Histological Structure Research Articles

Effect of Consumption of Caffeinated Energy Drinks on the Myocardium of the Adult Male Albino Rat (A Histological and Morphometric Study)

Abstract Background Energy drinks are non-alcoholic beverages containing mainly caffeine. Chronic consumption of energy drinks may be associated with increased blood pressure, and cardiac work load, as well as, increased heart rate. Energy drinks consumption has been related to myocardial infarction in healthy young adult. Aim of the Work The aim of the present work was to study the harmful effect of energy drinks histologically and morphometrically, on the myocardium of the adult male albino rats. Material and Methods 20 Adult male albino rats aging 4-6 moths were divided randomly into two groups; Group I (Control group) which consisted of 10 male albino rats with free access to food (rat chew) and water and Group II (Experimental group): 10 male albino rats which received 3.75 ml/kg body weight red bull through oral gavage daily for 4 weeks with free access to food (rat chew) and water. At the end of experiment, rats werescarificed, and cardiac muscle was extracted and processed into paraffin blocks for light microscopic examination. Morphometric study and statistical analysis were done. Results The present work demonstrated that Red Bull induced several histopathological changes of the cardiac muscle. The results showed the cardiac muscle of rats with irregularities in the arrangement of fibers and wide spaces in between. Some cardiomyocytes showed areas of pale stained sarcoplasm, partial loss of the cross striations and ill-defined intercalated discs. Localized areas of hyaline degeneration and areas of tissue disruption were also noticed with less frequently localized coalesced cytoplasmic vacuoles. The nuclei of the cardiomyocytes appeared small, darkly stained, and pyknotic. Others were flattened and deeply stained. Congested, and thick walled blood vessels were also observed, with mononuclear cellular infiltrations. In Masson’s Trichrome sections, relative increase in collagen deposition between the cardiac muscle fibers was observed which was associated with focal fibrous degeneration. Examination of the semithin sections showed partial disruption of the cardiomyocytes. The nuclei of the cardiomyocytes were small, darkly stained with perinuclear degeneration. Some nuclei were eccentric, or with an irregular outline, and peripheral chromatin condensation. The characteristic finding was the presence of longitudinal wavy cardiac muscle fibers with relatively wide spaces in between and localized areas of partially lost cross striations and intercalated discs. Dilated, thick walled blood vessels was noticed between the bundles of cardiac muscle. Mononuclear inflammatory cellular infiltrations were also detected. Conclusion The present study demonstrated the degenerative and cardiotoxic effects of Red Bull as an example of energy drinks on the histological structure of the cardiac muscle.

Comparative study of Lepidium sativum orally administered seeds, hydrogel and atorvastatin on obesity of rats fed on a high fat diet

Background Obesity has become a prevalent issue worldwide, leading to various complications such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular problems. Statins, as FDA approved anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, still pose some concerns upon their administration. Recently, researchers have looked for natural products as an alternative to manage hyperlipidemia and obesity. Aim This work aimed to study the hypolipidemic effect of Lepidium sativum garden cress (GC) from different preparations; orally administered seeds, and hydrogel, in comparison to atorvastatin. Methods GC hydrogel was prepared from the GC aqueous extract and pharmaceutically evaluated for its pH, spreadability, seeds content, homogeneity, rheology, and in vitro release. The rat’s body weight, blood glucose levels, total lipid profile, and liver biomarkers were evaluated on obese rats for one month. In addition, the histopathology study was also performed. Results GC hydrogel had acceptable pharmaceutical properties and showed a sustained release performance over 24 h. Oral and topical GC significantly reduced the lipid profiles, blood sugar and ALT, AST levels more than the negative control group and comparable to atorvastatin. It was found that oral GC showed a significant effect on the percentage decrease in the rat’s body weight than the applied hydrogel. Histopathology study revealed a better outcome in the histological structure of pancreas and liver compared with rats feed on high fat diet post-treatment for one month. Conclusion GC orally administered, or topically applied hydrogel could be a promising, safe alternative formulation to atorvastatin in managing hyperlipidemia and normalizing body weight of obese rats.

