue obtained by excisional biopsy. Although its rare, because of tumors metastasis potential and recurrence potentiality in cases that accurate excision could not be obtained, wide surgical excision should be performed. The incidence of recurrence is very low. In this report; 10 months old male patient with pilomatricoma, diagnosed by pathology procedures, is presented who was examined detailly many times due to huge puffy mass in the head kept growing from 4 months of age.

Proliferative myositis: A case report and review of literature

Proliferative myositis is a benign, reactive, pseudosarcomatous fibroblastic proliferation associated with bizarre giant cells resembling ganglion cells. It is most commonly seen in 5 th decade of life. It is a skeletal muscle counterpart of proliferative fasciitis, which clinically and histologically resembles it. It most commonly affects skeletal muscles of shoulder, thorax, and thigh. Trauma is considered to be most common etiological factor. Grossly, it presents as a discrete solitary nodular mass with irregular margins measuring 1-6 cm in size. Histopathological examination of tissue shows sheets of myofibroblasts amixed with large cells, which resemble ganglion cells. Immunohistochemical evaluation of the tissue shows positivity for vimentin and SMA and negativity for desmin in myofibroblasts, whereas ganglion cell-like cells are focally positive for SMA. We report a case of proliferative myositis in a 42-years-old female patient who presented with a slow-growing, painless, irregular swelling in left forearm 3 cm below the elbow.

Role of peritoneal ultrasonography and ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology/biopsy of extravisceral masses in the diagnosis of ascites of undetermined origin

Background and study aimsAscites may be of undetermined origin despite comprehensive study. This study aimed to assess the accuracy and safety of conventional and interventional high-frequency peritoneal ultrasound in the diagnosis of patients with ascites of unclear origin. Patients and methodsA total of 62 patients were prospectively enrolled; they underwent conventional (3.5–5MHz) and high-frequency (6–8MHz) transabdominal peritoneal ultrasound to suggest the nature of ascites supplemented by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) of ascites and/or core biopsy of the omentum or other extra-visceral masses for final histopathologic diagnosis. Laparoscopy or laparotomy was needed if biopsy was inconclusive. ResultsUltrasound-guided procedures were diagnostic in 55 (87.7%) patients. Thirty-six (58.1%) were benign, of whom 86% had tuberculous peritonitis, 26 (41.9%) were malignant, of whom 76.9% had peritoneal metastasis. High-frequency ultrasound was able to propose ultrasonographic criteria in a trial to diagnose the nature of ascites. Our proposed ultrasonographic criteria were based on the amount and texture of ascites in addition to the omental and mesenteric features. These were able to suggest the diagnosis with 80.7% sensitivity for malignant ascites and 75% specificity for benign ascites. Moreover, histopathological examination of tissues obtained by ultrasound-guided procedures increased the sensitivity to 88.5% and the specificity to 88.9% in diagnosing malignant and benign disease, respectively, with an overall diagnostic accuracy of 88.6%. These procedures were considered to be safe as only one major (haemoperitoneum) and two minor complications (temporary ascitic fistula) were reported. ConclusionHigh-frequency peritoneal ultrasound together with the minimally invasive ultrasound-guided FNAC/biopsy of extra-visceral lesions may be considered an effective and safe tool in the diagnosis of ascites of undetermined origin.

Protothecosis

Protothecosis is a rare infection caused by achlorophyllic algae that are members of the genus Prototheca. They are ubiquitous in nature in organic material. The clinical manifestations can be acute or chronic and local or disseminated. The disease is classified as cutaneous, causing bursitis or disseminated/systemic, affecting both immunocompetent and immunosuppressed patients, with more severe and disseminated infections occurring in immunocompromised individuals. Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii are the most frequent organisms reported in humans. Diagnosis is made by observing asexual sporangia (thecas) on histopathological examination of tissue. Medical and surgical treatment should be considered. Ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and amphotericin B are the most commonly used antifungals. Voriconazole and amphotericin B are highly effective against Prototheca spp. Treatment failure is not uncommon because of the comorbidities that limit the therapeutic outcome.

