Histology Laboratory Research Articles

Toxic effects of calcium carbide forced ripened pawpaw on the kidney of the Wistar rats

There is a global upsurge in terminal diseases due to unnoticed intake of toxic chemicals. One of such chemical is Calcium carbide, which has been used to ripen fruits by vendors. The aim of this study is to showcase the toxic effect of Calcium carbide coerced ripened Pawpaw on the kidney. Mature unripe Pawpaw’s were plucked off from the parent plant at Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. The fruits were dividing into two groups; one group was kept and allowed to rip at normal room temperature while the other group was induced with Calcium Carbide to ripe at the Histology Laboratory, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State. 10gram of Calcium carbide was placed in a bowl containing 5ml of water for dissolution in a closed metal bucket containing 1kg of the fruit [pawpaw] rapped with black nylon and was allowed for two days[48 hours] for ripening. After ripening, sampled fruits were washed and juiced. 600g of both the naturally ripened and calcium carbide ripened pawpaw were peeled separately and blended in an electric blender with 350ml/1L of deionized water. The juice was filtered and poured into clean bottles labeled [CaC2 induced ripened juice and naturally ripened pawpaw juice]; then stored in a refrigerator for subsequent use. 21 adult Wister rats of both sexes weighing between 126.9- 214.3g were used. They were divided into three groups for each sex, based on the body weight and then different concentrations of naturally ripened and calcium carbide induced ripened Pawpaw were administered orally. LD50 was carried out using Lorke, 1983 [13] method for administration of samples using nine [9] Wistar rats. 12 Wistar rats were used for the main experiment. Group 1: Normal control group of 4 rats [2 males and 2 females] receive normal water and feeds only as placebo. Group 2 : Treatment Group [1] of 4 rats [2 males and 2 females] received 5ml/kg naturally ripened pawpaw juice. Group 3: Treatment Group [2] of 4 Wistar rats [2 males and 2 females] received Calcium Carbide ripened pawpaw for 4 weeks. 5ml/kg for both the natural fruit and the CaC2 ripened fruits were administered against each body weight of the adult Wistar rats. The Wistar rats were weighed, one was sacrificed in the groups, each week and blood and organ samples were collected from the three groups for hematological and histopathological analysis. Results showed increase in Creatinine, Urea, and Albumin of the treated groups in contrast to the control (p<0.05). Also there is moderate to severe renal tubular degeneration and tubular necrosis of the Calcium Carbide treated group as against the control. In conclusion Calcium carbide causes complete renal failure and subsequently death may arise.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of ALDH1 and ALDH2 as cancer stem cell markers in Iraqi patients with colon carcinoma

Colon cancer is the second most popular cause of death. is a important public health issue in developed countries for many years because of its frequency even with the screening and preventative strategies. It stills the second most common cancer in women and third prevalent cancer in men. Like other tumors. The most drug resistance subsets of cancer cells with high proliferation capacity are colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) with self renewal and multi differentiation capacities. recently indicate that aldehyde dehydrogenase have role in drug resistance ALDH1 and ALDH2 have prognostic and clinicopathological value in colon cancer. The research involved 60 patients (both men and women) ranging in age from 35 to 65 years old. The samples taken from the Ministry of Health and Environment the medical city hospital’s histology laboratory, the Department of Education Laboratories. Colon cancer samples were divided into three groups: group I contained 20 samples from patients recently diagnosed with colon cancer, group II included samples from relapse patients who received chemotherapy but the tumor relapsed, and group III are resistance patient. This study was planned to evaluate the ALDH1 and ALDH2 as a marker for colon cancer stem cell.The percentage of the positivity forALDH1 and ALDH 2 shows in Figs. 3-7. The result are different between groups. Group one (new diagnosis patients) recorded low expression forALDH1 and ALDH2 about 33% forALDH1 and 48% forALDH2 in comparison with group II (relapsed patient) that represented moderate expression to the marker ( 63% and 72% forALDH1 and ALDH2, respectively). While, the higher expression was for group III (resistance patient) with percent of expression 80% and 90%

A freeze-substitution approach with solvent-based glyoxal fixative to prevent distortion of ocular structures

ABSTRACT Investigating the function of delicate mammalian eyes often requires chemical fixation, histological sectioning, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and in situ hybridization (ISH). One of the long-standing challenges in the ocular histology field is the limited success of maintaining intact morphology via cryo- or paraffin procedures. Although our latest protocol significantly improved the morphology of mouse eyeball sections, the window technique is time-consuming and requires extensive practice to avoid damage while making windows. In this study, we present a novel glyoxal fixative that is suitable for a freeze-substitution approach to improve both morphology and molecular target preservation of mouse eyes. The method prevents morphology distortion in all tested eyeballs. Therefore, it suits a variety of research needs from morphological examination to investigation of single-molecule RNA expression, using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain, IHC, and ISH assays on either frozen (cryo) or paraffin-infiltrated tissue sections. In addition, this method can be easily performed in many histology laboratories.

