Changes In Histological Structure Research Articles

Histological and histopathological structural changes in the skin of the Basal Cells Carcinoma patients

Background: Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of skin carcinoma and is considered an epidemic disease due to its increasing frequency in many countries. The most important problem of BCC is local invasion It grows in a “silent” way into immediately adjacent tissue. It rarely metastasizes. The early tumors are commonly small, translucent or pearly, raised and rounded areas located on a few dilated, superficial vessels. There are six subtypes of BCC that include nodular, pigmented, superficial, morphea form, cystic. The most important risk factor for basal cell carcinoma is exposure to UV-radiation. Outdoor workers with a long history of work-related UV-exposure are at increased risk of developing BCC. Other risk factors include family history of skin carcinoma, light skin phototypes, advanced age. Objective: The current study investigated pathological and histological changes in tissue sections to identify the factors contributing to the infection frequency. Patients and Methods: Thirty-three BCC patients' samples have been collected from the main care center at al-Baquba Teaching Hospital of Diyala Province, Iraq. All patient groups were clinically diagnosed as BCC by dermatologists. Results: The study showed macroscopic and microscopic histological changes. An ulcerated macroscopic appearance of the lesion was shown. The tumor lesions are located on the face. It was noted that the percentage of patients was higher in men than women and higher in light skin than dark skin. The study also showed that the age group 66-74 years had a higher infection percentage, while the lower percentage was of the age group > 83 years. Conclusion: These findings pave the way for future research endeavors aimed at prevention, early detection, and targeted treatment strategies for this prevalent skin carcinoma.

Age-related changes in testicular histological structure, testosterone level, libido and semen traits in male Coturnix quail.

To investigate the effect of age in male quail on testicular weight and histology, sexual libido and semen characteristics, a study was performed on 100 quails at 10, 16, 22, 28 and 34 weeks of age. The body and testicular weights were significantly (p < .05) higher at 16 and 22 than at 28 weeks of age. The circumference and diameter of the seminiferous tubules were significantly (p < .05) higher at 28 and 34 than at 10 and 16 weeks of age. Histological evaluation of testicular slices revealed advanced and effective seminiferous tubes as early as 10 weeks, while spermatogenic activity peaked at 16 weeks of age. The highest semen volume, sperm motility and sperm concentration were observed at weeks of age and then decreased gradually with age. At the same time, the testosterone level and libido were significantly (p < .05) higher at 22 than at 10 weeks of age. Furthermore, the age was positive (p < .05), correlated to seminiferous tubule circumference and diameter, and negative (p < .05), correlated to sperm concentration. In conclusion, the age of quail markedly affected the testicular histological structure, libido, testosterone level and semen characteristics.

Seasonal histological changes and aquaporin 5 immunoreactivity in the ductus deferens and prostate gland of Saudi Arabian dromedary camel.

The present study aims to investigate the seasonal histological structure changes and immunoreactivity of Aquaporin 5 (AQP-5) in the ductus deferens and prostate under the light microscope. For the present study, twelve mature male camels were employed. Following the animals breeding and non-breeding seasons of slaughter under official licensing and veterinary supervision, samples were obtained from various regions of the ductus deferens and prostate gland and processed using general histology and immunohistochemical methods. The secretory end pieces of the vas deferens ampulla and prostate gland of the Saudi Arabian dromedary camel were well developed during reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The spermatozoa were noticed in the lumen of the ductus deferens during the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. The response of AQP-5 in the ductus deferens was particularly significant throughout the not-rutting season. Moreover, during the non-breeding season, the prostate gland showed a strong to moderate response. In the breeding season, the ampulla of the ductus deferens showed an insignificant reaction. Additionally, the body and disseminated portion of the prostate gland showed a mild to moderate response. The results suggested that Saudi Arabian dromedary camels might produce sperm during rutting and non-rutting seasons.

Determination of trace elements and electrolyte levels in kidney tissue of simvastatin-treated septic rats.

