Histogram Shifting Research Articles

Unconstraint Optimal Selection of Side Information for Histogram Shifting Based Reversible Data Hiding

Histogram shifting (HS) as a typical reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme is widely researched due to its high quality of stego-image. During HS process, the selected side information, i.e., peak and zero bins, usually greatly affects the performance of stego-image. Due to the massive solution space and burden in distortion computation, conventional HS-based schemes commonly utilize some empirical criterions associated with many artificial-designed constraints to determine side information, which could not lead to a global optimal performance for HS-based RDH. Later, our previous work proposed an adaptive information selection scheme for “multiple embedding” method by removing lots of constraints employed in conventional schemes. However, those constraints could not be completely avoided. Those chosen peak and zero bins in “multiple embedding” process are required to be different with each other, since they are commonly determined at one time as side information. In this paper, we employ “multilevel embedding” method and contrive to get rid of these above-mentioned constraints, which are called “unnecessary constraints” in this paper, so as to search essential global optimal side information around the entire solution space for HS-based RDH. Apparently, the process will dramatically increase the solution space and computation complexity. To effectively control the time cost, two novel approaches are proposed: 1) A pattern-based rapid performance evaluation method is designed to compute the rate and distortion; 2) Spirited by our previous work, a problem-oriented designed evolutionary algorithm, i.e., transfer learning-based genetic algorithm, is proposed to perform high-efficiency search around the entire huge solution space. For a given data payload, the proposed scheme could adaptively determine the optimal combination of peak and zero bins without any unnecessary constraint. The experimental results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed scheme compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

基于秘密分享和直方图平移的多图像水印算法

基于秘密分享和直方图平移的多图像水印算法

A reversible database watermarking method with low distortion

In this paper, a low distortion reversible database watermarking method based on histogram gap is proposed in view of the large gap in histogram of database integer data. By using the method, the tolerance of the attribute column containing all integer data is firstly calculated and the prediction error is obtained according to the tolerance. Then according to the watermark bits to be embedded, the database tuples will be randomly grouped and the histogram can be constructed by using the prediction error. Finally, the histogram correction rule is used to find the histogram peak bin, the number of consecutive non-zero prediction errors on the left and right sides of the peak is obtained, and the histogram shift is performed on the side with a smaller number of non-zero prediction errors, and then the watermark embedding will be realized. The results of the experiments based on the published dataset of FCTD (Forest Cover Type Dataset) show that compared with the existing GAHSW which also considers distortion, the proposed method significantly reduces the number of histogram column shift while embedding the watermarks, greatly reduces the changes to the carrier data, and effectively reduces the database's data distortion caused by watermark embedding.

A High-Imperceptibility and Histogram-Shifting Data Hiding Scheme for JPEG Images

Data hiding technology plays an important role in many areas related to people’s life, such as military and medical images. However, it is difficult to obtain high embedding capacity in compressed images, and it may cause obvious image distortion. Also, the target image’s file size should be controlled, as a significant increase in file size may cause the interceptor’s attention. In the field of data hiding, many people have proposed feasible solutions. However, considering the visual quality and embedding rate of images, more improvements are needed. In this paper, the histogram shift is used to realize data hiding of JPEG images. The secret message bits are embedded in the high-frequency coefficients to ensure a higher embedding rate, and the high-frequency coefficients are obtained by histogram distribution. The optimal threshold is used to select a discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficient sub-block that is suitable to embed the secret message and further improve the visual quality of the target image. The experiments show that our solution is significantly better than the most advanced technology in terms of embedding rate and visual quality.

High-capacity reversible data hiding in encrypted images based on two-phase histogram shifting.

With the extensive use of cloud services in different applications, it's a problem for the cloud service provider to manage or process the privacy data that are encrypted by the content owner. Therefore, signal processing technology in the encrypted domain has attracted the attention of researchers. In this paper, we propose a new reversible data hiding method for encrypted images based on two-phase histogram shifting. In the proposed method, the original image is encrypted by using special image division and additive homomorphic encryption. After image encryption, the encrypted image can partially maintain spatial correlation for data embedding while the content security of the encrypted image is ensured. Due to the spatial correlation, the data hider can generate two difference histograms from the encrypted image, which provide high embedding capacity. A two-phase histogram shift scheme is used to embed the secret data into the two difference histograms. At the receiver side, the secret data can be extracted from the encrypted image or the decrypted image, and the image can be recovered to its original version without any error. The experimental results demonstrated that the proposed method can efficiently improve the capacity of data embedding and outperform other related methods, while the visual quality of the marked image can be maintained.

