Histological Grade Of Malignancy Research Articles

Ki-67 and mitotic index in triple-positive breast cancer.

e12551 Background: A grade in breast cancer is the strongest prognostic factor. In the new edition of the AJCC 8th, the tumor grade is one of the criteria that determines patients with breast cancer in the prognostic groups. According to the Nottingham system the mitotic count (MC) mostly determines the grade. Interobserver reproducibility for MC is not as good as for IHC marker phh3. The group of triple-positive breast cancer (TPBC) is characterized by the presence of a crosstalk mechanism between the signaling pathways of ER and HER2, which leads to the development of resistance to therapy. However, according to the 8th AJCC, patients with ER+/HER2+ belong to a more favorable prognostic group. Methods: We selected 284 patients with early BC who received treatment at our centre from 2012 to 2020 and didn’t receive presurgical therapy. The patients were divided according to the surrogate subtype into triple-positive (n = 90) and other subtypes (n = 194). The Ki-67, the number of nuclei of tumor cells stained with anti-phh3 antibody, the cell density of the tumor per 1 mm2 and the number of phh3 + per 1000 tumor cells were assessed. Results: Visually accessed number of mitoses was grade 3 in 30% of tumors in the TPBC group and 29% in the second group. There was no statistically significant difference in the Ki-67 index of proliferative activity in the two studied groups. In the TPBC group the median Ki-67 was 16.8%, in the second group - 18.3% (p = 0.376516), while the groups differed significantly in terms of the phh3 index (the median in the TPBC was 23.7/mm2, the median in the second group - 16.06/mm2, p = 0.024703). The groups also significantly differed in the number of nuclei of tumor cells that directly entered the mitotic phase (5.1/1000 nuclei in the TPBC group versus 3.2/1000 nuclei in the second group, p = 0.003901). Conclusions: Despite similar indices of proliferative activity in the TPBC and non-TPBC groups, mitotic activity and the number of directly dividing tumor cells in the TPBC group are significantly higher than in the rest of the BC population. Considering the criteria for assessing phh3 (MC 1 < 4/mm2, MC 2 2 4 to 7/mm2, MC 3 > 7/mm2), most TPBCs will have a histological malignancy grade of 3, which according to AJCC 8th places them in the group of poor outcome. We suggest that these differences may be due to the crosstalk mechanism. The second conclusion of our study is the fact that Ki-67 is a poor predictor of the MC.

Role of Immunohistochemical Markers p53 and Ki-67 in Grading of Glial Tumours: A Prospective Study

Introduction: Gliomas are the tumours of neuroepithelial tissues and are named according to their cell of origin. Squash cytology and sterotactic biopsies with Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining form the backbone of diagnosis, nevertheless recent advances in Immunohistochemistry (IHC) have revolutionised the way gliomas are diagnosed and graded. Aim: To evaluate expression and correlation of p53 and Ki-67/MIB 1 amongst a series of gliomas diagnosed morphologically according to World Health Organisation (WHO) classification of Central Nervous System (CNS) tumours 2007. Materials and Methods: The present study was a prospective study conducted over a period of 18 months from December 2016 to May 2018 at a tertiary care centre in Uttarakhand, India. The study group comprised all consecutive cases of glial tumours that were clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed as Gliomas during this period. Histopathological sections were made from formalin fixed tissue and stained with H&E and grading was done according to the WHO grading system 2007 for CNS neoplasms. Subsequently, IHC sections were taken on poly L-lysine coated slides and IHC staining of p53 and MIB1 (Ki-67) was performed. The IHC scores were calculated and correlated with histopathological grade. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 17.0. Results: A total of 40 cases of glial tumours diagnosed on histopatholgy were included in the study. They showed M:F ratio of 1.22:1 with peak age incidence of 21-30 years. Astrocytoma, grade IV was the most frequent diagnosis followed by grade II on H&E. On IHC, grade II diffuse astrocytomas, grade III Anaplastic Astrocytomas (AA), and Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) demonstrated a mean p53 positivity of 29.5, 50.83 and 47.66, respectively and a Ki-67 positivity of 32.5, 48.33 and 58.08, respectively. For ependymomas grade I, II and III the mean p53 positivity was 9, 5.26 and 12, respectively and the mean Ki-67 positivity was 2, 7.93 and 40, respectively. Amongst oligodendrogliomas grade II and III showed a p53 positivity of 6 and 8.25 and Ki-67 positivity of 12 and 30.5, respectively. A stronger correlation was found between an increase in histologic grade and proliferation markers. Conclusion: Histologic grade was the most important prognostic factor with respect to patient survival in glial neoplasms. The immunopositivity for p53 and Ki-67 correlated well with histological malignancy grade in all glioma subtypes, but a considerable overlap of proliferative index was observed between different subtypes.