Trace elements are cofactors in various enzymes in the antioxidant defense and cell homeostasis required in the tissue during inflammation. In acute kidney injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), renal cells are affected by cytotoxicity. Renal evacuation and gastrointestinal absorption rates are important in regulating plasma levels of trace elements. Simvastatin is a widely used anti-lipidemic drug with known anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to examine the effect of simvastatin on trace elements and electrolyte levels in kidney tissue in rats with LPS-induced sepsis. Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: control, LPS (20mg/kg, i.p., single dose), simvastatin (20mg/kg, o.p., 5days), and LPS + Simvastatin (LPS + Sim). Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, selenium, zinc, copper, and histological structural changes were examined in kidney tissue samples 4h after LPS execution. The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy technique (ICP-OES) was used to determine the tissue trace element levels. In rats with sepsis-induced LPS, selenium, calcium, sodium, and magnesium levels significantly decreased while copper, potassium, and zinc levels significantly increased compared to other experimental groups. In sepsis treated with the simvastatin (LPS + Simvastatin) group, trace elements and electrolyte levels are like the control groups, apart from selenium levels. Selenium levels were significantly decreased in the LPS + Simvastatin group compared to the controls. As a result of examining the kidney tissues under a light microscope, simvastatin improved tissue damage caused by LPS-induced acute kidney injury. LPS-induced renal injury and simvastatin caused significant changes in the oxidant/antioxidant system. In septic rats, simvastatin was shown to balance some trace element levels, and it may improve damage in the kidney tissue.

Isobavachalcone Inhibits Hyperglycemia and Hyperlipemia in Type 2 Diabetes and the Underlying Mechanisms

Objective: The aim of this research was to probe the effect of isobavachalcone inhibiting the high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) induced hyperglycemia and hyperlipemia in mice and its underlying mechanisms. Methods: A mouse model with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) was established by the HFD and low-dose streptozotocin. T2DM mice were treated with 10 mg/kg of isobavachalcone for 4 weeks. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood lipids, and relative proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway as well as the histological structural changes in the liver were determined. Results: The results showed that the expression levels of FBG (42%, P &lt; .001), triglyceride (70%, P &lt; .001), and glucose transporter 2 were significantly reduced by isobavachalcone. The proteinic and mRNA expressions of IRS1, PI3K, and AKT genes of T2DM mice were dramatically increased with the isobavachalcone treatment. Furthermore, isobavachalcone ameliorated the morphology of the liver in T2DM model mice. Conclusion: The results suggested that isobavachalcone controls the development of T2DM as well as the regulatory mechanism involved in glucose and lipid metabolism through the PI3K/AKT signal pathway in the liver.

Toxic Kidney Damage in Rats Following Subchronic Intraperitoneal Exposure to Element Oxide Nanoparticles.

Chronic diseases of the urogenital tract, such as bladder cancer, prostate cancer, reproductive disorders, and nephropathies, can develop under the effects of chemical hazards in the working environment. In this respect, nanosized particles generated as by-products in many industrial processes seem to be particularly dangerous to organs such as the testes and the kidneys. Nephrotoxicity of element oxide particles has been studied in animal experiments with repeated intraperitoneal injections of Al2O3, TiO2, SiO2, PbO, CdO, CuO, and SeO nanoparticles (NPs) in total doses ranging from 4.5 to 45 mg/kg body weight of rats. NPs were synthesized by laser ablation. After cessation of exposure, we measured kidney weight and analyzed selected biochemical parameters in blood and urine, characterizing the state of the excretory system. We also examined histological sections of kidneys and estimated proportions of different cells in imprint smears of this organ. All element oxide NPs under investigation demonstrated a nephrotoxic effect following subchronic exposure. Following the exposure to SeO and SiO2 NPs, we observed a decrease in serum creatinine and urea, respectively. Exposure to Al2O3 NPs caused an increase in urinary creatinine and urea, while changes in total protein were controversial, as it increased under the effect of Al2O3 NPs and was reduced after exposure to CuO NPs. Histomorphological changes in kidneys are associated with desquamation of the epithelium (following the exposure to all NPs except those of Al2O3 and SiO2) and loss of the brush border (following the exposure to all NPs, except those of Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2). The cytomorphological evaluation showed greater destruction of proximal sections of renal tubules. Compared to the controls, we observed statistically significant alterations in 42.1% (8 of 19) of parameters following the exposure to PbO, CuO, and SeO NPs in 21.1% (4 of 19)-following that, to CdO and Al2O3 NPs-and in 15.8% (3 of 19) and 10.5% (2 of 19) of indicators, following the exposure to TiO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles, respectively. Histomorphological changes in kidneys are associated with desquamation of epithelium and loss of the brush border. The cytomorphological evaluation showed greater destruction of proximal sections of renal tubules. The severity of cyto- and histological structural changes in kidneys depends on the chemical nature of NPs. These alterations are not always consistent with biochemical ones, thus impeding early clinical diagnosis of renal damage. Unambiguous ranking of the NPs examined by the degree of their nephrotoxicity is difficult. Additional studies are necessary to establish key indicators of the nephrotoxic effect, which can facilitate early diagnosis of occupational and nonoccupational nephropathies.