Simulation based Performance Analysis of Histogram Shifting Method on Various Cover Images

Simulation based Performance Analysis of Histogram Shifting Method on Various Cover Images

Comparative Analysis of Image Hiding Approach in Encrypted Domain Based on Histogram Shifting Method

Comparative Analysis of Image Hiding Approach in Encrypted Domain Based on Histogram Shifting Method

A high capacity reversible data hiding scheme based on right-left shift

Abstract Recently, data hiding scheme developed rapidly. But its permanent distortion does not satisfy some sensitive applications. Accordingly, reversible data hiding (RDH) has developed quickly for years. Histogram shifting (HS) technique is one of the high-efficiency RDH schemes. In this paper, based on the characteristics of rectangle-prediction-error distribution, i.e., bin 0 is the highest bin, the other peak bins are distributed on the left and right sides of the highest bin in a nearly symmetrical way, and many zero bins locate on both sides of the peak bins. We proposed a high capacity RDH scheme based on right-left shift. The peak bins are first shifted towards right direction to leave some locations for embedding secret message bits, then, they are shifted towards left direction leave more locations for more data embedding, which can reduce the distortion due to right shift. By analyzing the necessary condition for the predictive error, the issue of overflow/underflow can be easily solved without adding side information in the embedding data. Experimental results on different images illustrate the proposed scheme is of high embedding capacity (EC) and visual quality on different images, meanwhile, the theory demonstrates the performance of the proposed method outperforms other RDH methods.

Imperceptible reversible watermarking of radiographic images based on quantum noise masking

Background and objectiveAdvances in information and communication technologies boost the sharing and remote access to medical images. Along with this evolution, needs in terms of data security are also increased. Watermarking can contribute to better protect images by dissimulating into their pixels some security attributes (e.g., digital signature, user identifier). But, to take full advantage of this technology in healthcare, one key problem to address is to ensure that the image distortion induced by the watermarking process does not endanger the image diagnosis value. To overcome this issue, reversible watermarking is one solution. It allows watermark removal with the exact recovery of the image. Unfortunately, reversibility does not mean that imperceptibility constraints are relaxed. Indeed, once the watermark removed, the image is unprotected. It is thus important to ensure the invisibility of reversible watermark in order to ensure a permanent image protection. MethodsWe propose a new fragile reversible watermarking scheme for digital radiographic images, the main originality of which stands in masking a reversible watermark into the image quantum noise (the dominant noise in radiographic images). More clearly, in order to ensure the watermark imperceptibility, our scheme differentiates the image black background, where message embedding is conducted into pixel gray values with the well-known histogram shifting (HS) modulation, from the anatomical object, where HS is applied to wavelet detail coefficients, masking the watermark with the image quantum noise. In order to maintain the watermark embedder and reader synchronized in terms of image partitioning and insertion domain, our scheme makes use of different classification processes that are invariant to message embedding. ResultsWe provide the theoretical performance limits of our scheme into the image quantum noise in terms of image distortion and message size (i.e. capacity). Experiments conducted on more than 800 12 bits radiographic images of different anatomical structures show that our scheme induces a very low image distortion (PSNR∼ 76.5 dB) for a relatively important capacity (capacity∼ 0.02 bits of message per pixel). ConclusionsThe proposed watermarking scheme, while being reversible, preserves the diagnosis value of radiographic images by masking the watermark into the quantum noise. As theoretically and experimentally established our scheme offers a good capacity/image quality compromise that can support different watermarking based security services such as integrity and authenticity control. The watermark can be kept into the image during the interpretation of the image, offering thus a continuous protection. Such a masking strategy can be seen as the first psychovisual model for radiographic images. The reversibility allows the watermark update when necessary.