Evaluation of Platelet Indices and Complete Blood Count in Canine Mammary Tumors

Background: Malignant mammary tumors in humans and bitches cause hematological disorders such as anemia, erythrocytosis, thrombocytosis, hyperproteinemia, and leucopenia. Novel studies have been conducted on the predictive and prognostic values of platelet (PLT) indices in human breast cancer (HBC). However, there is little information about the alterations in hematological parameters in canine mammary tumors (CMTs). The aims of this study were to evaluate the platelet indices and complete blood count (CBC) parameters in bitches with and without mammary tumor and to assess the above mentioned parameters with regard to histological tumor types and grades.Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 71 bitches were enrolled in this study. The bitches in the study group were divided into 2 groups which consisted of malignant epithelial mammary tumors (group EMT; n = 43) and malignant mixed mammary tumors (group MMT; n = 12). Control group (group C) consisted of clinically and gynaecologically healthy 16 bitches. Blood samples were obtained to perform the CBC and PLT indices analysis. Histopathological examinations were carried out under a light microscope. Histological tumor types and malignancy grades were classified. The bitches with mammary tumor showed significantly increased PLT values and decreased hematocrit (HCT), hemoglobin (HGB) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values versus the healthy ones, regardless of the tumor type. However, in comparisons with the group C, mean platelet volume (MPV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were different only in the group MMT, while plateletcrit (PCT) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values were different only in the group EMT. Also white blood cell (WBC), PLT and PCT values were higher than the referenced laboratory ranges in grade 3 tumors. In the presented study, MPV was considerably correlated with PLT, platelet distribution width (PDW) and PCT. Also, PCT and PLT had high sensitivity and specificity to distinct EMT and MMT from the healthy bitches.Discussion: Microcytic and hypochromic anemia occurs due to the decrease in the amount of HGB. Levels of MCV, MCH, and MCHC in the HBC group were reported to be significantly lower than in humans without breast cancer. Although anemia did not occur in EMT and MMT groups, obtained significances in the HCT, HGB, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels between the bitches with and without mammary tumor were in line with the previous reports. In this study, WBC levels in grade 3 tumors were significantly higher than grade1 tumors (P < 0.05). Whereas levels of WBC in grade 1 and grade 2 tumors were in referenced laboratory ranges, it was higher in grade 3. Increased level of WBC in grade 3 was supposed to be due to the rise in malignancy as previously reported. Thrombocytosis was detected in 48.83% and 41.66% of the bitches in EMT and MMT groups, respectively. The higher percentage of CMTs with thrombocytosis in this study might be due to the difference in referenced upper limit of PLT in previous studies. The elapsed time between tumor formation and clinical presentation could be another influencing factor. Although PLT and PCT values were not significant according to the histological grading in this study, both parameters were found to be higher in grade 3 than the normal reference values. Further studies conducted with higher populations may lead the differences in these parameters to significance. With the support of further studies, alterations in the above mentioned parameters in bitches may contribute in the diagnosis process, management of treatment and may constitute an easy way to have an idea about the prognosis of mammary tumors.

LOWER LIP EPIDERMOID CARCINOMA: ANALYSIS OF INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY IN BRAZIL: LITERATURE REVIEW

Objective: Perform a review of the literature on oral squamous cell carcinoma and the associated mortality rates in Brazil. Study Design: This review was carried out using the SciELO, LALICS, and BBO-Odontology databases. Articles from the literature with English and Portuguese language published between 2013 and 2018 were searched using the terms: oral cancer, diagnosis, and associated factors. Articles published before 2013, theses, projects, and productions not related to the subject were excluded. Results: The traditional methods of cancer treatment are: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The treatment to be established will depend on the location, histologic grade of malignancy, tumor staging, and the individual’s health condition. Conclusion: The dentist should be prepared to diagnose and deal with patients who have cancerous lesions in order to decrease incidence and mortality rates and thus improve people’s quality of life. Objective: Perform a review of the literature on oral squamous cell carcinoma and the associated mortality rates in Brazil. Study Design: This review was carried out using the SciELO, LALICS, and BBO-Odontology databases. Articles from the literature with English and Portuguese language published between 2013 and 2018 were searched using the terms: oral cancer, diagnosis, and associated factors. Articles published before 2013, theses, projects, and productions not related to the subject were excluded. Results: The traditional methods of cancer treatment are: surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. The treatment to be established will depend on the location, histologic grade of malignancy, tumor staging, and the individual’s health condition. Conclusion: The dentist should be prepared to diagnose and deal with patients who have cancerous lesions in order to decrease incidence and mortality rates and thus improve people’s quality of life.