PERUBAHAN JUMLAH SEL PURKINJE SEREBELUM TIKUS WISTAR JANTAN SETELAH PEMAPARAN ROKOK ELEKTRIK

Design, taste, marketing and perceptions of safety from e-cigarettes have increased the appeal of e-cigarettes to young people around the world so that their use continues to increase. This is one of the threats in efforts to reduce the prevalence of smokers aged 10-18 years in Indonesia. Electric cigarettes cause oxidative stress while the brain is vulnerable to oxidative stress because it requires large amounts of oxygen. This experimental study with a posttest only control design aimed to determine changes in histological structure and number of male Wistar rat cerebellum Purkinje cells after exposure to electric cigarettes. This study used a sample of 32 male wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) which were divided into 4 treatment groups: group A (without treatment), group B (put in an exposure cage), group C (given exposure to electric cigarettes 15 times in a cage exposure), and group D (given exposure to e-cigarettes 30 times in the exposure cage). Exposure to e-cigarettes was given for 50 days, then sacrificed and samples were made with Hematoxylin Eosyn (HE) staining. The results showed that the number of cerebellar purkinje cells in male Wistar rats exposed to electric cigarettes decreased significantly and there was a significant difference in the number of cells between 15 and 30 exposures and karyolysis occurred in the cells. E-cigarettes cause core damage and decrease in the number of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of male wistar rats.

Exploring right ovary degeneration in duck and goose embryos by histology and transcriptome dynamics analysis

BackgroundThe development of asymmetric chick gonads involves separate developmental programs in the left and right gonads. In contrast to the left ovary developing into a fully functional reproductive organ, the right ovary undergoes gradual degeneration. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the the degeneration of the right ovary remain incompletely understood. In the present study, we investigated the histomorphological and transcriptomic changes in the right ovary of ducks and geese during the the embryonic stage up to post-hatching day 1.ResultHematoxylin–eosin stainings revealed that the right ovary developed until embryonic day 20 in ducks (DE20) or embryonic day 22 in geese (GE22), after which it started to regress. Further RNA-seq analyses revealed that both the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ducks and geese right ovary developmental stage were significantly enriched in cell adhesion-related pathway (ECM-receptor interaction, Focal adhesion pathway) and Cellular senescence pathway. Then during the degeneration stage, the DEGs were primarily enriched in pathways associated with inflammation, including Herpes simplex virus 1 infection, Influenza A, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Moreover, duck-specific DEGs showed enrichment in Steroid hormone biosynthesis, Base excision repair, and the Wnt signaling pathway, while geese-specifically DEGs were found to be enriched in apoptosis and inflammation-related pathways, such as Ferroptosis, Necroptosis, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway. These findings suggest that the degeneration process of the right ovary in ducks occurs at a slower pace compared to that in geese. Additionally, the observation of the left ovary of the geese varying degeneration rates in the right ovary after hatching indicated that the development of the left ovary may be influenced by the degeneration of the right ovary.ConclusionThe data presented in this study provide valuable insights into the dynamic changes in histological structure and transcriptome during the degeneration of the right ovary in ducks and geese. In addition, through the analysis of shared characteristics in the degeneration process of the right ovary in both ducks and geese, we have uncovered the patterns of degradation and elucidated the molecular mechanisms involved in the regression of the right ovary in poultry. Furthermore, we have also made initial discoveries regarding the relationship between the degeneration of the right ovary and the development of the left ovary.