Reversible data hiding for JPEG images employing all quantized non-zero AC coefficients

In this paper, a simple reversible data hiding (RDH) scheme for embedding a great amount of information in JPEG images is proposed. Non-zero JPEG quantized coefficients are modified in a subtle manner to embed the binary message stream, which can significantly increase the embedding capacity. Experimental results confirm that the proposed scheme outperforms state-of-the-art histogram shifting (HS)-based RDH scheme for JPEG images, since it requires less storage space for the marked JPEG compressed file and is easy to implement. Therefore, the proposed scheme is very practical for low bandwidth transmission.

Permutation Modification of Reversible Data Hiding Using Difference Histogram Shifting in Encrypted Medical Image

Recently, preserving the integrity of medical record, especially image medical record is important. One method for preserving the integrity is reversible data hiding (RDH) proposed by Huang et al. Reversible data hiding algorithm can recover the original image from marked image. In this paper, we implement reversible data hiding (RDH) on medical image because the correlation between the neighboring pixel can be preserved in encrypted image. In RDH, plain image is encrypted using specific encryption algorithm that consists of two processes (stream encryption algorithm and block permutation). However, since RDH used fixed block permutation, the security is weak against known plain text attack. To overcome this problem, dynamic permutation was proposed, such that the permutation would be specific for one session. In other session, different permutation would be used. Based on the experiment’s result, it is shown that the security of the proposed method against known plain text attack is stronger than the previous method’s one.

Integrated Model of Image Protection Techniques

We propose an integrated model of Block-Permutation-Based Encryption (BPBE) and Reversible Data Hiding (RDH). The BPBE scheme involves four processes for encryption, namely block scrambling, block-rotation/inversion, negative-positive transformation and the color component shuffling. A Histogram Shifting (HS) method is adopted for RDH in our model. The proposed scheme can be well suitable for the hierarchical access control system, where the data can be accessed with the different access rights. This scheme encrypts R, G and B components independently. Therefore, we can generate similar output images from different input images. Additionally, the key derivation scheme also provides the security according to the different access rights. Our scheme is also resilient against brute-force attacks and Jigsaw Puzzle Solvers (JPSs). Furthermore, the compression performance is also not severely degraded using a standard lossless compression method.

Improved reversible data hiding in JPEG images based on new coefficient selection strategy

Recently, reversible data hiding (RDH) techniques for JPEG images have become more extensively used to combine image and authentication information conveniently into one file. Although embedding data in JPEG image degrades visual quality and increases file size, it is proven to be useful for data communication and image authentication. In this paper, a data hiding method in JPEG image using a new coefficient selection technique is proposed. The proposed scheme embeds data using the histogram shifting (HS) method. According to the number of zero AC coefficients, block ordering is used to embed data first in the blocks causing less distortion. In order to further reduce the distortion, positions of AC coefficients are selected carefully. Finally, AC coefficients valued +1 and −1 are used for embedding, and the remaining non-zero AC coefficients are shifted to the left or right directions according to their sign. Compared to the current state-of-the-art method, experimental results show that the proposed method has higher peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and smaller file size.

Detection and Identification of Image Manipulation Based on Reversible Histogram Shift

SUMMARYVerification of image manipulation for various alterations is an indispensable technology to protect original images. Conventional forgery detection methods using fingerprint are useful, since the original image is not required in detection process. However, manipulated local region can't be specified. Further, type of manipulation is not identified. In this article, a novel forgery identification method based on reversible histogram shift is proposed. Our method can detect partial and overall manipulation regions and identify manipulation type. Simulation results are shown to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method using various types of manipulated database images.

Double-negative multilayer containing an extrinsic random layer thickness magnetized cold plasma photonic quantum-well defect

Theoretically, the transmission properties of a symmetric double-negative metamaterial one-dimensional photonic crystal containing an extrinsic random layer thickness magnetized cold plasma photonic quantum-well defect structure have been investigated. From the numerical results performed by characteristics matrix method, it is found that, such type of structure possesses a transmission peak within the zero-n¯ gap. To design a tunable microwave filter, the effects of many parameters such as randomness of layer thickness of the multilayer defect in terms of standard deviation (σ), strength of external magnetic field (B) and electron density of magnetized cold plasma (ne) on transmission peak is discussed. Our findings show that the histogram for the central frequency of the transmission peaks becomes wider with respect to smaller values of σ. In addition, in the case of B, our investigations also reveal that the histogram shifts to the higher frequency range and vice versa while considering the case of ne. These findings help to design a tunable filter for different microwave applications.