Histological and histochemical study of large intestine in Camel (Camelus Dromedarius)

Current study was performed to describe the Histohistological and histochemical structures of the large intestine in Iraqi one humped camel (Camelus Dromedarius). Five healthy male camels Approximately 3 to 4 years old were chosen and their specimens from cecum, colon and rectum. The specimens were directly transferred after the animal’s slaughtering to the histology lab at College of Veterinary Medicine for subsequent histological techniques. Tissue specimensfrom various parts of the large intestine (cecum, colon and rectum) were collected and fixed with 10% neutral buffered formalin then subjected to routine tissue processing. Sections of 6 micrometers thickness were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for general histology and Periodic Acid Schiff combine with Alcian blue (AB–PAS), Masson's trichrome as well as Verhoeff stains for histochemical description. Microscopic findings revealed four tunicae constructing the wall of cecum, colon and rectum mucosa, that were from the inner most mucosa, submucosa, muscularis and the outer most either serosa or adventitia. The tunica mucosa characterized by simple columnar epithelium rested on basement membrane and the presence of muscularis mucosa which separated mucosa from the underneath submucosa. Crypts of Lieberkühn and goblet cells were abundant in the colonic epithelium. The submucosa was made up of irregular connective tissue rich with adipose tissue and was supplied well with many blood vessels. Tunica muscularis in all over the three parts of large intestine was made up of inner circular smooth muscle fibers and outer longitudinal smooth muscle fibers. The tunica serosa, and in parts replaced by adventitia, was made up of loose connective tissues.

LB921 Role of VivaScope ® 2500 in skin pathology: Advantages, limitations, and future prospects

The purpose is to highlight the advantages, limitations and future prospects of a novel cutaneous imaging device (VIvaScope 2500) that was used in a clinical setting for 6 months. This device was used as an adjunct device in a dermatology clinic. This device was used to view margins of excised cutaneous cancers while performing Mohs surgeries; this device was also used to image many excisions that were performed in the clinic before sending them to the histology lab. The staining protocol that we used for freshly excised tissues included 1)Dipping in 20 % Acetic Acid for 30 secs , followed by 2) Dipping in 0.5 mM Acridine Orange solution for 30 secs, followed by 3) Dipping in Normal saline to remove excess dye. Ex Vivo Microscopy (EVM) expedites the process to view skin pathology. It takes approximately 5 minutes to view the excised tissue under VivaScope as compared to frozen sectioning which takes 20 minutes on average. EVM is an ideal device to view margins of cutaneous tumors. This feature allows it to be an excellent adjunct tool to be used clinically to expedite Mohs surgeries. EVM can serve as an adjunct tool to confirm the diagnosis of clinically benign lesions. The use of ex vivo microscopy is not without limitation , compared to traditional formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, the image's resolution is still incomparable. Despite good nuclear contrast, there is still a considerable gap in resolution for ex vivo imaging. In diagnostic pathology, a subtle change in the nucleus can be interpreted as mild dysplasia, which is evident in FFPE slides, not ex vivo microscopic (EVM) images. There is great potential in this new ex vivo imaging tool. It allows real time quasi histologic microscopic examination of freshly excised cutaneous tissue and does not require traditional tissue embedding, processing and sectioning.