The Mechanosensitive Piezo1 Channel Mediates Mechanochemical Transmission in Myopic Eyes.

To identify the expression of the mechanosensitive ion channel Piezo1 in the retina of guinea pigs with form deprivation myopia (FDM) and to investigate mechanisms by which Piezo1 channels might regulate myopia. Sixty 3-week-old guinea pigs were divided into four groups randomly: normal control, FDM, FDM + vehicle control (DMSO), and FDM + Piezo1 inhibitor (GsMTx4). Measurements of spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) of the guinea pig were taken using retinoscopy and A-scan ultrasound examination, respectively. Location of Piezo1 protein was determined using immunohistochemistry. The histological structure and thickness changes of the guinea pig retina were observed by hematoxylin and eosin. Expression of Piezo1 in the retina was detected using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the retina were measured using flow cytometry. After 4 weeks of form deprivation, the FDM group exhibited a significantly increased myopic degree and axial length compared with the normal control group (all P < 0.001), and had higher expression levels of Piezo1 and ROS than the normal control group (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively). Piezo1 protein expression was down-regulated in guinea pigs given GsMTx4 compared with the DMSO group (P = 0.037). Additionally, the GsMTx4 group showed lower myopic degree (P < 0.001) and lower ROS levels (P = 0.019) compared with the DMSO group. The Piezo1 channel may be activated in the retinas of FDM guinea pigs and be involved in the development of myopia by regulating intraocular ROS levels.

Protective Effect of Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. Extract on Heat Stress-Induced Spermatogenesis Complications in Murine Model

Curculigo orchioides Gaertn. is a precious herb used in traditional medicine systems in Asian countries for various health benefits. This study investigated the potential protective effects of C. orchioides extract on reproductive health under heat stress conditions in male mice. Forty-eight mice were divided into eight groups, control condition (C group), C. orchioides extract at the dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day (C100, C200, C400 group), 40 °C heat exposure (H group), and combined 40 °C heat exposure and C. orchioides extract at the dosages of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day (HC100, HC200, HC400 group). The result shows that the mice that received only C. orchioides extract without heat stress do not have a significant change in histological structure and testosterone level. The histological analysis of testicular tissue showed that heat stress conditions reduced reproductive function and inhibited the spermatogenesis of male mice. The C. orchioides rhizome extract treatment attenuated the heat stress-induced spermatogenesis complications in the murine model. Mice in the heat-stress group treated with C. orchioides extract had increased spermatogenic cells and spermatozoa compared with mice exposed to heat without C. orchioides treatment. Moreover, the aqueous extract of C. orchioides rhizome enhanced the serum total testosterone levels in heat-exposed mice. In conclusion, the study findings validate that C. orchioides is effective against heat stress-induced spermatogenesis complications in the murine model.

Morphological assessment of changes in internal organs of rats with introduction of targeted drug “Sutent” in experiment