A Periodic Comparison of Harderian Gland in Henna Partridge (Alectoris chukar) According to Different Developmental Stages

Background: The present study aimed at determining histological structure and histochemical properties of the henna partridge (Alectoris chukar) Harderian gland periodically. Objectives: For this purpose, the Harderian glands of 12 (6 females + 6 males) healthy henna partridges aged 3 and 6 months were used. Methods: Totally removed Harderian gland tissue samples were kept in 10% neutral formolin for 36 hours and fixed. After washing, dehydrating, and polishing with known histological techniques, tissue pieces were blocked in paraffin. Results: We found that a thin connective tissue capsule surrounds the Harderian gland of the henna partridge and that the capsule sends septums into the gland and divides the gland into lobes and lobules. It was observed that the corpus glandulae consist of low or high prismatic epithelial cells. Within each lobe, there is a single main draining channel which has a very large lumen along with primary draining channels. Primary and main draining channel epithelial cells have a single-layered cuboidal structure. By Gordon-Sweet staining, it was found that reticular fiber bundles started from the connective tissue capsule that surrounded the organ and spread by branching. The reticular fiber bundles extended in thin strands to the periphery of the corpus glandulae. These reticular fiber bundles in the regions where the connective tissue septums widened are thicker and form a network. The reticular fiber bundles are seen in the basal part of the epithelial cells forming the main draining channel and especially in the crypt areas. Reticular fibers are also found around blood vessels. Strong Alcian blue (AB)-positive epithelial cells are observed in the corpus glandulae in AB pH=2.5 staining, but no periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive epithelial cells are observed in PAS staining. While the majority of primary draining channel cells show a strong AB-positive reaction, a few cells showed a weak PAS-positive reaction. Regarding the main draining channel epithelium, goblet cells show a weak and strong AB-positive reaction in AB pH=2.5 staining method, respectively and a weak PAS-positive reaction in PAS staining method. Conclusion: In line with these findings, no significant difference was found in terms of general histological structure and histochemical properties of the 3- and 6-month-old henna partridge Harderian gland.

Histologic structure of stomach in birds

Histologic structure of stomach in birds

Morphometric and Histological Structure of Bulbus Oculi in Goats

Morphometric and Histological Structure of Bulbus Oculi in Goats

Caracterização de nanopartículas de ferrita de cobalto e avaliação de seu efeito tóxico em camundongos experimentais

This study investigated the characterization of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe2O4) prepared by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method, using various techniques such as energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and in vitro drug release test (IVRT). It also evaluated the toxicity of these nanoparticles on liver, spleen, heart, and kidney tissues using a mouse model. CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized from an aqueous solution containing 1mg of CoFe2O4 powder dissolved in DMSO and RPMI serum-free media. XRD analysis revealed the characteristic peaks of the spinel lattice of cubic-shaped cobalt ferrite nanocrystals, with an average crystallite size of 12 nm calculated using Scherrer’s formula. SEM and EDX were used to study the surface morphology and chemical compositions, respectively. The in vivo experiments determined the LD50 of CoFe2O4 to be 3000 mg/kg body weight. Administration of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles at a dosage of 75 mg/kg body weight for 14 days did not cause any changes to the histological structure of the tissues in the mouse model, indicating their potential biocompatibility.