Histopathological Analysis of Faunus Ater Ovotestis in Bale and Reuleueng Rivers, Aceh Besar Regency, Aceh Province Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Faunus ater is one of the macrozoobenthos that is often consumed by the community, especially in the Leupung and Lhoknga areas, Aceh Besar District. The presence of Pb and Zn is suspected to be able to damage the body cells of F. ater, especially the ovotestis organ. Ovotestis is an organ in mollusks in general that can produce egg cells and sperm cells simultaneously. AIM: The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of damage to the Ovotestis of F. ater based on the state of the damaged Ovotestis cells. METHODS: The method of this research method is F. ater that samples were taken from Bale and Reuleung River, each river is divided into three stations and at each station, three samples of F. ater are taken. Ovotestical histopathological analysis was carried out at the Histology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Syiah Kuala University. Preparation of ovotestis histology preparations using the paraffin method. Previously, F. ater was terminated and carcass surgery was performed. The level of damage to female gametes and male gametes was carried out descriptively by observing gonadal cells undergoing necrosis, hypertrophy, and lysis. Observation of the level of damage to the ovotestis tissue of F. ater was carried out using a cell damage scoring system, namely, the level of damage, the type of damage, and the scoring value. RESULTS: The level of tissue damage to the ovotestis organ of F. ater was at level III with a score of 6. The highest percentage of damage occurred in Krueng Bale, namely, 19.027% for male gonads and 42.687% for female gonads. While the highest percentage of damage to ovotestis organ occurred in Krueng Reuleung 15,489% for male gonads and 40,695% for female gonads. CONCLUSION: The result shows that there was damage to the gonads of F. ater in Krueng Bale and Krueng Reuleung based on the number of fully-formed oocytes/sperm, the number of incompletely formed oocytes/sperm, and the number of damaged oocytes/sperm.

A method for the development of cranial fracture histology slides.

Cranial vault fractures are of medicolegal interest as they have long‐term impacts to someone's health and may contribute to an individual's death. The ability to distinguish antemortem from perimortem fractures and to assess the age of the injury is increasingly dependent on histology. Despite the increasing role of histology in assessing the microanatomy of osseous fractures, there are no methods currently available which account for the nuances and difficulties in creating high‐quality histologic slides of cranial vault fractures that allow visualization of cellular features associated with healing bone. The authors present a modified method specific to slide development of human cranial vault fractures derived from the trial‐and‐error process of creating 730 such slides over a 3‐year period which are suitable for the evaluation of the tissues, cells, and nuclei involved in fracture healing. This method adapts and troubleshoots typical histological procedures including sample excision, fixation, decalcification, dehydrating, clearing, embedding, microtomy, and staining, and introduces new procedures including preprocessing photography and cassette placement. By implementing these modifications, the number of poor‐quality slides that required a new section to be sent to the histology laboratory was greatly reduced. Proactively implementing this new method into cranial fracture histologic slide development significantly reduces the number of slide rejections due to common issues like folding, chatter, or insufficient staining, saving both time and financial resources for forensic practitioners, researchers, and histotechnologists.

Minyak Zaitun Sebagai Pengganti xylene pada Prosesing Jaringan Histologis Untuk Pewarnaan Kulit dan Hepar Mencit dengan Hematoxylin Eosin: Sebuah Studi Perbandingan

Clearing results in histological processing can be affected due to tissue density and viscosity of the clearing agent. xylene is the most commonly used aromatic solvent for clearing agents and deparaffinizing agents in histopathology laboratories, but xylene is one of the most dangerous chemicals found in histology laboratories. Based on the dangers posed by xylene, a replacement material is needed. Several xylene substitutes such as reagents derived from limonene, aliphatic hydrocarbons, vegetable oils and mineral oils have been commercially developed, but the available xylene substitutes are still less effective, more expensive, and still as dangerous as xylene itself. Substitutes that are considered safer are from natural oils, one of which is olive oil which has similarities with xylene, namely in hydrocarbon and phenol compounds. This study used two types of tissue, namely skin and liver from mice (Mus musculus) which were cut into two parts; the first part uses xylene as and the other part uses olive oil as a clearing agent. The assessment of hematoxylin eosin staining results were determined based on the category of assessment of cell structure, such as the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and color uniformity carried out by three readers and five fields of view for each microscopic slide at 40X magnification of the objective lens. Comparison of observations of the xylene group in skin and liver tissue 100% got a good score on the cell nucleus, cytoplasm, and color uniformity. (p=1,000). The olive oil group had a slight difference in color uniformity in liver tissue when compared to skin, but not statistically different (p=0.773). The comparison of the overall readings of the xylene and olive oil groups on skin and liver tissue also showed no statistically different (p=0.262). So it can be concluded that olive oil can be recommended as a substitute for xylene in the clearing process in histological tissue processing.