Expression of Periostin in Cancer-associated Fibroblasts in Mammary Cancer in Female Dogs.

Mammary neoplasms, like breast neoplasms in women, are one of the most common tumours in female dogs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) found in the tumour stroma play a role in angiogenesis and increase cell migration, contributing to tumour growth and progression, as well as metastasis. The aim of our work was to determine the level of periostin (POSTN) expression in CAFs in mammary tumours of female dogs. The research material consisted of 77 carcinomas and 24 adenomas of the mammary ridge in female dogs. Immunohistochemistry tests were performed using antibodies directed against the antigens POSTN, Ki-67, ERB-B2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2), vimentin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA). Expression of POSTN at the mRNA level was determined using real-time polymerase chain reaction methods in 20 cases of mammary neoplasms. Expression of POSTN in CAFs was observed in 92% of mammary cancer samples and in 25% of mammary adenoma samples in female dogs. A statistically significant increase in POSNT expression in CAFs was found in the carcinomas compared with mammary adenomas in female dogs. Expression of POSTN in CAFs in mammary carcinomas in female dogs positively correlated with the histological malignancy grade of tumours and the expression of Ki-67 proliferative antigen. Our results suggest a role of POSTN on the pathogenesis of mammary tumours in female dogs. Moreover, POSTN may prove to be a useful marker in the evaluation of cancerous stroma of mammary tumours in female dogs, and may have prognostic significance.

Plasma YKL-40 as a biomarker in patients with nonmetastatic bone and soft tissue sarcomas: a prospective exploratory clinical study

Purpose: YKL-40 is a glycoprotein with a role in inflammation, tissue remodeling, tumor angiogenesis, and protection against apoptosis. We hypothesized that high preoperative plasma YKL-40 in patients with nonmetastatic bone and soft tissue sarcoma (STS) is associated with short overall survival (OS), and that plasma YKL-40 is an independent predictor for OS. Materials and methods: Plasma was collected preoperatively from 65 patients with nonmetastatic bone (n=14) or STS (n=51) in the lower extremities (n=43), the upper extremities (n=16) or the trunk wall/spine (n=6). All patients underwent surgical cancer treatment. Twenty patients developed metastases during the follow-up period (minimum 5 y). The plasma concentration of YKL-40 was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Twenty-seven patients died [mean: 3.2 (range: 0.2–7.3) y postoperatively] and 38 patients were still alive after a follow-up of mean 6.9 (5.8–8.2) years postoperatively. Plasma YKL-40 was higher in patients who died during follow-up (P=0.008), in males (P=0.007) and in patients 61 years of age and above (P=0.001). The 5-year OS was 68% and OS was lower in patients with high (≥95% percentile age-corrected) plasma YKL-40 (P=0.021), age 61 years and above (P=0.013), high histologic malignancy grade (P=0.047) and male sex (P=0.051). Multivariable analysis showed that only plasma YKL-40 (age-corrected (hazard ratio=2.80, 95% confidence interval: 1.13–6.91, P=0.026) and malignancy grade (hazard ratio=9.9×107, 95% confidence interval: 0–∞, P=0.007) remained independent prognostic factors for OS. Conclusions: High preoperative plasma YKL-40 was related to short OS in patients with nonmetastatic bone and STS and plasma YKL-40 (age-corrected) was an independent prognostic risk factor for OS.

Expression of Podoplanin in Mammary Cancers in Female Dogs.

Mammary neoplasms are very common tumours in female dogs. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in the oncogenesis process. One of the useful proteins used in the diagnostics of CAFs cells is podoplanin (PDPN). The aim of our study was to assess the expression of PDPN in mammary cancer in female dogs. Our study cohort included 61 cancers and 21 adenomas of the mammary tumour in bitches. Expression of podoplanin, Ki-67 and HER2 was determined using the Immunohistochemical (IHC) method. PDPN expression at the mRNA level was determined using real-time PCR. Expression of PDPN in CAFs was observed in 22.9% of cases of mammary cancers in bitches, with no PDPN expression in adenomas. A positive correlation was found between the expression of PDPN in CAFs and the grade of histological malignancy and expression of Ki-67. PDPN plays a significant role during the process of carcinogenesis of mammary tumours in female dogs.