Objective. To establish in the experiment the changes in histological structure of the internal organs and blood indices in laboratory rats with intragastric introduction of the drug Sutent in the doses of 7 mg/kg and 35 mg/kg of the weight.&#x0D; Materials and methods. The study was conducted on 48 breedless white rats divided into the following groups: groups 1 and 4 received cytotoxic drug Sutent in the dose of 7 mg/kg (therapeutic dose), groups 2 and 5 Sutent in the dose of 35 mg/kg (fivefold exceeding the therapeutic dose), groups 3 and 6 the control groups. In groups 1, 2, 3 animal were killed 30 days after the onset of the experiment, in groups 4, 5, 6 two weeks after the drug withdrawal. Every day during 30 days, the experimental groups were introduced the intragastric drug Sutent in the form of aqueous suspension in the purified water; in the control group the rats received the purified water in the equivalent volume. The histological preparations of organs stained with hematoxylin and eosin as well as the hematological indices of blood were investigated.&#x0D; Results. The development of hypochromic anemia, thrombocytopenia and granulocytopenia in the was identified. While studying the histological structure of organs, in all experimental groups there was detected a disturbed circulation in the form of venous hyperemia and blood stasis in the capillaries, the development hemorrhages in the lung, liver, kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, gastric and esophageal mucosa. In the liver, pancreas and adrenal glands, dystrophic changes in the cells and necrosis foci were observed. In group 2, affection of the cerebral cortex nerve cells, heart cardiomyocytes, thyroid cells, acute duodenitis with formation of microabscesses was established.&#x0D; Conclusions. Introduction of Sutent in the dose of 35 mg/kg, compared with the dose of 7 mg/kg, caused a more expressed hematological, hepatological, cardiological and neurological toxicity, more obvious lesion of endocrine organs; it also contributed to the development of associated secondary infection and acute duodenitis.

Specific features of the morphology of the spinal nodes of homeothermal vertebrate animals in the comparative and anatomical series

Scientific studies that reflect the evolutionary morphology of the nervous system, namely the spinal nodes of homoeothermic vertebrates, allow us to identify specific patterns, trends, and criteria that relate to the structural organization of the organ at the population and cellular levels of their organization. The evolutionary direction of research into the macro- and microstructure of spinal cord nodes provides an opportunity to investigate the patterns of formation of optimal relationships of their structural components: nerve and glial cells, capillaries concerning the level of development of the organism, and their motor activity. The article contains the results of the morphometric characteristics of the spinal nodes of warm-blooded vertebrates in a comparative aspect: class Aves – Birds (Gallus gallus, forma domestica L., 1758 – domestic chicken); class Mammalia – Mammals (Oryctolagus cuniculus L., 1758 – European krill, Canis lupus familiaris L., 1758 – domestic dog, Sus scrofa, forma domestica L., 1758 – domestic pig, Bos taurus taurus L., 1758 – domestic bull). When performing this work, complex research methods were used: anatomical, neurohistological, morphometric, and statistical. The morphological study of the structural components of the organs of the nervous system was studied on histological sections by the method of light microscopy following the requirements of the international principles of the “European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used in Experiments and for Other Scientific Purposes” (Strasbourg, 1986), a decision of the First National Congress on Bioethics (Kyiv, 2001), Law of Ukraine No. 692 “On the Protection of Animals from Cruel Treatment” (3447-IV) dated February 21, 2006. For histological examination, the newly selected material was immediately fixed in a 10% aqueous neutral formalin solution, with a fixation period of 30 days, followed by step-by-step embedding in paraffin. Using a sled microtome, histological sections with a thickness of 6–10 μm were obtained. The general histological structure and microstructural changes in histological preparations were studied under a light microscope MC (Micros Austria) at magnifications from 70 to 600 times. Photomicrographs of histological preparations were carried out using a CAM V200 video camera mounted in a Micros MC microscope. The work aims to conduct a complex morpho-functional study of spinal nodes in a comparative anatomical series of representatives of higher vertebrates. It was investigated that in phylogenesis, a particular structural and morphofunctional rearrangement of the central and peripheral nervous system organs, namely the spinal nodes, takes place. They differ in shape and size. It was established that the neurocytic organization of the spinal cord nodes of all species of animals studied is characterized by the presence of large, medium, and small nerve cells. Adaptation to various living conditions of animals was formed based on morphometric indicators (the volume of neurocytes and their nuclei), their morphological structures, the density of nerve cells per 0.1 mm2, the number of glial cells per 0.1 mm2, an indicator of nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, degree of polymorphism chromatophilia. Nissl staining of histopreparations of spinal nodes of homoothermic animals showed that the neuroplasm of nerve cells contains well-defined depths of basophilic substance, compared with lower animals, as evidence of a higher degree of development in nerve cells of the protein-synthesizing apparatus. According to the method of impregnation of spinal cord nodes with silver nitrate in all studied animals, a different intensity of coloring of nerve cells is revealed: dark, light-dark, light, which is related to the peculiarities of species and age neuromorphology, the morphofunctional state of the nervous system and the type of higher nervous activity. The obtained morpho-functional features of the organs of the nervous system are essential not only for evolutionary and comparative morphology but also for developing issues of physiology, pathology, and treatment of peripheral nervous system diseases.

