Histological Tissue Sections Research Articles

Differential Mueller matrix imaging of partially depolarizing optically anisotropic biological tissues

Since recently, a number of innovative polarization-based optical imaging modalities have been introduced and extensively used in various biomedical applications, with an ultimate aim to attain the practical tool for the optical biopsy and functional characterization of biological tissues. The techniques utilize polarization properties of light and Mueller matrix mapping of microscopic images of histological sections of biological tissues or polycrystalline films of biological fluids. The main drawback of currently developed laser polarimetry approaches and Mueller matrix mapping techniques is poor reproducibility of experimental data. This is due to azimuthal dependence of polarization and ellipticity values of most matrix elements to sample orientation in respect to incidence light polarization. Current study aims to generalize the methods of laser polarimetry for diagnosis of partially depolarizing optically anisotropic biological tissues. A method of differential Mueller matrix mapping for reconstruction of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism parameter distributions of partially depolarizing layers of biological tissues of different morphological structure is introduced and practically implemented. The coordinate distributions of the value of the first-order differential matrix elements of histological sections of brain tissue with spatially structured, optically anisotropic fibrillar network, as well as of parenchymatous tissue of the rectum wall with an “islet” polycrystalline structure are determined. Within the statistical analysis of polarization reproduced distributions of the averaged parameters of phase and amplitude anisotropy, the significant sensitivity of the statistical moments of the third and fourth orders to changes in the polycrystalline structure of partially depolarizing layers of biological tissue is observed. The differentiation of female reproductive sphere connective tissue is realized with excellent accuracy. The differential Mueller matrix mapping method for reconstruction of distributions of linear and circular birefringence and dichroism parameters of partially depolarizing layers of biological tissues of different morphological structures is proposed and substantiated. Differential diagnostics of changes in the phase (good balanced accuracy) and amplitude (excellent balanced accuracy) of the anisotropy of the partially depolarizing layers of the vagina wall tissue with prolapse of the genitals is realized. The maximum diagnostic efficiency of the first-order differential matrix method was demonstrated in comparison with the traditional methods of polarization and Mueller matrix mapping of histological sections of light-scattering biological tissues.

Age- and BMI-Associated Expression of Angiogenic Factors in White Adipose Tissue of Children.

The growth of adipose tissue and its vasculature are tightly associated. Angiogenic factors have been linked to obesity, yet little is known about their expression during early childhood. To identify associations of angiogenic factors with characteristics on individual and tissue level, subcutaneous white adipose tissue samples were taken from 45 children aged 0–9 years undergoing elective surgery. We measured the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEFGA), fibroblast growth factor 1 and 2 (FGF1, FGF2), angiopoietin 1 and 2 (ANGPT1, ANGPT2), TEK receptor tyrosine kinase (TEK), and von Willebrand factor (VWF). In addition, we determined the mean adipocyte size in histologic tissue sections. We found positive correlations of age with FGF1 and FGF2 and a negative correlation with ANGPT2, with pronounced differences in the first two years of life. FGF1, FGF2, and ANGPT1 correlated positively with adipocyte size. Furthermore, we identified a correlation of ANGPT1 and TEK with body mass index-standard deviation score (BMI-SDS), a measure to define childhood obesity. Except for ANGPT2, all angiogenic factors correlated positively with the endothelial marker VWF. In sum, our findings suggest that differences related to BMI-SDS begin early in childhood, and the analyzed angiogenic factors possess distinct roles in adipose tissue biology.

P1617Contractile imbalance as trigger for HCM pathogenesis: evidence from mutations in different sarcomeric proteins