Exploring the gap in the Occupational Safety And Health Administration (OSHA) laboratory standard: a literature review and recommendations to enhance histology laboratory safety practices

ABSTRACT This article discusses current available resources with respect to regulatory agencies including the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) for determining the requirements placed upon laboratories for handling hazardous materials. The focus is specific to the histology laboratory and xylene use, and includes a literature review, admixed with historical reference points. Procedures and tasks in the histology laboratory are highlighted in relation to their connection with the quality of the work environment with an emphasis on air quality. Recommendations are provided for maintaining an appropriate work environment for the prevention of potential adverse health effects. The gap within the OSHA Laboratory Standard, i.e. a lack of explanatory language, leaves much open to interpretation regarding fume hood usage with volatile hazardous chemicals. As a result, both the level of safety training and the awareness of good laboratory practices (GLP) for handling volatile hazardous reagents, such as xylene, can become compromised.

False Negative Results in Cervical Cancer Screening-Risks, Reasons and Implications for Clinical Practice and Public Health.

False negative (FN) results in cervical cancer (CC) screening pose serious risks to women. We present a comprehensive literature review on the risks and reasons of obtaining the FN results of primary CC screening tests and triage methods and discuss their clinical and public health impact and implications. Misinterpretation or true lack of abnormalities on a slide are the reasons of FN results in cytology and p16/Ki-67 dual-staining. For high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) molecular tests, those include: truly non-HPV-associated tumors, lesions driven by low-risk HPV types, and clearance of HPV genetic material before sampling. Imprecise disease threshold definition lead to FN results in visual inspection with acetic acid. Lesions with a discrete colposcopic appearance are a source of FN in colposcopic procedures. For FAM19A4 and hsa-miR124-2 genes methylation, those may originate from borderline methylation levels. Histological misinterpretation, sampling, and laboratory errors also play a role in all types of CC screening, as well as reproducibility issue, especially in methods based on human-eye evaluation. Primary HPV-based screening combined with high quality-assured immunocytochemical and molecular triage methods seem to be an optimal approach. Colposcopy with histological evaluation remains the gold standard for diagnosis but requires quality protocols and assurance measures.

Comparative Study of Iron, Manganese and Nickel Contamination Potential of Disc and Hammer Milling Equipment and their Toxic Effect on Rat Kidney

Aim: To investigate the effect of hammer and disc milling equipment on the levels of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni) contents in maize (Zea mays) flour and the consequent impact on the kidney of albino rats.
 Study Design: The rats were randomly divided into groups of five rats per group. Six of the groups were fed with maize flour milled with a hammer mill, while the other six groups were fed with maize flour milled with a disc mill, and the thirteenth group was fed with crushed flour in a mortar and pestle as a control. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia on the 14th and 28th days.
 Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Biochemistry and Histology laboratories of the University of Jos, Nigeria, between, January to June, 2021.
 Methodology: For six days, a portion of the maize grains was milled with a hammer mill, another with a disc mill, and a third fraction was crushed into flour with a wooden mortar. The inductive coupled plasma mass spectrophotometric method was used to determine the levels of Fe, Mn, and Ni in maize flour. To avoid lysing the blood, blood samples were carefully collected by allowing it to run down the test tube's wall. The blood was allowed to coagulate at room temperature before being centrifuged and the serum collected and frozen until it was time for biochemical analysis. The kidneys of the rats were excised, cleaned, and preserved in chloroform until histological examinations were required.
 Results: The results show that Fe (325.16 ± 30.00 mg/kg and 205.05 ± 30.20 mg/kg) and Ni (20.92 ± 5.92 mg/kg and 18.00 ± 2.70 mg/kg) levels were extremely high in both disc and hammer milling machines. The Fe and Mn values in disc milled maize flour were higher than those in hammer milled maize flour. Rats in all groups had significantly higher serum urea, creatinine, K+, Na+, and Cl- levels than the control group. The kidney tissues of all the rats in the control and hammer-milled flour groups were normal, except for group 1 of the disc mill, which showed mild damage, according to the histopathological analysis.
 Conclusion: The Day 1 group fed with disc-milled flour showed a dense cast, atrophy, and nuclei loss in their kidney tissue. According to the results of the study, hammer milled maize flour is less harmful than disc milled maize flour, as shown by kidney histopathology.