The effect of telang flower extract on kidney function and histopathological features of obese rat kidneys

This study aims to determine the effect of oral administration of telang flower extract in several doses on histopathological changes in kidney organs. This study used a post test only control group design. Researchers used 6 Wistar rats for each experimental group, so that the total number of test animals in this study was 24. Grouping of test animals was done randomly into 4 test groups. Histopathological observations of kidney tissue were made by comparing the control and treatment groups. Changes observed will be the presence of fatty degeneration (vacuolization), necrosis and hydrophic degeneration. To obtain quantitative data, scoring was performed on each change found. The data from the study were then analyzed with the help of SPSS. Data normality test was analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (p > 0.05). To test the significance between test groups, one-way analysis of variance or One Way ANOVA technique was conducted at 95% confidence level (p < 0.05). Further analysis or test was conducted using Post Hoc Test with LSD technique. The results showed that the administration of telang flower extract at a dose of 600mg/KgBB was effective in improving kidney function in obese Wistar white rats. This improvement is seen through increased levels of ureum, creatinine, and improved renal histological structure. Histopathological observation of kidney tissue showed that treatment group 3, which received telang flower extract at a dose of 600mg/KgBB, experienced significant improvement and was closer to the control group than the other groups.

Histological Study the Renal Corpuscle Distribution in Kidney of Sheep (Ovies Aries) in Middle Iraq

The kidneys in animals are the main excretory structures of the body have a chief character in the keep of fluid and electrolyte equilibrium , control of the blood pressure. The aim of this study to determine the histological structure of renal corpuscles distribution of sheep. Twelve kidney of sheep male and female was collected from massacre middle of Iraq, tissue samples were processed, sectioned and subjected to specific stains to reveal histological details, this study reveal the kidney enclosed by thick capsule consist of dense connective tissue ,the kidneys consist of cortex and medulla, the cortex form the majority of the kidney and it made of large and small renal corpuscle, The renal corpuscles distribution in sub-capsular, mid-cortical and juxta-medullary zone. Renal corpuscle in the subscapular zone less numerically than in other zones, it increasing distribution toward the mid-cortical zone and the Juxta-medullary zone. The diameter of renal corpuscle in sub-capsular zone was less than in mid-cortical renal corpuscle and the juxta-medullary.

Effect of moringa flower extract on liver function and histopathology appearance of obesity model rat's liver

This study aims to test and analyze the effectiveness of moringa flower extract on the liver function of male wistar strain white rats obesity model and how the histopathological picture. This research is a type of experimental quantitative research using post-test only group design. This study used test animals in the form of male white wistar rats with a body weight of 200-300 gr aged 2-3 months. The test animals were divided into 4 groups, the control group was only given regular food and distilled water, the treatment group was given high-fat food and Moringa flower extract at different doses, namely 200 mg / kgBB, 400 mg / kgBB, and 600 mg / kgBB. The results of the phytochemical test showed that moringa flower extract contains secondary metabolites in the form of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and steroids. The administration of moringa flower extract at a dose of 600 mg/KgBB is effective in improving liver function in obese Wistar white rats. This improvement can be seen through the levels of ALT, AST, and histological structure of the liver that has improved. The results of histopathological observations of liver tissue in treatment group 3, namely moringa flower extract at a dose of 600 mg/KgBB, experienced the most significant improvement and approached the control group compared to other groups.

Potential of Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) Extract as a Substitute for Eosin in Hematoxylin-Eosin Histological Staining

Staining is an important stage in preparing microscopic preparations so that the histological structure can be observed clearly. Hematoxylin-Eosin is the most widely used dye. Unfortunately, eosin is a synthetic chemical compound that is carcinogenic. To reduce the health and environmental impacts of eosin compounds, it is important to look for alternative dyes from natural ingredients. Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) is a plant known to contain anthocyanins which can be used as eosin substitutes. This study aims to determine the potential of hibiscus extract as a substitute for eosin in histological staining. In this study, unstained liver tissue preparations from mice (Mus musculus) were used. Hibiscus extract dye was compared with eosin as a control. The color quality of the tissue preparations was used as an experimental parameter. The results of the microscopic assessment showed that liver tissue stained with Hibiscus extract at concentrations of 60% and 80% was less good than eosin. However, because tissue can stain reddish, hibiscus extract has the potential to be used as an eosin substitute. The right extraction method may be able to produce intact anthocyanin so that it can color the tissue optimally.