Abstract Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is mostly caused by mutations in sarcomeric proteins. About 90% of mutation-positive patients have mutations in one of four proteins: the β-myosin heavy chain (β-MyHC, MYH7), cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C, MYBPC3), cardiac troponin I (cTnI, TNNI3), and cardiac troponin T. Almost all patients are heterozygous; they express the wildtype and the mutant protein isoform. For patients with β-MyHC missense mutations we have reported previously that individual cardiomyocytes show a significant variability in force generation and calcium-sensitivity, ranging from essentially donor–like to highly altered function. We provided evidence that the MYH7-alleles are switched on and off stochastically and independently from each other in each cell. This burst-like expression leads to highly variable fractions of mutant and wildtype mRNA between the cardiomyocytes, presumably causing variable fractions of mutant protein. We assume that this variability underlies the determined contractile imbalance leading to stronger cells that over-contract and over-stretch weaker cells. This could trigger development of HCM-hallmarks like myocyte disarray, fibrosis and hypertrophy. To test whether contractile imbalance may provide a common mechanism of HCM-development, we extended our analysis to additional sarcomeric proteins with HCM-mutations. Analysis of cardiomyocytes from a patient with missense mutation R145W in cTnI revealed highly variable calcium-sensitivity between individual cardiomyocytes, substantially higher than for donor cardiomyocytes. This functional heterogeneity was associated with highly variable fractions of mutant TNNI3-mRNA from cell-to-cell. This suggests that not only missense mutations in β-MyHC but also in cTnI induce hallmarks of HCM via the contractile imbalance mechanism. In contrast to missense mutations, truncation mutations in cMyBP-C presumably cause HCM via haploinsufficiency. Degradation of truncated proteins causes a lack of functional cMyBP-C and thereby alters function of the sarcomere. We hypothesized that different levels of haploinsufficiency from cell-to-cell may also cause contractile imbalance. Therefore we examined a patient with truncation mutation c.927–2A>G in cMyBP-C. Western blot analysis revealed no truncated protein and reduced levels of wildtype-cMyBP-C, consistent with haploinsufficiency. We also observed a significantly higher variability in fluorescence intensity ratio (MyBPC/Alpha-Actinin) for cardiomyocytes of the HCM-patient than in donor cardiomyocytes. The patchy distribution of cMyBP-C in histological tissue section indicated variable levels of functional protein from cell-to-cell. Functional analysis revealed significantly more variable isometric force generation from cell to cell of patient cardiomyocytes compared to donor, suggesting contractile imbalance. We conclude that contractile imbalance may be a potential common mechanism of HCM pathogenesis. Acknowledgement/Funding German Research Foundation (DFG)

DIAGNOSIS OF BLOOD LOSS BY THE METHOD OF DIGITAL STOKS POLARIMETRY OF HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS OF RECTUS ABDOMINAL MUSCLE

One of the important issues of forensic practice is the estimation of the volume of bleeding. Optical diagnostic methods of histological sections of tissue and liquids are perspective in this area.
 Material and methods. The objects of investigation are native histological sections of rectus abdominal muscle, taken from 48 corpses with acute blood loss and 10 – control group with acute coronary death.
 Results. The method of statistical analysis of the first-fourth Stokes vector parameters value distributions of microscopic images of histological sections of tissue with fibrillar structure (rectus abdominal muscle, skin, brain) of corpses with varying degrees of blood loss in order to estimate the bleeding volume was tested.
 The most sensitive statistical moments of the third and fourth orders that characterize the asymmetry and the kurtosis of change the level of blood loss of the deceased - V = 0 mm3 ÷ 1000 mm3 were revealed

Short-term surgical outcomes and histomorphological evaluation of thermal injury following palatoplasty performed with diode laser or air plasma device in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome

Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is a common disorder presenting enlarged soft palate, stenotic nares and abnormal turbinate growth. Surgical correction of BOAS abnormalities with caudal palatoplasty is an elective therapy. This prospective study aimed to compare the effect of an air plasma device and diode laser in dogs undergoing palatoplasty. Outcome measures were as follows: (1) intra-operative and immediate post-operative complications; (2) evaluation of thermal injury in histological tissue sections of the excised soft palate. Twenty dogs with enlarged soft palates underwent palatoplasty, using an air plasma device (n=10) and diode laser (n=10). Soft palate specimens underwent masked histopathological analysis to assess post-operative thermal injury.In this pilot study, no differences were observed in surgical times; all dogs were discharged 24h after surgery and had stable respiration. In the air plasma group, post-operative bleeding occurred in two cases and revision surgery was performed. No difference in thermal injury was observed using the two devices (P>0.05). The air-plasma device was a viable surgical option for palatoplasty in dogs with BOAS.

High-definition spatial transcriptomics for in situ tissue profiling.

Spatial and molecular characteristics determine tissue function, yet high-resolution methods to capture both concurrently are lacking. Here, we developed High-Definition Spatial Transcriptomics (HDST), which captures RNA from histological tissue sections on a dense spatially barcoded bead array. Each experiment recovers several hundred thousand transcript-coupled spatial barcodes at 2μm resolution, as demonstrated in mouse brain and primary breast cancer. This opens the way to high-resolution spatial analysis of cells and tissues.