Integrated Analysis of DNA Methylation and Gene Expression in Porcine Placental Development.

Proper placental development is crucial for the conceptus to grow and survive, because the placenta is responsible for transporting nutrients and oxygen from the pregnant female to the developing fetus. However, the processes of placental morphogenesis and fold formation remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we used whole-genome bisulfite sequencing and RNA sequencing to produce a global map of DNA methylation and gene expression changes in placentas from Tibetan pig fetuses 21, 28, and 35 days post-coitus. Substantial changes in morphology and histological structures at the uterine-placental interface were revealed via hematoxylin-eosin staining. Transcriptome analysis identified 3959 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and revealed the key transcriptional properties in three stages. The DNA methylation level in the gene promoter was negatively correlated with gene expression. We identified a set of differentially methylated regions associated with placental developmental genes and transcription factors. The decrease in DNA methylation level in the promoter was associated with the transcriptional activation of 699 DEGs that were functionally enriched in cell adhesion and migration, extracellular matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis. Our analysis provides a valuable resource for understanding the mechanisms of DNA methylation in placental development. The methylation status of different genomic regions plays a key role in establishing transcriptional patterns from placental morphogenesis to fold formation.

Biohistological study of the effect of isolated flavonoids from Brassica Olearacea var. Capitata in the effectiveness of (AST,ALT) and liver tissue structure in alloxan induced diabetic white rats females.

The study was designed to recognize the effects of flavonoids isolated from a Brassica oleracea plant to minimize the damage caused by diabetes induced by alloxan in the histological structure of liver and the levels of the (AST,ALT) in liver congeneric.&#x0D; Fifteen female albino rats were used and divided into three groups equal: First group: control animals were given water and food, Second group: animals treated by alloxan, Third group: treatmed by alloxan and flavonol in peritoneal injection.&#x0D; At the end of experiment all animals were sacrified and dissected to obtain the liver and Two grams was cut to measure the effectiveness of liver enzymes (AST,ALT), the remaining samples were prepared for histological sections and examination.&#x0D; The results clarified: A significant decrease (p≤o.o5) in the levels of (AST,ALT) in the liver of G2 when compared with the G, There are a significant increase in the levels of (ALT,AST) in liver of G3 when compared with G2, Histological examination showed occurrence of degenerative changes in histological structures of the rats liver of G2, and infiltration of composition in rats liver of G3 approached natural form for the installation of G1rats livers.&#x0D; conclude from this study that diabetes effect the effectiveness of enzymes levels (AST, ALT) in the liver and the degenerative changes in the structure of liver, and that the flavonol extracted from Brassica Olearacea var. Capitata has a treated effect of the damage caused by diabetes.

HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CONDITION OF MALE RAT LIVER INDUCED BY CONDENSED TANNIN EXTRACT OF BELUNTAS LEAVE

This study at to determine the changes in liver histology of male rats after induction of condensed tannin extract of Beluntas leaves with control doses, 0.4 ml/kgBW, 2 ml/kgBW, and 3 ml/kgBW. This study is an experimental study for 14 days involving 24 samples of male rats. Parameters of histological structure changes were assessed by the scoring system for normal hepatocyte cell condition, parenchymatous degeneration, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis. One Way Anova test obtained a p value&lt; 0.001 which means there was a significant difference in changes in the histopathological structure of liver cells significantly. Based on the Post Hoc test, it was obtained. between the control and treatment groups showed a significant difference between the control dose of 0.4 ml/kgBW, 2 ml/KgBW dose, and 3ml/KgBW dose. Meanwhile, the changes in liver histopathology between 2 ml/KgBW, and a dose of 3ml/KgBW were significantly the same.