Come On Get HAPI: Moving Beyond Identification to Integration and Interpretation

PURPOSEIdentifying microscopic images is a critical skill for histology and pathology; moving beyond identification to interpretation is integral to understanding pathophysiology. Students struggle with recognizing pathology’s valuable connection with anatomy and histology, a problem reinforced by the fact that these disciplines are often taught prior to and separate from pathology in medical curricula. Based upon previous studies demonstrating the value of integrated learning, we created the Histology, Anatomy and Pathology Initiative (HAPI). Our hypothesis was that early linking of selected pathologies to normal organs and tissues, coupled with a hands‐on investigation of harvested cadaveric specimens, would help first year medical students develop an appreciation of how these three disciplines can together inform a diagnosis.As part of HAPI, we integrated short teaching sessions into histology labs where a pathologist compared and contrasted gross organs, with and without specific diseases as well as the corresponding normal and histopathologic images that corresponded to the normal histology topics. Next, the three disciplines were linked by having students identify tissues/organs of interest from their anatomy cadavers, harvest the tissue and propose a hypothesis about the sample. Students then examined the histological specimens to test each hypothesis.METHODSIn Fall 2019 and 2021 (MS2023, N=126; MS2025, N=129), dissection groups collected tissue samples from their assigned cadaver with faculty assistance. Tissue samples were processed at the ARUP Histology Research laboratory. Groups then examined their samples, analyzed the sections for both normal and abnormal features, identified any pathological features and correlated their histological findings with their observations from the gross organ examination, and the donor’s medical history provided by the Body Donor program. Students also completed a qualitative survey to assess their attitudes via MCQs and open‐ended response questions.RESULTS99% (N=106) of students found the pathology sessions effective as an introductory tool to learn how tissue analysis is used by pathologists in patient diagnosis; it allowed them to connect gross anatomy, histology and pathology and highlighted the value of understanding normal anatomy and histology to better understand disease. For the cadaver experience, 80% (N=106) of students agreed that “harvesting tissue from my cadaver and analyzing the section in histology lab allowed me to better understand how tissue analysis is used by pathologists in patient diagnosis” and 81% (N=106) agreed that “harvesting tissue from my cadaver and analyzing the section in histology lab allowed me to better connect gross anatomy, histology and pathology.”CONCLUSIONIntegration of pathology within histology and anatomy lab was successful as an initial way for first‐year medical students to understand why recognizing normal anatomy and histology is foundational to understanding disease.

Teaching Color‐Deficient Medical and Dental Students in Histology: Developing Best Practices and Strategies for Student Success

Introduction & Objective– Histology as a discipline requires the use of a variety of staining methods to highlight and visualize normal components of cells and tissues. For students with a color deficiency, they may be unable to perceive, or distinguish between, certain colours that are commonly used in histological preparations. Considering many cells are named based on their affinity for certain histological dyes (ex: eosinophils), this can make learning histology difficult for students who cannot identify cells or tissues based on their colour appearance. From an instructor perspective, teaching students with a color deficiency can be challenging without having an established plan, or strategies, to ensure that these students can fully participate and succeed in their coursework. The objective of this study is to outline several successful strategies and recommendations for histology instructors when teaching students with a color deficiency. These strategies are based on recent experiences in teaching students with a color deficiency in medical and dental histology courses.Materials and Methods– In the fall of 2021 at the University of Buffalo, several students in the Jacobs School of Medicine and the School of Dental Medicine required accommodations in their histology courses due to a recognized color deficiency. Both histology courses used a flipped‐classroom approach with pre‐recorded lectures. To accommodate these students, a greyscale strategy was used, in which, all color images were paired with an identical greyscale image in all computer‐based histology laboratories and examinations. Students had the option of viewing the pre‐recorded histology lectures in greyscale by adjusting their computer monitor settings. All color‐deficient students successfully completed their courses using the greyscale strategy.Results –The following are instructor recommendations for teaching students with color deficiency based on course experiences in the fall of 2021: 1) The instructor should address color deficiency in the histology course syllabus and course introduction to establish that a plan is available for students; 2) Although images were provided in both color and greyscale, instructors should provide further training for students to successfully interpret the cellular morphology in greyscale. For example, recognition of peripheral blood leukocytes in greyscale required analysis of both nuclear morphology (shape, texture) and the properties (size, shape, density) of their specific granules; 3) Instructors should teach the entire class using the paired color/greyscale images to create an inclusive learning environment. The greyscale images provided a different perspective of the cell and tissue morphology that was beneficial for all students; 4) The greyscale images used in all coursework should be scrutinized by the instructor as they may require adjustments in brightness and contrast.Conclusion –By incorporating greyscale images into histology coursework, all students can fully participate irrespective of the severity of color deficiency of individual students in the class. These recommendations may provide a useful framework in assisting histology teaching faculty in designing coursework for color‐deficient students.