Studies on the Biochemical Effect of a Local Energy Drink (KPE) on Rats

KPE was produced from a blend of kola nut extract and fresh pineapple juice. 24 matured male Wister strain albino rats (190g – 230g) were used for the experiment. For the study, rats were divided into four (4) groups and treated for 4 weeks after 2 weeks acclimatisation as follows: experimental group 1 received 5–7 ml KPE/day, experimental group 2 received 10–14 ml KPE/day, and standard group 3 received 5–7 ml ‘power horse’(a commercial energy drink)/day while control group 4 was given ordinary water. The fasting blood glucose, body weight, feed intake and water intake were measured. The rats were sacrificed and blood samples were taken and used for liver and kidney functions analysis. The liver, kidney, heart and testis were excised and used for tissue histopathological examination. The result of the study indicated that fasting blood glucose was significantly elevated in groups 1, 2 and 3 when compared with group 4 (control). Body weight was significantly increases in the control (group 4) compared with groups 1, 2 and 3 Level of serum transaminases (alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase) was significantly higher in groups 1, 2 and 3 than in group 4. Serum urea level in group 3 and group 1 was not significantly greater than the control but group 2 showed significantly high serum urea level when compared with the control. Na+ concentration in all the groups was not significantly different while level of K+ was significantly higher in groups 1, 2 and 3 when compared with the control. The testis and liver of animals in groups 1, 2 and 3 were significantly enlarged but histopathological examination of tissues revealed no significant cellular abnormality. Result of the study suggests that chronic administration of KPE may alter liver and kidney function.

Bartonella henselae Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Bartonella henselae is the causative agent of cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis. The spectrum of disease, diagnosis, and management of B. henselae infection in solid organ transplant recipients has not been well characterized. We identified 29 cases of solid organ transplant recipients who had Bartonella infection, 24 by a review of the English-language literature and 5 from our institution. Localized cat scratch disease was found in 8 patients (28%), and disseminated infection was found in 21 patients (72%). The mean time after transplantation to development of Bartonella infection among those with cat scratch disease was 5.6 ± 5.3 years, and among those with disseminated infection was 2.7 ± 2.4 years. Prominent clinical features included cat exposure in 26 patients (90%), fever in 27 patients (93%), lymphadenopathy in 12 patients (41%), and skin lesions in 7 patients (24%). Methods used in establishing the diagnosis of Bartonella infection included culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, serologic assays, and histopathologic examination. Culture was positive in 2 of only 4 patients in whom this was performed, and PCR was positive in 12 of 14 patients (86%) in whom this test was performed. Serologic assays were positive in all 23 patients who were tested. Histopathologic examination of tissues in all 8 patients who had cat scratch disease revealed granulomatous inflammation in 4 (50%) and bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis in 2 (25%). Among the 15 patients who had disseminated infection and who had tissue examined, 8 (53%) had only granulomatous inflammation, 4 had only bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis (27%), and 2 had both granulomas and bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis (13%). A positive Warthin-Starry or Steiner stain was noted in 12 of 19 patients (63%) who had 1 of these stains performed. All 8 patients with cat scratch disease and 19 of 21 patients with disseminated bartonellosis were cured with antimicrobial therapy. Two patients, both of whom had endocarditis, died. Among solid organ transplant recipients, infection with B. henselae is uncommon and has diverse disease manifestations including disseminated disease. Persistent fevers or lymphadenopathy in a transplant recipient who has been exposed to cats should prompt clinicians to maintain a high index of suspicion for B. henselae infection. Identifying B. henselae as the causative organism often requires multiple diagnostic studies. Once the diagnosis is established, most solid organ transplant recipients respond appropriately to antimicrobial treatment.

Review on prion diseases in animals with emphasis to Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy

Prion diseases are known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSE). These are degenerative brain disorders characterized by tiny microscopic holes that give the brain 'spongy' appearance. The causative agent is proteinaceous infective particle called prion. Prion diseases affect a variety of mammals including humans. The disease is transmitted by contaminated food or feed containing prion protein. In animals the diseases caused by prions are Scrapie, Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), Transmissible Mink Encephalopathy (TME), Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD), Feline Spongiform Encephalopathy (FSE) and exotic Engulate Encephalopathy (EUE). Currently the only reliable test is histo-pathological examination of tissues. Control measures are surveillance, culling sick animals and banning specified risk materials. In India no case of BSE has been reported so far but the disease warrants constant monitoring and surveillance if once introduced or imported would be a herculean task to eradicate it.