Changes in Histological Structures of Soleus Muscle of the Male Rat in Response to Nandrolone Decanoate and Exercise

Objective: Present study was conducted to investigate the histological changes produced by ND alone and in combination with exercise on soleus muscle. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial Place and Duration: Conducted at Animal House of Postgraduate Medical Institute (PGMI), Lahore during the year 2010 (From 20th Jan, 2010 to 13th April, 2010) for 12 weeks Methodology: Forty male rats were divided equally by randomized control trial (RCT)i.eAI (control), AII (ND5mg/kg intramuscular twice weekly) AIII (Exercise/swimming) AIV (ND &amp; Exercise) for 12 weeks at the animal house of PGMI, Lahore during the year 2010. Data was recorded on various microscopic parameters viz; internalization of nuclei, splitting in muscle fibers, rounded or angular muscle fibers and diameter of fibers for control and experimental groups. Results: We found significant (P≤0.025, 0.037) differences among the groups receiving ND in comparison to control and exercise. Highly significant (P≤0.001) differences were observed in animals subjected to ND and exercise in comparison to control regarding internalization of nuclei. Muscle fiber splitting was observed in group AIII and AIV (P≤0.005) in comparison with control. Significant increase in diameter of muscle fiber was observed in group AIII (P≤0.013) and AIV (P≤0.001) in comparison to control. Similarly, minimum degenerative changes were observed showing angular or rounded fibers in group AIII and AIV in comparison to control. Conclusion: The instant results suggest that significant hypertrophy was observed in animals subjected to ND and exercise. Keywords: Soleus, splitting, diameter, internalization of nuclei

Changes in Histological Structure, Interleukin 12, Smooth Muscle Actin and Nitric Oxide Synthase 1. and 3. Expression in the Liver of Running and Non-Running Wistar Rats Supplemented with Bee Pollen or Whey Protein.

Introduction: Bee pollen is a natural substance obtained from flowers by bees. It is a rich source of protein, vitamins and minerals. It can be used as a dietary supplement. Bee pollen has been investigated for the treatment of some diseases with promising potential. It can be helpful in supportive therapy for dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome, diabetes type 2, as well the prevention and control of coronary heart disease and myocardial infarction. Whey protein is a rich source of amino acids. It is a basic dietary supplement for many athletes, both professional and amateur. It stimulates muscle growth and provides nutrition for cachectic patients. Aim of the study: The objective of the study was to assess the impact of dietary supplementation of bee pollen or whey protein on the Wistar rat liver histological structure and expression of interleukin 12, smooth muscle actin and nitric oxide synthases among running and non-running rats. Material and methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into six equal groups, three running and three non-running. Among both there was one control, one supplemented with bee pollen and one receiving whey proteins. After 8 weeks, all animals were decapitated and their livers were collected. Five micrometer thick slides were prepared and used for classical histological staining and immuno-histochemistry. ImageJ image analysis software was used to measure optical density and immunohistochemistry profile coverage. Results: Among all groups, morphology of liver was similar. In the running control group, expression of interleukin-12 (IL-12) was decreased as well as expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in a group of bee pollen supplemented rats. No significant changes in α- smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression was observed. Conclusions: Bee pollen is proving to be a questionable choice for athletes as an alternative to whey protein. Bee pollen supplementation affects hepatocyte cellular activity and has hepatoprotective effects. Whey protein performs worse in this regard. Lower antioxidant properties were found in groups supplemented with bee pollen than with whey protein.