Integration of virtual microscopy podcasts in the histology discipline in osteopathic medical school: Learning outcomes.

Virtual microscopy podcasts (VMPs) are narrative recordings of digital histology images. This study evaluated the outcomes of integrating the VMPs into teaching histology to osteopathic medical students. The hypothesis was that incorporating virtual microscopy podcasts as supplementary histology resources to the curriculum would have a positive impact on student performance and satisfaction. Sixty-one podcasts of dynamic microscopic images were created using screen recordings of the digital slides. The VMPs were integrated as supplementary histology resources in multiple courses during the first and second years of the medical curriculum for three classes, a total of 477 osteopathic medical students. A voluntary and anonymous survey was obtained from the students using a questionnaire that included two open-ended questions. The overall performance of the three classes on the histology content of the preclinical course examinations was compared to historical controls of the previous two classes that did not have access to the VMPs. Most students indicated that the podcasts enabled more efficient study time and improved their confidence in the histology content on examinations. The findings indicated a positive association between podcast viewing and efficient study time utilization and class performance. The class average scores of the three consecutive cohorts that used the VMPs progressively increased by 7.69%, 14.88%, and 14.91% compared to the controls. A summary of students' feedback and academic performance supported that integration of the VMPs into Histology teaching improved the learning experience. The findings align with previous studies on the effectiveness of multimedia-based teaching in histology laboratory modules.

Comparison of virtual microscopy and real microscopy for learning oral histology laboratory course among dental students

Background/purposeVirtual microscopy has been used for learning and teaching histology and pathology laboratory course for more than 10 years. This study aimed to compare the learning outcome of virtual microscopy with that of real light microscopy in oral histology laboratory course among dental students. Materials and methodsThe study included twenty-three undergraduate dental students who took the oral histology laboratory course. The evaluation methods of the study were divided into two parts: questionnaire survey (6 questions) and histological diagnosis ability assessment tests. The data were collected and analyzed statistically. ResultsDental students showed a significantly higher acceptance rate of virtual microscopy than that of real light microscopy for learning oral histology laboratory course (all P-values < 0.01). Moreover, dental students using virtual microscopy with digitized virtual slides for learning oral histology laboratory course possessed significantly better histological diagnosis ability than those using real light microscopy with traditional glass slides for learning oral histology laboratory course (P < 0.001). ConclusionVirtual microscopy with digitized virtual slides seems to be a great method to learn oral histology laboratory course. Based on the results of our study, we believe that the virtual microscopy with digitized virtual slides may gradually replace the real light microscopy with traditional glass slides for learning and teaching oral histology laboratory course. We foresee that virtual microscopy with digitized microscopic images will be extensively applied in many fields in the near future.

Gambaran Histopatologi Hepatopankreas Kepiting Bakau (Scylla serrata) di Kawasan Estuari Alue Naga, Banda Aceh Indonesia

The study aimed to investigate the histopathology status of the hepatopancreas of mangrove crabs (Scylla serrata) in the Alue Naga estuary area, Banda Aceh, Indonesia. The research was conducted in September and October 2020. The purposive sampling method was used where the determination of the location was based on water conditions and anthropogenic activities near the estuary. The mangrove crabs (Scylla serrata) sampling location was implemented within three sampling sites in the Krueng Cut estuary, Gampong Alue Naga, Syiah Kuala District, Banda Aceh. Histopathological analysis was carried out in the histology laboratory, Syiah Kuala University. The results showed that there were changes in the hepatopancreas in the form of irregular lumen star shape, the formation of vacuoles and basophilic hypertrophy. These hepatopancreas changes were assumed due to water pollution generated by anthropogenic activities from local settlements and household industries. Therefore, it is suggested to conduct further research regarding water quality parameters and heavy metal concentration within this sampling area.

Frieda Carson.