Solochrome cyanine: A histological stain for cobalt-chromium wear particles in metal-on-metal periprosthetic tissues

Metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasties produce abundant implant-derived wear debris composed mainly of cobalt (Co) and chromium (Cr). Cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) wear particles are difficult to identify histologically and need to be distinguished from other wear particle types and endogenous components (e.g., haemosiderin, fibrin) which may be present in MoM periprosthetic tissues. In this study we sought to determine whether histological stains that have an affinity for metals are useful in identifying Co-Cr wear debris in MoM periprosthetic tissues. Histological sections of periprosthetic tissue from 30 failed MoM hip arthroplasties were stained with haematoxylin-eosin (HE), Solochrome Cyanine (SC), Solochrome Azurine (SA) and Perls’ Prussian Blue (PB). Sections of periprosthetic tissue from 10 cases of non-MoM arthroplasties using other implant biomaterials, including titanium, ceramic, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWP) were similarly analysed. Sections of 10 cases of haemosiderin-containing knee tenosynovial giant cell tumour (TSGCT) were also stained with HE, SC, SA and PB. In MoM periprosthetic tissues, SC stained metal debris in phagocytic macrophages and in the superficial necrotic zone which exhibited little or no trichrome staining for fibrin. In non-MoM periprosthetic tissues, UHMWP, PMMA, ceramic and titanium particles were not stained by SC. Prussian Blue, but not SC or SA, stained haemosiderin deposits in MoM periprosthetic tissues and TSGT. Our findings show that SC staining (most likely Cr-associated) is useful in distinguishing Co-Cr wear particles from other metal/non-metal wear particles types in histological preparations of periprosthetic tissue and that SC reliably distinguishes haemosiderin from Co-Cr wear debris.

Phospholipid–polymer hybrid nanoparticle-mediated transfollicular delivery of quercetin: prospective implement for the treatment of androgenic alopecia

Objectives: The aim of the study was to deliver effective doses of quercetin (Que) to the lower region of hair follicles (HFs) using the transfollicular route through dipalmotylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC)-reinforced poly lactide-co- glycolide nanoparticles (DPPC-PLGA hybrid NPs) for the treatment of alopecia.Method: PLGA and DPPC-PLGA hybrid NPs were prepared by double-emulsification solvent evaporation method. NPs were characterized for size, shape, zeta potential entrapment and drug release. Drug-polymer interactions were determined by infrared spectroscopy (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Follicular uptake of fluorescent marker tagged NPs was assessed on isolated rat skin by fluorescent microscopy. Potential of hybrid NPs to induce hair regrowth was tested on testosterone-induced alopecia in rat models by visual inspection, hair follicular density measurement (no./mm), and histological skin tissue section studies.Key findings: Hybrid NPs had mean vesicles size 339 ± 1.6, zeta potential –32.6 ± 0.51, and entrapment efficiency 78 ± 5.5. Cumulative drug release after 12 h was found to be 47.27 ± 0.79%. FTIR and DSC confirmed that drug was independently dispersed in the amorphous form in the polymer. Data from fluorescence microscopy suggested that NPs were actively taken up by HFs. In-vivo studies on alopecia-induced rat models showed that hybrid NPs improved hair regrowth potential of Que and accumulation of NPs at HFs end region inhibit HFs cells apoptosis.Conclusion: This study concludes that phospholipid–polymer hybrid NPs could be the promising transfollicular delivery system for Que in the treatment of androgenic alopecia management.

Determination of fibrin age in pathologically changed tissues in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome

The paper presents data supplementing the pathogenesis of porcine viral reproductive and respiratory syndrome. It was shown that the pathological changes taking place are characteristic both for animals infected under natural conditions and for experimental infection of piglets. Pathological data reflecting the development of pathology in the skin and in the internal organs of piglets indicate the development of systemic pathology affecting the hepato-linear, immune, respiratory and vascular system. The use of specific staining for fibrin showed its effect on the development of pathology not only in the respiratory system, but also in immunocompetent tissues. Specific staining for fibrin in histological sections of lung and lymph node tissues made it possible to determine that “young” fibrin coagulates in the tissues for 6 hours and becomes yellow-orange; “Mature” fibrin stays longer in the body for up to 24 hours and is painted depending on the period in orange-red (6-12 hours), bright red (12-18 hours) and red-violet (18-24 hours), then turning into the “old” fibrin, which is painted in purple (more than 24 hours) and grey-blue (more than 48 hours).