CBMT-14. THE DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF BRAIN TUMOR TISSUE

Abstract INTRODUCTION Recently, tumor treating fields (TTFields) were established for the treatment of newly diagnosed GBM. One of the most crucial parameters defining the treatment efficacy of TTFields is the electric field intensity, which depends on the dielectric properties of the tumor tissue. In this study we determined the dielectric properties of brain tumors by analyzing resected tissue following a fast acquisition protocol. To account for the intratumoral heterogeneity, different regions of the tumor were analyzed separately. METHODS A cohort of 84 patients with tumors of different histology have been recruited. Tissue probes were acquired from the vital tumor area and perinecrotic compartment. The tissue was measured immediately to avoid artifacts. A fragment was dissected from each tissue sample and was placed into a cylindrical cell with a known diameter. The impedance was recorded at frequencies 20Hz-1MHz using a software specifically developed for this study, which controls the LCR meter. The measured impedance was translated into dielectric properties of the sample (conductivity and relative permittivity) based on the parallel plate model, the recorded complex impedance and the geometry of the samples. Each tissue probe was fixed, H&E stained and histologically analyzed. RESULTS We found significant differences between the conductivity of different types of tumors with meningiomas showing the lowest conductivity (mean conductivity [S/m]: 0.193; range: 0.327 – 0.113) and GBM tissue exhibiting the highest conductivity values (mean conductivity [S/m]: 0.402; range: 0.893 – 0.157). Consistently, the perinecrotic areas displayed lower conductivity values compared to the solid tumor compartments. Also, we found a significant intratumoral heterogeneity in tumors of one specific histological diagnosis. CONCLUSION The dielectric properties of intracranial tumors appear to be depending on histological class and malignancy grade and show significant intratumoral heterogeneity. These results may allow a more precise modelling of electric field intensity distribution within the tumor.

Immunohistochemical Expression of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Astrocytic Tumors in Iraqi Patients.

BACKGROUND:Diffuse astrocytomas constitute the largest group of primary malignant human intracranial tumours. They are classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) into three histological malignancy grades: diffuse astrocytomas (grade II), anaplastic astrocytomas (grade III) and glioblastoma (grade IV) based on histopathological features such as cellular atypia, mitotic activity, necrosis and microvascular proliferation. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a 170-kDa transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor expressed in a variety of normal and malignant cells regulating critical cellular processes. When activated, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) triggers several signalling cascades leading to increased proliferation and angiogenesis and decreased apoptosis and hence associated with aggressive progression of the tumour. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) level is known to be a strong indicator associated with the aggressive behaviour of the tumour and acts as a prognostic factor for evaluating the survival rate.AIM:To evaluate the expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in different grades of astrocytoma.MATERIAL AND METHODS:formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded astrocytic tumours of 44 patients were collected from the archival material of pathology department of Ghazi Al Hariri Teaching Hospital during the period from June to December 2018. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections were used to characterise the tumours histologically based on cellularity, nuclear hyperchromasia, polymorphism, mitotic activity, vascular proliferation and necrosis with or without pseudopallisading of tumour cells. Diagnosis and grading of astrocytic tumours in this study were made according to WHO criteria (2016). Using a monoclonal antibody to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and immunohistochemical analysis, the expression and distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor in astrocytic tumours were examined.RESULTS:The study included 1 case pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I), 20 cases diffuse astrocytoma (grade II), 5 cases anaplastic astrocytoma (grade III) and 18 cases of glioblastoma (grade IV). Expression of EGFR was found in 38.88% of the glioblastoma samples (grade IV). However, none of the astrocytomas of WHO grades I, II and III showed immunoreactivity for EGFR protein. Different patterns of immunoreactive cells and significant intratumor heterogeneity of EGFR expression were observed in glioblastomas.CONCLUSION:The immunohistochemical expression of Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was restricted only to high-grade astrocytic tumours, namely glioblastoma, thus may use to predict glioblastoma.