Freida L. Carson, PhD, HT(ASCP), an admired teacher, mentor, and friend of students, histology professionals, pathologists, and histology organizations, passed on January 11, 2022, at the age of 95. The advancement and promotion of the histology profession was a life-long commitment for Dr Carson, who shared her knowledge with numerous students and histology professionals for over 65 years. She was a gracious and humble teacher who instilled in her students a passion for the patient while stressing the importance of understanding histologic theory and technique. In 1947, Dr Carson graduated from Texas State College for Women (now Texas Woman’s University) with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry. In January of 1956, Dr Carson began her employment at Baylor University Medical Center Dallas Texas in the Histology laboratory to assist with troubleshooting staining issues. Six months later, she was promoted to Histology Laboratory Supervisor. During her tenure at Baylor, she developed...

Tissue Contamination During Transportation of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Blocks.

Tissue carryovers are contaminants of surgical pathology cases in which extraneous tissue is incorporated into tissue blocks. Carryovers occur most frequently at the grossing or embedding stations, but little is published about them. We sought to analyze their transmission during transit to the histology lab. Cassettes of friable donor tissue were mixed with cassettes of spongy recipient tissue in formalin-filled containers and agitated by shipment via pneumatic tube. The tissue cassettes were processed, embedded as blocks, and cut as usual. Liquid samples were prepared from the submission containers as well as from workstation submission containers and histology tissue processor waste. A high rate of contamination (14.9%) was observed under these artificial conditions. Friable donor tissue, including urothelium and colorectal adenocarcinoma, were promiscuous contaminants, as were placental villi. Fluid from submission containers showed viable tumor cells and fragments, which were also present in workstation submission containers and in tissue processor waste fluid. This study implicates liquid transport media as a possible avenue of contamination during submission and transportation of tissue cassettes for histologic processing. Attention should be given to the friability of submitted tissue and physical agitation of the cassettes in transit. Such contaminants may be present in the fluid in tissue submission bins and in tissue processor fluid.

National society for histotechnology workload study

ABSTRACT In June and July 2021, the National Society for Histotechnology (NSH) conducted an online survey designed to assess productivity and staffing in the clinical histology laboratory. The Productivity Benchmarking Survey was developed by the NSH Quality Management Committee. The survey of histology professionals provides critical data that may be used to inform staffing decisions and develop a quality management program. To create usable data the findings were segmented by a range of variables including facility type and size, and productivity related to grossing, embedding, microtomy, and ancillary duties. This study draws a connection between perceived operational efficiencies and the presence of a program or process used to assess employees quality performance for grossing,embedding, and microtomy. A followup survey is planned to further understand these particular employee assessment programs or processes.

Histomorphological Features of Ovarian Neoplasms and Expression of p53 and WT1 in Surface Epithelial Tumours: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Ovary is the most common site of neoplastic and non neoplastic lesion, can present in childhood to postmenopausal age group and remain the most lethal of all gynaecological malignancies. Tumour Protein (p53) gene mutations or deletions are most common in ovarian carcinoma. However, Wilms' Tumor gene1 (WT1) and p16 expression are also seen in serous ovarian carcinoma. These Immunohistochemistry (IHC) marker are useful in the differential diagnosis of serous ovarian carcinomas. Aim: To study histomorphology of ovarian neoplasm along with expression of p53 and WT1 in surface epithelial tumours and to assess the prevalence of various ovarian neoplasms in different age groups. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Pathology, Sarojini Naidu Medical College, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India, over a period of two years (from September 2018-September 2020). A total of 78 ovarian specimen received in histology laboratory was studied for gross and microscopic features. The p53 and WT1 IHC expression pattern was studied in surface epithelial tumours. Statistical significance was calculated in relation to p53 and WT1 expression with histological type and grade of tumour using Chi-square test. Results: A total of 78 cases were studied, out of which benign tumours were the most common 40 (51.3%) cases, followed by malignant tumours 32 (41.0%) cases and borderline malignancy 6 (7.7%) cases. The most common benign lesions were mucinous cystadenoma 20 (50%) cases. Serous carcinomas were most common malignant tumours 19 (59.3%) cases followed by Germ Cell Tumours (GCT) 5 (15.6%) cases. All benign and borderline epithelial ovarian tumours were found p53 and WT1 negative. Out of 22 cases of malignant surface epithelial tumour, 14 (63.6%) and 12 (54.4%) were positive for p53 and WT1 respectively and all were serous carcinomas. Conclusion: Ovarian lesions present with wide spectrum of histomorphological features. The p53 and WT1 show different rates of expression and staining pattern in various epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Hence routine gross, proper histological examination and correct IHC interpretation is required for specific diagnosis.