Study of Histological Skin Structure of Python reticulatus and Varanus salvator

Reptile skin is covered with scales that form a protective barrier, making it waterproof and enabling life on land. The present study investigated the histological structure of the skin of the Python reticulatus and Varanus salvator. The samples used were Python reticulatus and Varanus salvator skin taken from the dorsal region. Preparations were made using the hematoxylin eosin (HE) staining method which was carried out at the Microbiology of the leather processing technology, Politeknik ATK Yogyakarta. The results showed that the histological structure of Python reticulatus skin consisted of two layers, epidermis and dermis. The epidermis was composed of stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, and stratum basale. The dermis consists of an outer layer called the stratum laxum (stratum spongiosum) and an inner layer called the stratum compactum. Meanwhile, the histological skin structure of Varanus salvator skin consists of epidermis which included oberhautchen, α-keratin layer, β-keratin layer, supra basale layer, and basale layer. The dermis consists of superficial dermis and deep dermis. There are differences between Python reticulatus skin that is distinguished by its ability to ecydis (skin shedding) the epidermis and Varanus salvator skin have osteoderm (OD) within their dermis layer

Мікрорівнева адаптація окремих органів і тканин стерляді (Acipenser ruthenus Linnaeus, 1758) в умовах теплового стресу

Purpose. To evaluate the variability of the histological parameters of individual organs and tissues of sterlet, to establish the level of effect of heat stress on the physiological status of fish and the degree of their adaptation. To determine the perspective of using histological monitoring data in fish farming practice. Methodology. The primary materials were obtained in aquarium conditions of the Aquatic Bioresources Laboratory of the Kherson State Agrarian and Economic University. The laboratory processing of histological samples was performed according to generally accepted methods and manuals. Histological studies were carried out using the author’s equipment and original methods, specially intended for the diagnostics of fish tissues. The obtained results were processed by methods of variational statistics using a package of appropriate MS Excel applications, with emphasis on the standard error. Findings. Microanatomical studies of sterlet showed that under conditions of heat stress, the most significant changes occur in adipose tissue, somatic and cardiac muscle tissue, thyroid gland and renal tissue, which can conditionally be considered as bioindicative zones. Under the potential influence of the thermal factor, the response of sterlet is expressed in a decrease in the lipid content in the accompanying muscles of adipose tissue. The effect is visualized in the fragmentation and subsequent shredding of lipid vacuoles, which leads to variability in adipocyte shape from stellate to spindle-shaped. The obtained results indicate a decrease in the excretion of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream by the thyroid gland and is expressed in a gradual increase in the diameter of the thyroid follicles (by 16.0 µm and 26.5 µm) and a corresponding decrease in the height of the follicular cells (by 1.1 µm and 2.0 µm), which is statistically significant. Intensive development of “additional” follicles inside existing ones indicates the prevention of thyroid intoxication of the body, which indicates the development of an adaptive reaction of the body. Comparative studies of the ventricular myocardium of fish allowed establishing certain morphological differences in the form of moderate interstitial edema of the tissue and intracellular edema of cardiomyocytes. In the final phase of the experiment, karyopyknosis was locally observed in the ventricular cardiomyocytes of 50% of stressed fish. Somatic muscle tissue is generally resistant to stress, but the rate of its development at elevated temperatures slows down. Characteristic signs of the histological picture of muscle stress are approximately the same ratio of stromal and parenchymal components, the central orientation of the nuclei within a single muscle fiber and insufficient filling of the fibers with the fibrillar component. Antidiuretic hormone is forcedly released in fish under conditions of heat stress, which leads to a decrease in the volume of the primary filtrate. Evidence is a narrow gap in the urinary space between the visceral and parietal layers of the renal corpuscle. Originality. New data are presented and existing data on the histological structure of individual organs and tissues of sterlet under stress loads are significantly expanded. For the first time, a detailed histological analysis of the structure of muscle, adipose tissue, as well as the kidney and thyroid gland of sterlet under heat stress conditions was carried out. The comparative analysis, current and updated information on compensatory changes in tissues demonstrate their adaptive potential, which was developed during the evolution of the species. Practical Value. The information obtained is of value in morphophysiological studies as well as in fish farming practice in connection with the modern problem of a decrease in the life status of fish under stress. The use of the obtained data allows a qualitative assessment of the physiological state and can be used in the process of developing corrective measures in order to consolidate hereditary resistance, which is ultimately aimed at preventing diseases of valuable aquaculture objects. Keywords: sterlet, heat stress, adaptation, muscle tissue, thyroid gland, myocardium, adipose tissue, renal tissue.