P11.50 The dielectric properties of brain tumor tissue

Abstract BACKGROUND Recently, tumor treating fields (TTFields) were established for the treatment of newly diagnosed GBM. One of the most crucial parameters defining the treatment efficacy of TTFields is the electric field intensity. The dielectric properties of the normal intracranial compartments are well established, allowing the prediction of the electric field distribution. In contrast, there is no data available about the dielectric properties of brain tumor tissue. In this study we determined the dielectric properties of brain tumors by analyzing resected tissue following a fast acquisition protocol. To account for the intratumoral heterogeneity, different regions of the tumor were analyzed separately. MATERIAL AND METHODS A cohort of 84 patients with tumors of different histology and malignancy grade have been recruited (meningioma: n=26; brain metastases n=18; low grade glioma n=6; glioblastoma n=34). Tissue probes were acquired whenever possible from the vital tumor area, and perinecrotic compartment identified intraoperatively using neuronavigation, intraoperative ultrasound and fluorescence guidance. After acquisition, the tissue was measured immediately to avoid artifacts induced by temperature change, differences of fluid composition as well as post resection ischemia. A fragment was dissected from each tissue sample and was placed into a cylindrical cell with a known diameter. Two parallel electrodes were placed on both sides of the sample and the thickness of the tissue was measured using a micrometer. The impedance was recorded at frequencies 20Hz-1MHz using a software specifically developed for this study, which controls the LCR meter (Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, USA). The measured impedance was translated into dielectric properties of the sample (conductivity and relative permittivity) based on the parallel plate model, the recorded complex impedance and the geometry of the samples. Each tissue probe was fixed, H&E stained and histologically analyzed. RESULTS We found significant differences between the conductivity of different types of tumors with meningiomas showing the lowest conductivity (mean conductivity [S/m]: 0.193; range: 0.327 - 0.113) and GBM tissue exhibiting the highest conductivity values (mean conductivity [S/m]: 0.402; range: 0.893 - 0.157). Consistently, the perinecrotic areas of tumors displayed lower conductivity values compared to the solid tumor compartments. Also, we found a significant intratumoral heterogeneity in tumors of one specific histological diagnosis. CONCLUSION The dielectric properties of intracranial tumors appear to be depending on histological class and malignancy grade and show significant intratumoral heterogeneity. These results may allow a more precise modelling of electric field intensity distribution within the tumor.

Medullary breast cancer is a predominantly triple-negative breast cancer - histopathological analysis and comparison with invasive ductal breast cancer.

IntroductionMedullary breast cancer (MdBC) is an uncommon type of breast cancer representing 1–7% of all cases. It is characterized by the occurrence of many histopathological features associated with a high grade of malignancy.Material and methodsTwelve MdBCs chosen from a group of 1,122 women suffering from invasive breast cancer were analyzed. Histopathological examination and analysis of a basic molecular profile, i.e. estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and HER2 receptor expression, and their comparison with invasive ductal breast cancer (IDC), were performed.ResultsMdBC accounted for 1.07% of all analyzed invasive breast cancer patients. All patients were female, with an average age of 58.54 years. The MdBC group exhibited a larger median tumor diameter (2.05 vs. 1.89 cm), although ≥ T2 tumors comprised 42% vs. 51% for IDCs. Women without regional lymph node involvement (pN0) (83%) formed the largest group. There was a statistically significant difference in the presence of nodal involvement between the studied groups (p < 0.001). Based on the histological grade of malignancy, the majority of MdBC comprised grade II tumors (G2) (93%). In general, MdBC showed statistically higher histologic grade (G1-G3) than IDC (p = 0.003). The 5-year overall survival rate of MdBC patients was 91%. Most MdBCs (92%) were triple-negative, whereas the remaining 8% were HER2 positive.ConclusionsMdBC presented at a younger age than IDC, had a higher histological grade, larger median size and less frequent regional lymph node involvement. Most MdBCs were triple-negative, whereas IDCs were predominantly luminal. Despite numerous aggressive pathological features of MdBC, its clinical outcome and overall prognosis are favorable.