Pseudo-neoplastic Lesions of Prostate and the Diagnostic Deception

Introduction: Many pseudo-neoplastic lesions of the prostate gland are recognized. Histologically these lesions mimic the adenocarcinoma of prostate. Pseudo-neoplastic lesions comprise of different glandular and non-glandular or solid patterns. Largely emphasized on the epithelial origin but some stromal and solid lesions are also important. In developing countries, the routine Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain is most commonly used to stain the histological tissue sections. The other stains and molecular studies are not frequently used. The pseudoneoplastic lesions are so obscure and deceptive that sometimes it become very difficult to recognize. The diagnostic facilities both in government and private sector should have at least the facility of immunohistochemical staging to avoid misinterpretations.
 Methodology: This retrospective study performed at Muhammad Medical College Mirpurkhas Sindh. 192 specimens of radical prostatectomy (RP) and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) received between January 2015 to December 2017 were retrieved for review. All retrieved blocks processed as per standard histopathological techniques. Fresh tissue sections taken and stained with H&E.
 Results: All tissue sections reviewed to observe the glandular patterns, their architectural morphology, cytological changes and inflammatory process. The lesions were distinguished on epithelial origin and glandular patterns. Cases of benign prostatic hyperplasia were 169 (88 %), adenosis 06 (3.12 %), reactive hyperplasia 06 (3.12 %), Post atrophic hyperplasia 05 (2.6 %), benign stromal proliferation 02 (1 %) and prostate carcinoma 04 (2%).
 Conclusion: Many pseudoneoplastic lesions of the prostate are the mimicker of adenocarcinoma. On H&E stains it sometimes become difficult to differentiate the lesions. The histomorphological diagnosis of these lesions should be facilitated at least by immunohistochemical stains at diagnostic tcenters.t
 
 Keywords: Immunohistochemistry, Transurethral resection of prostate (TURP), Radical prostatectomy (RP). Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E).

Особенности репродукции вируса болезни Борна в клетках головного мозга и лабораторная диагностика инфекции

The Borna Disease Virus (BDV) is a non-segmented RNA-containing virus belonging to the Bornaviridae family. The pathogen causes progressive meningoencephalitis in animals of various types. Despite numerous studies, some stages of reproduction of Bornavirus remain poorly understood, in particular, receptor-mediated penetration, retrograde transport into the nucleus, assembly and release of the virion, etc. The present report presents the results of demonstrating studies that were aimed at following the immunoenzyme method, the distribution of the main protein BDV ― phosphoprotein P (p24) in the brain cells of naturally susceptible animals, compare nnye data with the results of a number of authors, made mainly in experimental models. Microscopic examination of histological sections of the brain tissue of horses and sheep treated with specific serum against p24 BDV in a light or luminescent microscope observed a specific color in the form of: small granules; diffuse fluorescence of the cytoplasm; larger granules, apparently due to aggregation of endosomes, for axon transportation; formations in the form of beads, demonstrating the transport of viral material along the axon. In vitro results were obtained indicating that it is possible to transport RNPs via a short path through cytoplasmic bridges. The presented results will allow a better understanding of the neuropathogenesis of Born's disease and improve the diagnosis of the disease.

A mechanized device for mounting histological tissue sections

BackgroundTraditional methods for mounting tissue sections onto slides are suboptimal as the amount of labor required quickly multiplies with increasing number of samples. Methods to accelerate the tissue mounting process while reducing the associated risk of tissue damage are needed. New MethodWe designed and 3D printed a mechanized device with an inclined platform used to mount tissue sections onto slides in buffer solution. The main advantage of this design is to reduce the time required for mounting sections as well as minimize the possibility of damaging delicate or thin tissue sections. ResultsUsing our device, we illustrate and describe in detail the steps required to mount smaller coronally cut mouse brain sections, as well as bigger tangentially cut ferret brain sections. This method's efficiency was assessed by comparing the time required to mount an entire slide of ferret brain sections using our method and the conventional method. Using our device reduced the tissue mounting time by 60%. Comparison with Existing Method(s)Compared to existing conventional tissue mounting methods, our device is a simple and user friendly alternative that substantially reduces the time required to mount tissue sections while preserving tissue section quality. ConclusionsUsing our device can streamline histological processing and prove to be especially useful for a variety of tissue types as the platform was designed to accommodate different size microscope slides, and thus use for varying tissue section sizes.