Novel Variants of a Histogram Shift-Based Reversible Watermarking Technique for Medical Images to Improve Hiding Capacity.

In telemedicine systems, critical medical data is shared on a public communication channel. This increases the risk of unauthorised access to patient's information. This underlines the importance of secrecy and authentication for the medical data. This paper presents two innovative variations of classical histogram shift methods to increase the hiding capacity. The first technique divides the image into nonoverlapping blocks and embeds the watermark individually using the histogram method. The second method separates the region of interest and embeds the watermark only in the region of noninterest. This approach preserves the medical information intact. This method finds its use in critical medical cases. The high PSNR (above 45 dB) obtained for both techniques indicates imperceptibility of the approaches. Experimental results illustrate superiority of the proposed approaches when compared with other methods based on histogram shifting techniques. These techniques improve embedding capacity by 5–15% depending on the image type, without affecting the quality of the watermarked image. Both techniques also enable lossless reconstruction of the watermark and the host medical image. A higher embedding capacity makes the proposed approaches attractive for medical image watermarking applications without compromising the quality of the image.

General Framework of Reversible Watermarking Based on Asymmetric Histogram Shifting of Prediction Error

This paper presents a general framework for the reversible watermarking based on asymmetric histogram shifting of prediction error, which is inspired by reversible watermarking of prediction error. Different from the conventional algorithms using single-prediction scheme to create symmetric histogram, the proposed method employs a multi-prediction scheme, which calculates multiple prediction values for the pixels. Then, the suitable value would be selected by two dual asymmetric selection functions to construct two asymmetric error histograms. Finally, the watermark is embedded in the two error histograms separately utilizing a complementary embedding strategy. The proposed framework provides a new perspective for the research of reversible watermarking, which brings about many benefits for the information security.

순환형 히스토그램 쉬프팅 기반 가역성 DNA 정보은닉 기법

순환형 히스토그램 쉬프팅 기반 가역성 DNA 정보은닉 기법

Reversible Watermarking with Adaptive Embedding Threshold Matrix

In this paper, a new reversible watermarking algorithm with adaptive embedding threshold matrix is proposed. Firstly, to avoid the overflow and underflow, two flexible thresholds, TL and TR, are applied to preprocess the image histogram with least histogram shift cost. Secondly, for achieving an optimal or near optimal tradeoff between the embedding capacity and imperceptibility, the embedding threshold matrix, composed of the embedding thresholds of all blocks, is determined adaptively by the combination between the composite chaos and the average energy of Integer Wavelet Transform (IWT) block. As a non-liner system with good randomness, the composite chaos is suitable to search the optimal embedding thresholds. Meanwhile, the average energy of IWT block is calculated to adjust the block embedding capacity, and more data are embedded into those IWT blocks with larger average energy. The experimental results demonstrate that compared with the state-of-the-art reversible watermarking schemes, the proposed scheme has better performance for the tradeoff between the embedding capacity and imperceptibility.

Reversible data hiding by adaptive group modification on histogram of prediction errors

In this work, the conventional histogram shifting (HS) based reversible data hiding (RDH) methods are first analyzed and discussed. Then, a novel HS based RDH method is put forward by using the proposed Adaptive Group Modification (AGM) on the histogram of prediction errors. Specifically, in the proposed AGM method, multiple bins are vacated based on their magnitudes and frequencies of occurrences by employing an adaptive strategy. The design goals are to maximize hiding elements while minimizing shifting and modification elements to maintain image high quality by giving priority to the histogram bins utilized for hiding. Furthermore, instead of hiding only one bit at a time, the payload is decomposed into segments and each segment is hidden by modifying a triplet of prediction errors to suppress distortion. Experimental results show that the proposed AGM technique outperforms the current state-of-the-art HS based RDH methods. As a representative result, the proposed method achieves an improvement of 4.30dB in terms of PSNR when 105,000 bits are hidden into the test Lenna image.