Abstract 4031: The dielectric properties of brain tumor tissue

Abstract Introduction: Recently, tumor treating fields (TTFields) have been established as for the treatment of newly diagnosed GBM1. One of the most crucial parameters defining the treatment efficacy of TTFields is the electric field intensity. The electric properties of the normal intracranial compartments are well established, allowing the prediction of the electric field distribution. In contrast, there is no data available about the electric properties of tumor tissue. In this study we determined the dieclectric properties of brain tumors by analyzing resected tissue following a fast acquisition protocol. To account for the intratumoral heterogeneity, different regions of the tumor were sampled and analyzed separately. Methods: A cohort of thirty patients with tumors of different histology and malignancy grade have been recruited (meningioma: n=11; brain metastases n=7; low grade glioma n=6; glioblastoma n=6). Tissue probes were acquired whenever possible from the vital tumor area, and perinecrotic compartment identified intraoperatively using neuronavigation, intraoperative ultrasound and fluorescence guidance. From each region, five tissue probes were sampled. After acquisition, the tissue was measured immediately to avoid artifacts induced by temperature change, differences of fluid composition as well as post resection ischemia. A fragment was dissected from each tissue sample and was placed into a cylindrical cell with a known diameter. Two parallel electrodes were placed on both sides of the sample and the thickness of the tissue was measured using a micrometer. The impedance was recorded at frequencies 20Hz-1MHz using a software specifically developed for this study, which controls the LCR meter (Keysight Technologies, Santa Rosa, USA). The measured impedance was translated into dielectric properties of the sample (conductivity and relative permittivity) based on the parallel plate model, the recorded complex impedance and the geometry of the samples. Each tissue probe was fixed, H&amp;E stained and histologically analyzed for tumor cell count and specific tissue features. Results: After receiving a positive ethics votum, the first 30 patients were recruited. As a reference, grey and white matter tissue samples from mouse brains were used. We found significant differences between the tumor entities with meningiomas showing the lowest and GBM tissue the highest conductivity values. Consistently, the perinecrotic areas displayed lower conductivity values compared to the solid tumor compartment. Also, we found a significant heterogeneity in the dielectric properties within one tumor. Conclusion: The dielectric properties of intracranial tumors appear to be depending on histological class and malignancy grade and show significant intratumoral heterogeneity. These results may allow a more precise modelling of electric field intensity distribution within the Tumor. Citation Format: Martin A. Proescholdt, Amer Haj, Christian Doenitz, Alexander Brawanski, Zeev Bomzon, Hadas Sara Hershkovich. The dielectric properties of brain tumor tissue [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4031.

Symptoms of colorectal cancer contributes to its localization and advancement

&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers occurring in Poland. Unfortunately, this cancer is most often diagnosed at the time of great advancement. This is caused by the appearance of specific symptoms only in the late stages of cancer. Also, such low detection of early stages of adenocarcinoma may be caused by disregarding of slight symptoms. &lt;br/&gt;Purpose:&lt;/b&gt; To analyse symptoms in patients with colorectal cancer and correlate with chosen clinical-pathological parameters. &lt;br/&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt; The study group consisted of 46 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. Information on symptoms associated with cancer (subjective and objective) have been selected from patients' medical history. The presence of these symptoms was correlated with the age and sex of patients, tumor location, histological type of cancer, grade of histological malignancy (G), stage of tumor (T stage), presence of lymph node metastases and distant metastases. &lt;br/&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; It has been shown that the presence of pain complaints described by the patient are associated with the occurrence of cancer in the colon. The painfulness and pathological resistance diagnosed by the physician are more often associated with cancer located in the colon. In the case of tumors located in the rectum, faecal admixtures appear more frequently. It has also been shown that the presence of admixtures of blood and mucus in the stool is associated with more advanced local tumors, infiltrating pericolorectal tissues (T3 + T4). &lt;br/&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusions:&lt;/b&gt; Familiarity with clinical symptoms of colorectal cancer could make patients more sensitive to more often screening for cancer. Analysis of these symptoms could indicate to the physician the location or stage of the cancer.

Concentration of extracellular vesicles isolated from blood relative to the clinical pathological status of dogs with mast cell tumours.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed fragments shed from all cell types, including tumour cells. EVs contain a wide range of proteins, biolipids and genetic material derived from mother cells and therefore may be potential biomarkers for tumour diagnosis, disease progression and treatment success. We studied the effect of canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) on EV concentrations in blood isolates in association with MCT's histological grade, Ki-67 proliferative index, KIT-staining pattern and number of PLT. The average EV concentration in blood isolates from nine dogs with MCTs was considerably higher than that in blood from eight healthy dogs. But there were no statistically significant differences in EVs concentration in the population of dogs with MCT according to a different histological grade of malignancy (Patnaik, Kiupel), KIT-staining pattern and Ki-67 proliferation index. The results show that these variables statistically do not significantly predicted EV concentrations in blood isolates (P > .05), except the KIT-staining pattern I which added statistically significantly to the prediction (P < .05). The results confirmed the impact of neoplasms on the morphological changes to cell membranes, which result in greater vesiculability and higher EV concentrations.