Effects of Adding Sphingomonas Z392 to Drinking Water on Growth Performance, Intestinal Histological Structure, and Microbial Community of Broiler Chickens.

Probiotics are a prominent alternative to antibiotics in antimicrobial-free broiler farming. To assess the effect of Sphingomonas sp. Z392 (isolated and identified) on broiler growth, 600 one-day-old Kebao broiler chickens were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. Each group had three replicates, with 100 broiler chickens being raised in each replicate. Regarding the experimental group of broiler chickens, 4.0 × 105 CFU/mL of Sphingomonas Z392 was added to their drinking water. Then, the changes in broiler body weight, the EPI, intestinal histological structure, and gut microbiota were examined. The results show that the supplementation of the broilers' drinking water with 4 × 105 CFU/mL of Sphingomonas Z392 resulted in an increase in the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Bacteroides, Lachnospiraceae, Aminobacterium, Oribacterium, Christensenellaceae, Faecalibacterium, Barnesiella, Ruminococcus, Parabacteroides, Phascolarctobacterium, Butyricicoccaceae, and Caproiciproducens, which have been reported to be positively correlated with the improved digestion and absorption of broiler chickens. The relative abundance of Odoribacter, Alistipes, Parabacteroides, and Rikenellaceae increased, and these have been reported to be negatively correlated with the occurrence of intestinal diseases. The relative abundance of Campylobacter, Shigella Castellani, Bilophila, Campylobacter, Clostridia, and Anaerotruncus decreased, and these have been reported to be positively correlated with the occurrence of intestinal diseases. At the same time, the following also increased: the integrity of small intestinal villus morphology; the number of goblet cells in small intestinal epithelial cells; the health of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm of jejunal villous epithelial cells; the number of lysosomes in the cytoplasm of goblet cells in the small intestinal epithelium, ileal villous epithelial cells, and mitochondria in the cytoplasm of large intestinal villous epithelial cells; the VH/CD of the ileum; and digestive, absorption, and defense capabilities. In particular, the final weight increased by 4.33%, and the EPI increased by 10.10%. Therefore, the supplementation of broiler drinking water with Sphingomonas generated better economic benefits from the broiler chickens.

Exosomes derived from tendon stem/progenitor cells enhance tendon-bone interface healing after rotator cuff repair in a rat model

The rate of retear after surgical repair remains high. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively employed in regenerative medicine for several decades. However, safety and ethical concerns constrain their clinical application. Tendon Stem/Progenitor Cells (TSPCs)-derived exosomes have emerged as promising cell-free therapeutic agents. Therefore, urgent studies are needed to investigate whether TSPC-Exos could enhance tendon-bone healing and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. In this study, TSPC-Exos were found to promote the proliferation, migration, and expression of fibrogenesis markers in BMSCs. Furthermore, TSPC-Exos demonstrated an ability to suppress the polarization of M1 macrophages while promoting M2 macrophage polarization. In a rat model of rotator cuff repair, TSPC-Exos modulated inflammation and improved the histological structure of the tendon-bone interface, the biomechanical properties of the repaired tendon, and the function of the joint. Mechanistically, TSPC-Exos exhibited high expression of miR-21a-5p, which regulated the expression of PDCD4. The PDCD4/AKT/mTOR axis was implicated in the therapeutic effects of TSPC-Exos on proliferation, migration, and fibrogenesis in BMSCs. This study introduces a novel approach utilizing TSPC-Exos therapy as a promising strategy for cell-free therapies, potentially benefiting patients with rotator cuff tear in the future.