Needle Insertion Control Method for Minimizing Both Deflection and Tissue Damage

Because fine needles can easily be deflected, accurate needle insertion is often difficult. Lower abdominal insertion is particularly difficult because of less imaging feedback; thus, an approach for allowing a straight insertion path by minimizing deflection is beneficial in cases of lower abdominal insertion. Although insertion with axial rotation can minimize deflection, the rotational insertion may cause tissue damage. Therefore, we established a novel insertion method for minimizing both deflection and tissue damage by combining rotation and vibration. Using layered tissues, we evaluated the effect of a combination of rotation and vibration in terms of deflection and tissue damage, which were measured by the insertion force and torque, and the area of the hole created by the needle using histological tissue sections to measure tissue damage. The experimental results demonstrated that insertion with unidirectional rotation is risky in terms of tissue wind-up, while insertion with bidirectional rotation can decrease deflection and avoid wind-up. We also found that insertion with vibration can decrease the insertion force and torque. Therefore, insertion with a combination of bidirectional rotation and vibration can minimize needle deflection and tissue damage, including the insertion force and torque and the hole area.

Joint reconstruction and classification of tumor cells and cell interactions in melanoma tissue sections with synthesized training data

PurposeCancers are almost always diagnosed by morphologic features in tissue sections. In this context, machine learning tools provide new opportunities to describe tumor immune cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment and thus provide phenotypic information that might be predictive for the response to immunotherapy.MethodsWe develop a machine learning approach using variational networks for joint image denoising and classification of tissue sections for melanoma, which is an established model tumor for immuno-oncology research. The manual annotation of real training data would require substantial user interaction of experienced pathologists for each single training image, and the training of larger networks would rely on a very large number of such data sets with ground truth annotation. To overcome this bottleneck, we synthesize training data together with a proper tissue structure classification. To this end, a stochastic data generation process is used to mimic cell morphology, cell distribution and tissue architecture in the tumor microenvironment. Particular components of this tool are random placement and rotation of a large number of patches for presegmented cell nuclei, a stochastic fast marching approach to mimic the geometry of cells and texture generation based on a color covariance analysis of real data. Here, the generated training data reflect a large range of interaction patterns.ResultsIn several applications to histological tissue sections, we analyze the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed approach. As a result, depending on the scenario considered, almost all cells and nuclei which ought to be detected are actually marked as classified and hardly any misclassifications occur.ConclusionsThe proposed method allows for a computer-aided screening of histological tissue sections utilizing variational networks with a particular emphasis on tumor immune cell interactions and on the robust cell nuclei classification.

Emydomyces testavorans , a New Genus and Species of Onygenalean Fungus Isolated from Shell Lesions of Freshwater Aquatic Turtles

The fungal order Onygenales includes many pathogens of humans and animals, and recent studies have shown some onygenalean fungi to be significant emerging pathogens of reptiles. Although many of these fungi have similar morphological features in histologic tissue sections, recent molecular analyses have revealed a genetically complex and diverse group of reptile pathogens comprising several genera, most notably Nannizziopsis, Ophidiomyces, and Paranannizziopsis Infections by members of these genera have been previously reported in a variety of reptile species, including crocodilians, lizards, snakes, and tuataras, with negative impacts on conservation efforts for some reptiles. Despite the well-documented pathogenicity of these fungi in all other extant reptile lineages, infection has not yet been reported in aquatic turtles. In this study, we report the isolation of an onygenalean fungus associated with shell lesions in freshwater aquatic turtles. The morphologic and genetic characteristics of multiple isolates (n = 21) are described and illustrated. Based on these features and results of a multigene phylogenetic analysis, a new genus and species, Emydomyces testavorans, are proposed for these fungi isolated from turtle shell lesions.

Assessing Cellular Hypoxic Status In Situ Within the Bone Marrow Microenvironment.