Assessing the Interleukin 35 Immunoexpression in Malignant Canine Mammary Tumors: Association With Clinicopathological Parameters and Prognosis.

IL-35 has a prominent immunosuppressive role and its overexpression has been reported in human breast cancer. However, the impact of IL-35 in canine mammary carcinogenesis has not been addressed yet. The present study determined the clinicopathological significance of IL-35 immunoexpression and its correlation with overall survival (OS) in 72 malignant canine mammary tumor (CMT) patients. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded malignant CMT samples (n=72) were submitted to immunohistochemical staining to detect IL-35 expression. Survival curves were obtained by the Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test was used for the survival estimates. Cox proportional hazard model for multivariate analysis was also performed. IL-35 overexpression was associated with: skin ulceration, tumor necrosis, mitotic index, nuclear pleomorphism, tumor differentiation, histological grade of malignancy (HGM), neoplastic intravascular emboli and lymph node metastasis. Additionally, IL-35 was also correlated with a worse overall survival in multivariate analysis, arising as an independent predictor of poor prognosis. IL-35 is associated with carcinogenesis and worse prognosis of CMT.

Renal cell carcinoma: preoperative evaluate the grade of histological malignancy using volumetric histogram analysis derived from magnetic resonance diffusion kurtosis imaging.

To investigate the value of histogram analysis of magnetic resonance (MR) diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) in the assessment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) grading before surgery. A total of 73 RCC patients who had undergone preoperative MR imaging and DKI were classified into either a low- grade group or a high-grade group. Parametric DKI maps of each tumor were obtained using in-house software, and histogram metrics between the two groups were analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used for obtaining the optimum diagnostic thresholds, the area under the ROC curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the parameters. Significant differences were observed in 3 metrics of ADC histogram parameters and 8 metrics of DKI histogram parameters (P<0.05). ROC curve analyses showed that Kapp mean had the highest diagnostic efficacy in differentiating RCC grades. The AUC, sensitivity, and specificity of the Kapp mean were 0.889, 87.9% and 80%, respectively. DKI histogram parameters can effectively distinguish high- and low- grade RCC. Kapp mean is the best parameter to distinguish RCC grades.

Intraoperative Photodiagnosis for Malignant Glioma Using Photosensitizer Talaporfin Sodium.

Objective: The aim of this study was to demonstrate the clinical feasibility of intraoperative photodiagnosis (PD) of malignant brain tumor using talaporfin sodium (TPS), which is an agent used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) for cancers.Methods: Forty-seven patients diagnosed with malignant gliomas by preoperative imaging (42 patients with gliomas and 5 patients with other brain tumors) received an intravenous injection of TPS at 40 mg/m2 24 h before resection. During surgery, these patients were irradiated with diode laser light at 664 nm, and tumor fluorescence was observed. The fluorescence intensity was visually rated on a 3-point rating scale [strong fluorescence, weak fluorescence and no fluorescence]. TPS concentrations in 124 samples from 47 cases were measured by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography).Results: The fluorescence intensity was confirmed to be weak in all patients with Grade II gliomas and strong in almost all patients with Grade III or IV gliomas, reflecting the histological grade of malignancy. In patients with non-glioma brain tumors except for 1 patient with a metastatic brain tumor, the fluorescence intensity was strong. The mean TPS concentration in tissues was 1.62 μg/g for strong fluorescence areas, 0.67 μg/g for weak fluorescence areas and 0.19 μg/g for no fluorescence areas.Conclusions: Establishment of an appropriate fluorescence observation system enabled fluorescence-guided resection of malignant brain tumors using TPS, and the fluorescence intensity of tumors correlated with the TPS concentrations in tissues. These results suggest that TPS is a useful photosensitizer for both intraoperative fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy.

Cell cycle markers and apoptotic proteins in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma in young and elderly patients.