Effects of hesperidin on the histological structure, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the liver and kidney induced by NiCl2.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hesperidin on the liver and kidney dysfunctions induced by nickel. The mice were divided into six groups: nickel treatment with 80 mg/kg, 160 mg/kg, 320 mg/kg hesperidin groups, 0.5% CMC-Na group, nickel group, and blank control group. Histopathological techniques, biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and the TUNEL method were used to study the changes in structure, functions, oxidative injuries, and apoptosis of the liver and kidney. The results showed that hesperidin could alleviate the weight loss and histological injuries of the liver and kidney induced by nickel, and increase the levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine aminotransferase (GPT), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) in liver and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and N-acetylglucosidase (NAG) in kidney. In addition, hesperidin could increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the liver and kidney, decrease the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) and inhibit cell apoptosis. It is suggested that hesperidin could help inhibit the toxic effect of nickel on the liver and kidney.

Efficacy of the Coordinative compound of Aluminium and N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-anthranilic (mefenamic) acid on the Model of Chronic Alcohol-Induced Pancreatitis

The aim of the study is to determine the efficacy of the innovative coordinative compound of aluminium and N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-anthranilic (mefenamic) acid (CCAA, possessing hepatoprotective and antioxidative activity) on the model of chronic alcohol-induced pancreatitis in rats (Lieber–DeCarli isocaloric alcohol liquid diet for 10 weeks + LPS administration once a week for the three last weeks, 3 mg/kg intravenously). CCA was administered for 21 days at doses of 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg intragastrically. Leucocyte content in the peripheral blood and erythrocyte sedimentation rate, basal glycemia, total lipids level, α-amylase and pancreatic elastase activity in blood serum and the duodenal contents as well as histological structure of the pancreas were evaluated. In the blood serum and the homogenate of the pancreas, glutathione content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase activities were measured. The dose-dependent normalizing effect of CCAA was registered by the influence on the non-specific inflammatory markers, pancreatic exocrine function, and cytoarchitectonics of the pancreas (the highest efficacy – at a dose of 120 mg/kg). The normalizing influence on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance markers was not dose-dependent with an especially significant normalizing influence on SOD activity. The results substantiate expanding indications for the of the studied drug.

Justification for the creation of intelligent programs for early diagnosis, lung cancer phenotyping and treatment effectiveness assessment

BACKGROUND. Ordinary DICOM viewers used in practical medicine (Vitrea, EFilm, K-Pacs, etc.) allow only densitometric researches, which does not give a complete picture of the histological structure of the investigated tissues. Digital software processing of computed tomography (CT) data helps to investigate in detail the morphofunctional state of tissues and formations. OBJECTIVE. In view of the digital software processing of CT data, to justify the possibility of creating intelligent programs based on convolutional neural networks for early diagnostics, phenotyping and control of efficiency of lung cancer treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. The retrospective analysis of the data of 23 patients who were on treatment at the SI “National scientific center of phthisiology, pulmonology and allergology named after F.G. Yanovsky of the NAMS of Ukraine”. On the eve of operative treatment the patients underwent a full complex of inspections, including a CT scan. Digital software processing of CT data was conducted taking into account the results of immunohistochemical and pathistological inspections of removed tumours using the Dragonfly program. RESULTS. Differences in the histograms of various immunohistochemical forms of lung cancer have been revealed, that allows to create intelligent systems based on convolutional neural networks. It will help to conduct early diagnostics, phenotyping and control of efficiency of the personalized treatment of patients with lung cancer.

Amitriptyline and cholecalciferol amend hippocampal histological structure and myelination during stress in Wistar rats via regulating miR200/BMP4/Olig-2 signaling.