Morphological research of the effectiveness of perioperative local use of anesthetics and antiseptics in patients with purulent-necrotic lesions of lower extremities in diabetes mellitus

Ulcer-necrotic lesions of the feet are detected in 5-15% of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). According to the literature today in Ukraine, patients with DM perform high amputation of the lower extremities with diabetic foot syndrome with a frequency of 19.6-42.6%, at the same time, mortality ranges from 8.9% to 25.0%, and the total mortality rate at the DM varies from 6.6% to 13.5%, often associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications. The aim of the work was to study morphological indicators of reparation of soft tissues of the lower extremities in patients with diabetic foot syndrome on the background of local treatment during the perioperative period. We investigated changes in histologic structure and character of reactions of skin tissues, muscles and fascia during the period of visceral disease in patients with diabetes mellitus after different types of local treatment. Then, samples of skin tissues, muscles and fascia were photographed and analyzed using a light microscope OLIMPUS BX 41. In the first group of the comparison, which used standard methods of anesthesia and local antiseptic povidone-iodine, granulation tissue was characterized by the complete absence of fibrous structures (collagen fibers) and the presence of a small number of newly formed small diameter vessels with blistered endothelium. Vessels of young granulation tissue were dilated, full-blooded, the endothelium was swollen, there was significant perivascular edema. In the second group of patients (where povidone-iodine and infiltration anesthesia with 2% lidocaine solution anesthetic was used locally) there were almost no remains of necrotic tissues in the affected tissues. It should be noted that there was better granulation development with fewer inflammatory-cell elements, more young forms of fibroblasts and a moderate pathological vascular reaction. In the first (control) group, wound healing by 3-7 days is characterized by somewhat slow regeneration. Wound healing was most favorable in patients of the second group, where infiltration anesthesia was used by local anesthetic and antiseptic povidone-iodine.

Role of osteoclast differentiation in the occurrence of osteoarthritis of temporomandibular joint.

This study aimed to explore the role of osteoclast differentiation in the occurrence of temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA). A mouse TMJOA model was constructed. Micro-CT was used to observe the changes in condylar bone during the development of TMJOA. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the histological structure changes of the condyle of TMJOA mice. Tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining was used to observe the presence of osteoclasts in TMJOA joint tissue. The synovial fluid of patients with TMJ-OA was collected to determine the effect on osteoclast differentiation. Micro-CT revealed that the condyle of the TMJOA group had the most obvious damage in the second and third weeks, and the shape of the condyles also changed in a beak-like manner. HE staining showed that the condyle cartilage and subchondral bone structure of TMJOA mice were disordered in the second week. TRAP tissue staining showed that the number of osteoclasts of the TMJOA group obviously increased in the second week. Results of cell experiments showed that the number of osteoclast differentiation significantly increased after stimulation of synovial fluid from TMJOA patients, and the cell volume increased. TMJOA animal models and TMJOA patient synovial cell experiments could induce osteoclast differentiation, indicating that osteoclast differentiation plays an important role in TMJOA occurrence.

Could skeletal muscle changes provide a reliable method for estimating the time since death: A histological, biochemical, and DNA study

ABSTRACT Accurate verification of the time passed since death is a challenging task in daily forensic investigations, chiefly in homicidal or unwitnessed death. The study evaluated the applicability of the time-dependent changes in histological structure, DNA content,and oxidant/antioxidant parameters in rat’s skeletal muscles in an attempt to reach a reliable method for post-mortem interval (PMI) estimation. We used 56 adult male albino rats. These animals were sacrificed then and allocated randomly to seven groups (eight rats each). First group: rats were dissected to obtain samples from quadriceps femoris muscles promptly after death. While the rats in the second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh groups were dissected to get muscle samples from quadriceps femoris at 6, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours post-mortem (hpm). The results showed that a significant gradual histopathological alteration of muscle structure started at 48 hpm and progressed afterwards. Also, the DNA degradation percentage increased significantly parallel to the increased oxidant parameter levels from 6 to 144 hpm. Our results concluded that changes in oxidant/antioxidant parameters and DNA degradation, as well as the histological examination of muscle tissues, showed a strong correlation with post-mortem intervals. Consequently, the integration of all these parameters can provide a valuable method of post-mortem intervals estimation.