The immunoexpression of p16, p53, and Bax in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) in young and elderly patients is assessed based on clinical and morphological parameters. The sample consists of 60 OTSCC cases: 30 in young (age ≤ 45 years) and 30 in elderly (age ≥ 60 years) patients. Clinical (tumor size, regional node metastasis, distant metastasis, and clinical stage) and morphological (histological grade of malignancy) parameters were evaluated. Immunohistochemical quantitative analysis was performed using anti-p16, anti-p53, and anti-Bax antibodies. None of the evaluated proteins exhibited statistically significant differences between young and elderly patients (p>0.05). There was a significant association of p16 immunoexpression with clinical parameters in elderly patients. There were no associations of p53 and Bax with any of the clinico-morphological parameters. Correlations between p16 and Bax and between p53 and Bax immunoexpression were observed in young patients (r = 0.363; p = 0.048) and in elderly patients (r = 0.433; p = 0.017), respectively. In conclusion, the assessed proteins could not be used to determine differences in the biological behavior of OTSCC between young and elderly patients. Therefore, all proteins activated the pro-apoptotic pathway of OTSCC in both groups.

Correlation of histological subtypes, grading and lymphovascular invasion in canine mammary carcinomas

Histological diversity of canine mammary tumours (CMTs) provides little prognostic information. Hence, use of a histological grading system may be helpful for prognosis of CMTs. A total 59 canine mammary carcinomas (CMCs) were graded histologically. The carcinomas were classified as grade I, II, or III based on evaluation of the formation of tubular structures, nuclear pleomor- phism, and mitotic indices. Microscopic evidence of lymphatic invasion was also examined. Histologically, 26 (26/59; 44.07 %), 23 (38.98%), and 10 (16.95%) CMCs were graded in grade I, II and III respectively. Majority of solid carcinomas, anaplastic carcinomas, comedocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma were in histological malignancy Grade III, whereas most tubulopapillary carcinomas, complex carcinomas, carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma, mixed carcinomas and malignant myoepithelioma were in histological malignancy Grade I. Variable numbers of tubular carcinomas, tubulopapillary carcinomas, solid carcinomas, carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma, mixed carcinomas and malignant myoepithelioma shown intermediate malignancy Grade II. Lymphovascular invasion was detected in 10 (16.95%) CMCs cases. Of this 10 cases 2 CMCs were in grade I while 4 CMCs were in each grade II and grade III. Tubular carcinoma, micropaillary carcinoma, solid carcinomas, anaplastic carcinoma, carcinoma and malignant myoepithelioma and mixed carcinomas showed lymphovascular invasion. In conclusion, this study validated the Pena method of histopathological grading of CMCs. This grading system of CMCs could be used for future prognostic studies.

Clinicopathological characteristics of metaplastic breast cancer – analysis of the basic immunohistochemical profile and comparison with other invasive breast cancer types

IntroductionMetaplastic breast cancer (MpBC) is a rare but aggressive type of breast cancer accounting for 0.25–1% of all diagnosed invasive breast cancers. Morphologically, it is characterized by differentiation of the neoplastic epithelium into squamous cells and/or mesenchymal-looking tissue. Material and methodsWe analyzed 13 MpBCs selected from the group of 1122 invasive breast cancers. Histopathological examination and analysis of estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR) and HER2 receptors expression in MpBC patients and their comparison to other types of invasive breast cancer has been performed. Results13 MpBC cases represented 1.16% of the 1122 invasive breast cancers. The MpBC group presented with a significantly larger tumor size (≥T2, 69% versus 49%, p < 0.001) and with higher grade of histological malignancy (G1-G3) (p < 0.001). MpBC group had significantly more cases with no hormone receptors (ER, PR) and HER2 overexpression/gene amplification compared with the other invasive breast cancer types group (ER-, 69% versus 23%, p < 0.001; PR-, 69% versus 28%, p < 0.001; HER2 0/1+, 93% versus 82%, p = 0.019). Most MpBCs (62%) were triple-negative. We found a correlation between hormone receptors expression and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.001). The analysis of the HER2 expression allowed us to find correlation between its expression and tumor histological grade (G1-G3) (p < 0.001), tumor size (T1a-T4) (p < 0.001) and lymph node metastasis (pN0-pN4) (p < 0.001) in MpBCs. DiscussionMpBCs are usually larger at primary diagnosis and most of MpBCs present with other poor prognostic indicators and show lack of steroid hormone receptors expression as well as HER2. Hormone receptor status and HER2 expression seems to correlate with histological grade of malignancy (G1-G3), tumor size (T1a-T4) and regional lymph node involvement (pN0-pN4) and these features are directly related to MpBC malignancy.