Chronic stress is a universal condition commonly associated with many psychiatric diseases. An extensive body of evidence discussed hippocampal affection upon chronic stress exposure, however, the underlying molecular pathways still need to be identified. We investigated the impact of chronic stress on miR200/BMP/Olig-2 signaling and hippocampal myelination. We also compared the effects of chronic administration of amitriptyline and cholecalciferol on chronically stressed hippocampi. Both amitriptyline and cholecalciferol significantly decreased serum cortisol levels, reduced immobility time in the forced swim test, increased the number of crossed squares in open field test, decreased the hippocampal expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and its messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, reduced miR200 expression as compared to untreated chronically stressed rats. Also, both drugs amended the hippocampal neuronal damage, enhanced the surviving cell count, and increased the pyramidal layer thickness of Cornu Ammonis subregion 1 (CA1) and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Cholecalciferol was more effective in increasing the area percentage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and Olig-2 positive cells count in hippocampi of chronic stress-exposed rats than amitriptyline, thus enhancing myelination. We also found a negative correlation between the expression of BMP4, its mRNA, miR200, and the immunoexpression of MBP and Olig-2 proteins. This work underscores the amelioration of the stress-induced behavioral changes, inhibition of miR200/BMP4 signaling, and enhancement of hippocampal myelination following chronic administration of either amitriptyline or cholecalciferol, though cholecalciferol seemed more effective in brain remyelination.

Unveiling the molecular regulatory mechanisms of immune responses in the spleen of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) against Nocardia seriolae infection

Spotted sea bass holds significant economic importance in China's aquaculture sector. The outbreaks of bacterial diseases, especially caused by Nocardia seriolae (N.seriolae), have occurred frequently due to intensive farming. With the high morbidity and mortality, fish nocardiosis is one of the most serious problems faced by the aquaculture industry of spotted sea bass. However, the regulatory mechanism of immune response in spotted sea bass after N.seriolae infection remain elusive. In our study, we conducted a comprehensive examination of clinical symptoms and histological structures of the spleen, revealing noticeable pathological changes in diseased fish. Subsequently, we employed transcriptome sequencing of the spleen to investigate the effect of N.seriolae on spotted sea bass at 0 h, 48 h, 96 h and 120 h at transcriptome level. A total of 3031, 3597, and 4683 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were unveiled in 48 h vs. 0 h, 96 h vs. 0 h and 120 h vs. 0 h, respectively. Up-regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in PRRs and cytokine related pathways, while down-regulated DEGs exhibited significant enrichment in autophagy related pathways, suggesting potential roles in immune modulation. Weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified a blue module strongly linked to the immune response against N.seriolae infection, from which 10 hub genes were identified, including ilr2, tnfrsf9, c7 and so on. Moreover, our findings highlighted the involvement of alternative splicing (AS) in the immune response and found that pathogen infection also induced the AS events in some immune-related genes. Our study could shed new light on the molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying the immune response after N. seriolae infection in spotted sea bass, providing a basic guidance for the breeding of spotted sea bass with disease resistance in the future.

Dynamic changes in key factors of the blood-brain barrier in early diabetic mice.

Chronic hyperglycemia can result in damage to the hippocampus and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), potentially leading to neurological disorders. This study examined the histological structure of the hippocampus and the expression of critical genes associated with the BBB at 2 early stage time points in a streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) mouse model. Routine histology revealed vascular congestion and dilation of Virchow-Robin spaces in the hippocampal CA1 region of the DM group. Neuronal alterations included rounding and swelling and reduction in Nissl bodies and increased apoptosis. Compared to the control group, TJP1 mRNA expression in the DM group was significantly lower (P < .05 or P < .01), while mRNA levels of JAM3, TJP3, CLDN5, CLDN3, and OCLN initially increased and then decreased. At 7, 14, and 21 days, mRNA levels of the receptor for advanced glycation end products (AGER) were greater in the DM group than in the control group (P < .05 or P < .01). These findings indicate that early-stage diabetes may cause structural and functional impairments in hippocampal CA1 in mice. These abnormalities may parallel alterations in the expression of key BBB tight junction molecules and elevated AGER expression in early DM patients.