Hematopoietic stem cells are maintained and regulated in spatially confined microenvironments within the bone marrow, in which oxygen availability is hypothesized to be very limited. The hypoxic nature of HSC niches is proposed to play a fundamental role in the preservation of fundamental stem cell properties through the induction of a distinct glycolytic metabolic profile in HSCs. Thus, the capacity to determine oxygen levels or cellular oxygenation status in specific tissue locations is essential to deepen our understanding of HSC biology. We here describe a methodology to indirectly quantify the hypoxic status of individual cells in situ within histological sections of bone marrow tissues. We employ the well-characterized nitroimidazole probe, pimonidazole, which acts as an oxygen mimetic and irreversibly incorporates into cellular proteins only under hypoxic conditions. The use of fluorescently labeled antibodies that recognize pimonidazole epitopes then enables the indirect assessment of the intracellular hypoxic status and its relationship to cell positioning within the complex tissue topography of the bone marrow.

Tubal choriocarcinoma in a ruptured ectopic pregnancy

Choriocarcinoma represents the most malignant entity in the spectrum of gestational trophoblastic disease. It can result from molar gestation in most instances and occasionally can arise after a term pregnancy, abortion, and ectopic pregnancy. Choriocarcinoma associated with tubal pregnancy is extremely rare and aggressive in its course with the incidence of 0.76%–0.4% of all ectopic pregnancies. This case report is from a 32-year-old female G2P1 + 0A1 whose last menstrual period was 4 months before presentation. She presented with a 2-day history of lower abdominal pain and vomiting. Histological sections of the fallopian tubal tissue showed extensive hemorrhage, necrosis and invasion by bizarre trophoblastic cells with large pleomorphic nuclei, irregular nuclear borders, and clumped chromatin.

Polarization-interference mapping of networks in diffusal polycristaline biological tissues

Objectives: Development and experimental testing of the complex of Stokes-polarimetry and interferometry methods using algorithms for digital holographic reconstruction of the amplitude-phase structure of object fields for obtaining interrelationships between 3D distributions of depolarization maps and peculiarities of the polycrystalline structure of histological sections of biological tissues of different morphological structures and physiological state. Materials and methods: The basis of the 3D Müller-matrix mapping method is the use of a reference wave of laser radiation, which is superimposed on a polarization-non-uniform image of the biological layer in the scheme of the optical interferometer. Results: In the process of comparative analysis of the map of depolarization of biological tissues with different geometric scales of the morphological structure, we found different rates of growth of the degree of depolarization.

Параметры биоэлектрического импеданса легких у самок крыс линии Вистар при экспериментальной легочной гипертензии

The aim of the study was to reveal changes in bioelectrical impedance of the lung and body in female Wistar rats with monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Multifrequency bioimpedance measurements were taken in rats a month before and after of administration of monocrotaline (100 mg/kg). Histological lung tissue sections of 5 μm thickness were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling that confirmed the development of pulmonary hypertension, emphysematous changes, and the inflammatory process in the lung were histologically shown in rats. At low frequencies, a significant increase of active resistance, amplitude of bioelectrical impedance of the lung revealed in monocrotaline-treated rats in comparison to the rats in the control group may testify to emphysematous changes, and at higher frequencies, that may be connected with the inflammatory process and narrowing of the lumen of blood vessels in the lung. In monocrotaline-treated rats, a significant decrease of the phase angle of pulmonary electrical bioimpedance and reactive resistance of bioelectrical impedance of the body at low frequency may indicate cell membrane injury.

Stokes-Correlometry Analysis of Biological Tissues With Polycrystalline Structure

Utilizing Stokes-correlometry analysis a new diagnostic approach has been introduced for quantitative assessment of polarization images of histological sections of optically anisotropic biological tissues with different morphological structures and physiological conditions. The developed approach is based on the quantitative assessment of coordinate and phase distributions of the Stokes vector of scattered light. A combined use of statistic, correlation, and fractal analysis is used for resolving variations in optical anisotropy of biological samples. The proposed combined application of the statistical, correlation, and fractal-based evaluates of spatial distributions of ‘single-point’ polarization azimuth, ellipticity, and ‘two-point’ Stokes vector parameters of polarization images of biological tissues histological sections demonstrates a high accuracy ( $Ac \geq \text{90}\% $ ) in monitoring of optical anisotropy variations within biological tissues.